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STANFORD UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH ON WOMEN AND GENDER

IRIS F. LITT, M.D.
DIRECTOR

SHERRI MATTEO, Ph.D.
ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR

SERRA HO-iSE
STANFORO. CA 9A3C6-ii-*l
(41S1 723-ISSfc
FAX (* I S) 72S-C3T*

BARBARA PENNY KANNER AWARD 1995
REPORT

The Award Committee is delighted to report that we have
identified a superb winner for the Kanner Award. We recommend
that the award be given to Candace Falk, Editor and Director of
the Emma Goldman Papers at the University of California at
Berkeley, for the magnificent publication Emma Goldman: A Guide
to her Life and Documentary Sources, published by Chadwick
Healey, Inc. 1995.

Emma Goldman: A Guide is the perfect work for Barbara Penny
Fanner's desire to reward the results of bibliographers who
practice bibliomethodology and who use critical tools of the
historian's craft. This 720 page book includes an editorial
introduction gracefully written by Candace Falk, a long
bibliographical essay, a chronology, illustrations, and a
description of editorial principles and procedures. It also has
several detailed indexes to correspondence, to government
documents, and to names. The work is also an example of
international cooperation and it duly identifies hundreds of
contributing scholars, archivists and librarians, as well as
Goldman Associates and heirs. The book is clearly organized and
will be easy to use. It is worthy of its fifteen years of
preparation .

The Award Committee consisted of Susan Groag Bell, Chair,
(Institute for Research on Women and Gender, Stanford
University); Karen Blair (History Department, Central Washington
University); and Kathie Sheldon (Center for the Study of Women,
UCLA) .

Report submitted by Susan Groag Bell.

5 Jv

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Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2016

https://archive.org/details/emmagoldmanguideOOfalk

EMMA GOLDMAN

A Guide to Her Life and
Documentary Sources

CANDACE FALK
Editor

STEPHEN COLE
Associate Editor

SALLY THOMAS
Assistant Editor

••• Chadwyck-Healey

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written permission
from Chadwyck-Healey Inc.

First published 1995 by:

Chadwyck-Healey Inc.

1101 King Street
Alexandria, VA 22314
USA

Distributed outside the USA by:

Chadwyck-Healey Ltd
The Quorum
Barnwell Road
Cambridge CB5 8SW
England

ISBN 0-89887-084-4

THE EMMA GOLDMAN PAPERS PROJECT

Editors

Candace Falk, Ph.D.

Editor and Director
1980-1994

Ronald J. Zboray, Ph.D.

Microfilm Editor
1984-1990

Alice Hall, J.D.

Associate Editor,
Government Documents

1987-1993

Daniel Cornford, Ph.D.

Associate Editor,
Correspondence Series
1989-1990

Stephen Cole, Ph.D.

Associate Editor

1991-1994

Administrative and Program Staff

Ami Samuels

Administrative Assistant
1990-1991

Jennifer Collins

Administrative Assistant
1989-1990

Sally Thomas

Administrative Analyst
1985-1991
Assistant Editor
1992-1994

Susan Wengraf

Exhibition Associate
1989-1993

Steve Masover
Administrative Assistant
1992-1993

Research Associates

Sarah Crome

Robert Cohen, Ph.D.

Barbara Loomis, Ph.D.

1980-1985

1987-1991

1988-1989

Dennis McEnnerney Tom Peabody

1985-1991 1990

Kurt Thompson
1987-1990

Production Editors

Jennifer Smith Ellen Ratcliffe

1988-1990 1986-1989

Michael Katz
1990-1992

Editorial Assistants

Brigida Campos
1990-1991
Colleen Cotter
1990-1991
Oz Frankel
1990-1991
Christopher Gales
1990-1991

Robert Geraci
1991

Susan Grayzel
1987-1989
Marilynn Johnson

1989- 1990
Leigh Anne Jones

1990- 1991

Sherry Katz
1987-1988
Maxine Leeds

1989- 1990
Joanne Newman

1985-1989
Kristin Penner

1990- 1991

Julia Rechter
1989-1990
Rachel Rivera

1989- 1991
Franco ise Verges

1990- 1991
Jessica Weiss

1989-1990

International Search Coordinators

Brenda Butler
1986-1990

Karen Hansen
1985-1986

THE EMMA GOLDMAN PAPERS PROJECT

International Researchers

Henrik Berggren

Miguel Flamarich 1 Tarrasa

Professor Lu Zhe

Barry Pateman

Furio Biagini

Wolfgang Haug

Gaetano Manfredonia

Susumu Yamaizumi

Maria Jose Del Rio

Ute Daub

Kazuko Ohta

Research Assistants and Translators

Elena Balashova
Howard Besser
Khojesta Beverleigh
Martha Bonilla
Bruce Boylen
Sigrid Brauner
June Brumer
Yvette Chalom
Roger Cook
Rachel Eisner
Erik Ellner

Simonetta Falasca-Zamponi
Wendy Ferguson
Karl Fields
Salvador Garcia
Jeffrey Garrett
Rose Glickman

Andrew Heinze
Gerd Horten
Catherine Houndshell
Rebecca Hyman
Yoshi Igarashi
Susan Kahn
Vivian Kleiman
Deborah Leavitt
Rae Lisker
Liu Zi-jian
Debra Lurie
Nancy Mackay
Rita Maran
Caroline Massee
Anat Meyers
Mary Odem
Sheila O’Neil

Caroline Pincus
Elizabeth Reis
Byron Schiffman
Emmanuelle Schnitt
Bella Sherman
Naomi Seidman
Paola Sesia-Lewis
Daniel Soyer
Elizabeth Station
Joanne Sterricker
Tyler Stovall
Jennifer Terry
Lars Tragardh
Eleni Varikas
Beth Wilson
Diane Wilson
Marcia Yonemoto

UC Berkeley Faculty Advisory Board

Leon F. Litwack

Morrison Professor of American History,

Department of History

Chair of Faculty Advisory Board,

The Emma Goldman Papers

Elizabeth Abel

Department of English

Beatrice M. Bain Research Group

Lawrence Levine

Margaret Byrne Professor of American History,
Department of History

Carolyn Patty Blum
Boalt Hall School of Law

Michael Rogin

Department of Political Science

Nancy Chodorow
Department of Sociology

Mary P. Ryan

Departments of History and Women ’s Studies

Robert Hirst

Editor, The Mark Twain Papers

Susan Schweik
Department of English

Norman Jacobson
Department of Political Science

Thomas Laqueur
Department of History

Carol Stack

Graduate School of Education

D. Paul Thomas
Department of Political Science

Reginald Zelnik
Department of History

To those who, inspired by Emma Goldman 's ideals, continue to meet the challenges
necessary to uphold the fragile right of dissent, to imagine a more just and sane world,
and to devote themselves to the cause of freedom.

The publication of the microfilm edition and its companion volume, Emma Goldman: A Guide
to Her Life and Documentary Sources , would not have been possible without the unwavering sup-
port of the National Historical Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC) of the National
Archives. We dedicate the Correspondence series to the NHPRC’s Deputy Director, Roger Bruns;
and the Government Documents series to the memory of Sara Dunlap Jackson, the NHPRC’s long-
time archivist. With their historical, archival, and administrative guidance combined with good-
natured friendship, we launched the Emma Goldman Papers Project.

The Goldman Writings series, which includes translations of Goldman’s work, is dedicated to
the memory of the Project’s European and Asian search coordinator, Brenda Butler, who died at the
age of thirty-seven, just after completing five years of work on the Project. Much of the collection’s
material tracing Goldman’s international significance is in the collection because of Brenda Butler’s
persistence and her sensitivity to the distinct cultures and politics of the many contributing archives
and research associates around the world.

The late Sarah Crome, cofounder and first research associate of the Emma Goldman Papers
Project, was an inspiration to all of us for her untiring commitment to the cause of freedom. An
unsung heroine in her own time, Sarah never sought public praise, but The Emma Goldman Papers
would not have been the same without her.

Contents

List of Illustrations xi

Foreword by Leon F. Litwack l

Part I

Emma Goldman

Editor’s Introduction: Reconstructing the Documentary History of a Vibrant Life

by Candace Falk 7

The World of Emma Goldman: A Bibliographical Essay by Stephen Cole 21

Chronology (1869-1940) by Sally Thomas, Stephen Cole, and Candace Falk 37

Illustrations 117

Part II

The Microfilm Edition

Editorial Principles and Procedures by Ronald J. Zboray 137

Acknowledgments by Candace Falk 163

Contributing Institutions 171

Contributing Scholars, Archivists, and Librarians 185

Goldman Associates and Heirs 189

Financial Supporters 191

Reel List (Contents by Reel Number) 197

Introductory Essays to the Reels 199

Indexes

Correspondence 263

Goldman Writings: Drafts, Publications, and Speeches 441

Goldman Writings: Newspaper and Periodical Articles 455

Government Documents: Cross Reference List 491

Government Documents: Key to Abbreviations for Names Index 529

Government Documents: Name 531

Government Documents: Title 601

Government Documents: Subject 633

Errata 691

[x]

List of Illustrations

Goldman, ca. 1910 (Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace) frontispiece

Family portrait (Emma Goldman Papers, Manuscripts and Archives Section,

New York Public Library) 118

Goldman at seventeen (International Institute of Social History) 118

Goldman as a young activist (Culver Pictures) 118

Die Freiheit announcement (New York Public Library) 119

Baltimore Critic clipping (Library, State Historical Society of Wisconsin) 119

1893 mug shot (Department of Records, City Archives of Philadelphia) 119

Goldman, ca. 1890 (International Institute of Social History) 120

“What Is There in Anarchy for Woman?” (courtesy of St. Louis Post-Dispatch) 120

Voltairine de Cleyre, 1897 (Joseph Ishill Papers, University of Florida) 120

Caricature of Goldman (courtesy of Chicago Daily Tribune ) 121

Chicago Inter Ocean article 121

1901 mug shot (Library of Congress) 121

Portrait of Goldman (Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College) 122

Mother Earth 122

Letter from Goldman to Alexander Berkman (International Institute of Social History) 122

Portrait of Berkman (Labadie Collection, University of Michigan Library) 122

Letter from Goldman to Ben Reitman (University of Illinois at Chicago Library) 123

Letter from New Haven police chief (Record Group 60, U.S. National Archives) 123

Reitman and Anna Baron (Newspaper Enterprise Association/Cleveland Public Library) 123

1915 lecture handbill (Holzwarth Collection, University of California at Santa Barbara) 124

Letter from Goldman to Helen Keller (Keller Archives, American Loundation for the Blind). . . 124

[xi]

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Goldman at Union Square rally (International Institute of Social History) 124

Goldman and Berkman (UPI/Bettmann Newsphotos) 125

Prison letter to Stella Ballantine (International Institute of Social History) 125

Letter from J. Edgar Hoover (Record Group 60, U.S. National Archives) 126

Goldman with Harry Weinberger before deportation (UPI/Bettmann Newsphotos) 126

Questions to Lenin (Central Party Archives of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism, Moscow). . . 127

Goldman at Peter Kropotkin funeral (courtesy of Paul Avrich) 127

Goldman with Arthur Leonard Ross and Weinberger at Versailles (International Institute of

Social History) 128

M. Eleanor Fitzgerald and Pauline Turkel (Box 8, M. Eleanor Fitzgerald Papers, Manuscripts

Collection, Golda Meir Library, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee) 128

Goldman and Emily Holmes Coleman, St. Tropez (UPI/Bettmann Newsphotos) 128

Portrait of Goldman, inscribed to “Fitzi” (Box 8, M. Eleanor Fitzgerald Papers, Manuscripts

Collection, Golda Meir Library, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee) 128

Rudolf Rocker (photograph by Senya Fleshin, courtesy of William Fishman) 129

Max Nettlau (International Institute of Social History) 129

Goldman with Modest Stein, Berkman, and Mollie Steimer (photograph by Senya Fleshin,

courtesy of Paul Avrich) 129

Goldman and Stella Ballantine (AP/Cleveland Public Library) 130

1934 speaking announcement (International Institute of Social History) 130

Goldman press conference (UPI/Bettmann Newsphotos) 130

Letter from Goldman to H.G. Wells (Wells Collection, Rare Book Room, University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign) 131

Goldman speaking in Hyde Park (courtesy of Jean Faulks) 131

Goldman with Spanish comrades (International Institute of Social History) 131

1 938 speaking announcement (International Institute of Social History) 131

Goldman’s grave site 132

Memorial announcement (American Civil Liberties Union Archives, Princeton University

Library) 132

[xii]

Foreword

Lunching in Paris with Emma Goldman, Theodore Dreiser pleaded with her, “You must write the
story of your life, E.G., it is the richest of any woman’s of our century.” It was not the first time a
friend had suggested that she chronicle her life. With the assistance of friends, she heeded the advice,
collected the necessary funds, and began to write her remarkable autobiography, Living My Life.
Goldman wanted very much to share her life, thoughts, and struggles with the people she had sought
to influence and change, and she hoped the publisher, Alfred A. Knopf, would charge a minimal sum
for the book. “I am anxious to reach the mass of the American reading public,” she wrote a friend,
“not so much because of the royalties, but because I have always worked for the mass.”

Sixty-two years later, Emma Goldman has succeeded in a variety of ways in reaching the Ameri-
can reading and viewing audience. Living My Life is available in paperback, numerous biographies
and screenplays have been written about her, and she has been portrayed on film and in song as well
as on stage. None of these single works, however, is as critical as the publication of the documentary
microfilm edition of The Emma Goldman Papers, making that vast and invaluable resource avail-
able to scholars and students throughout the world.

This is a truly remarkable achievement, the culmination of more than a decade of collaborative
work, including an international search for documents, the identification of correspondents, and the
preparation of biographical, historical, and bibliographical guides. To appreciate the magnitude of
this task is to know that Goldman’s papers were as scattered as her scores of correspondents, in
private collections and archives here and abroad, even in places like the Department of Justice, whose
agents had seized a portion of her papers before ordering her deportation. Only the commitment of
many friends and comrades over many decades, and the untiring efforts of librarians, scholars, and
archivists have made this microfilm edition possible.

In closing her autobiography, Emma Goldman reflected over her tumultuous years on this earth.
“My life — I had lived in its heights and its depths, in bitter sorrow and ecstatic joy, in black despair
and fervent hope. I had drunk the cup to the last drop. I had lived my life. Would I had the gift to
paint the life I had lived!” It will now be left to scores of scholars, students, artists, and dramatists to
use this rich collection to breathe life into an extraordinary career. This is more than material for
future biographers; it is an indispensable collection for studying the history of American social move-
ments. That is clear from the moment one scans the list of her correspondents and finds the names of
some of the leading cultural and political figures of her time, alongside the names of less known but
no less important men and women who shared — and did not share — her commitments.

Emma Goldman came out of a unique and expressive subculture that flourished in America in the
late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The participants included some of the nation’s most
creative and iconoclastic artists, writers, and intellectuals, most of them libertarians, some of them

FOREWORD

revolutionaries. What drew them together was their rejection of bourgeois culture and politics and
their embrace of such causes as the labor movement, sexual and reproductive freedom, feminism,
atheism, anarchism, and socialism. They represented everything that was irreverent and blasphe-
mous in American culture. They were too undisciplined, too free spirited to adapt to any system or
bureaucratic structure that rested on the suppression of free thought, whether in Woodrow Wilson’s
United States or in Vladimir Lenin’s Soviet Russia.

To be identified as public enemies, to be hounded as disturbers of the peace was the price Goldman
and her comrades paid for their intellectual curiosity, expression, and agitation. During her lifetime,
Emma Goldman was denounced for godlessness, debauchery, free thinking, subversion, and for ex-
posing people through her writings and speeches to radical and unconventional ideas. Her life pro-
vides a unique perspective on the political repression that followed World War I and the imprisonment
and political exile of its victims. Deported to Russia, Goldman found something less than a revolu-
tionary utopia. Her stay in Moscow enables us to glimpse both the promise of the Russian revolution
to American radicals and their subsequent disillusionment with its betrayal. Finally, Emma Goldman’s
exile brought her into the Spanish civil war and still another chapter in the turbulent history of
radicalism in the twentieth century.

Even as Emma Goldman’s life documents intolerance in America, it addresses some of the best
qualities of this nation. The indispensable strength of America is not simply the right to dissent but
more importantly the exercise of that right, and that exercise is never more critical than in the face of
attempts to suppress it. Whatever we might think of Emma Goldman’s political views, actions, and
vision, few individuals in American society so exemplify the tradition of dissent and nonconformity.
She compelled many people to reexamine their assumptions and to see, feel, and act in ways that
might be genuinely disturbing, even subversive of the accepted wisdom and elected leadership.

For much of her life in America, Emma Goldman defined the limits of political dissent. True
loyalty to a nation, she believed, often demanded disloyalty to its pretenses and policies and a willing-
ness to unmask its leaders. To Goldman, liberty was more than an ideology, it was a passion, to be
lived and breathed each day. “Liberty was always her theme,” her lawyer and close friend Harry
Weinberger said of her, “liberty was always her dream; liberty was always her goal. . . . liberty was
more important than life itself.” And, as he went on to suggest, free expression in America has
always led a precarious existence. “She spoke out in this country against war and conscription, and
went to jail. She spoke out for political prisoners, & was deported. . . . She spoke out in Russia
against the despotism of Communism, and again became a fugitive on the face of the earth. She
spoke out against Nazism and the combination of Nazism and Communism, and there was hardly a
place where she could live.”

In completing its valuable work, the Emma Goldman Papers Project at the University of Califor-
nia at Berkeley has placed its mark on modem American scholarship. The more we know about
Emma Goldman’s life, thoughts, friends, and enemies, the more we know about our diverse heritage,
and the more we come to appreciate the fragility of our most precious freedoms. Her life illuminates
more than the history of radicalism and feminism in America; it forces us to think more deeply and

FOREWORD

more reflectively about those individuals in our history — from the abolitionists of the 1 830s to the
labor organizers of the 1890s and 1930s to the civil rights activists of the 1960s — for whom a per-
sonal commitment to social justice became a moral imperative. No better epitaph might be written for
Emma Goldman than the one composed in 1 9 1 8 by an imprisoned leader of the Industrial Workers of
the World: “The end in view is well worth striving for, but in the struggle itself lies the happiness of
the fighter.”

Leon F. Litwack

PARTI

Emma Goldman

Editor s Introduction:
Reconstructing the Documentary History
of a Vibrant Life

Emma Goldman herself launched the effort to preserve the documentary record of her life. In
1939, when she donated her papers to the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam, she
crossed the line from “Living My Life,” the title of her autobiography, to “archiving” it, an act of faith
that her story would matter long after she was dead. Organizing the papers also gave Goldman an
opportunity to relive the years she had shared with her friend and colleague Alexander Berkman, to
reminisce about her “dead past” in America before their abrupt deportation to Soviet Russia, and to
reckon with her own mortality.

During this period of sorting through the papers, she wrote to her old friend and lawyer, Harry
Weinberger:

I found it an extremely difficult job and hellishly painful. It is bad enough to dig into the dead
past, still worse to relive it all, especially Alexander Berkman’s and my correspondence which
amounts to thousands of letters. . . . You need not think that I am making a thorough job. That
would take months.1

Collecting her old letters had begun a decade earlier when Goldman was preparing to write her
autobiography. She had asked her friends to return her letters so they would serve as aides-memoire
while she wrote. A tacit sense of Goldman’s historical importance guaranteed that an unusual num-
ber of friends treasured their letters from her over the years. They responded generously to Goldman’s
call. She consigned to others the job of transcribing the letters she considered most critical to her
autobiography, so that the originals could be returned to her loyal friends. Goldman’s access to these
artifacts of her past enabled her to write her narrative with dramatic immediacy, to capture the turbu-
lence of the political activism and passionate love life of her younger days in America. When she
reread her love letters to Ben Reitman, however, she was so overwhelmed with painful memories of
their intense relationship that she found the thought of having them copied unbearable, lest they fall
under unsympathetic eyes. She wrote to Reitman in January 1 928:

It is like tearing off my clothes to let them see the mad outpouring of my tortured spirit, the frantic
struggle for my love, the alfl] absorbing devotion each letter breathes. I can’t do it.2

Yet, in spite of her sense of vulnerability, she never considered destroying any of her correspondence.
Convinced that these love letters might resonate more clearly with future generations less encumbered
by the prudery of her time, she encouraged Reitman to preserve them for posthumous public scrutiny,
and she incorporated their essence into her autobiography.

EDITOR’S INTRODUCTION

She mused about the significance of her collected correspondence, particularly the less passion-
ate and somehow more authentic letters she exchanged with Alexander Berkman:

Some day I will come back here [the International Institute of Social History] ... to really make
order and perhaps to use what Berkman has left and also my own writings for a third volume of
“Living my Life”, or perhaps an autobiography of Alexander Berkman or a collection of letters
from diverse people.3

Nearly forty years after her death, recognition of her historical significance led to the formation of the
Emma Goldman Papers Project, yielding an irony that Goldman herself could never have anticipated:
The government of the same nation that expelled her has posthumously repatriated her memory by
sponsoring the collection and publication of her papers. The National Historical Publications and
Records Commission, influenced by the new appreciation for the diversity of America’s documentary
heritage that arose in the 1 960s, deemed Goldman important enough to endorse the collection and
publication of her papers. By the late 1980s and early 1990s, however, the intellectual atmosphere
among most other federal funding agencies was hostile to the ideas Goldman championed and pro-
foundly affected the momentum of the Project. The twelve-year process of bringing together, orga-
nizing, annotating, and publishing Goldman’s correspondence, writings, and government and legal
documents for the microfilm edition of The Emma Goldman Papers signifies the completion of the
archival work Goldman started during her life and modestly assumed “would take months.”

Anarchism, Free Expression, and Historical Memory

Situated within a long tradition of avant-garde artists and thinkers who challenged convention,
Goldman possessed an uncanny ability to express the needs of her own generation and presage those
of the next. A quick-witted and rousing orator, an eloquent and searing social critic, Goldman was
dubbed by the liberal press “the high priestess of anarchism,” whose “gospel” was “eight thousand
years ahead of her age.”4 Like an ad hoc professor of the streets, Goldman used every forum she
could obtain — parks, public lecture halls, private clubs, even the shafts of coal mines— to impart her
message, attempting to prod the public out of complacent acceptance of the prevailing social and
political norms.

Goldman defined anarchism as “the philosophy of a new social order based on liberty unrestricted
by man-made law; the theory that all forms of government rest on violence, and are therefore wrong
and harmful, as well as unnecessary. . . . [Anarchism] stands for the liberation of the human mind
from the dominion of religion; the liberation of the human body from the dominion of property; . . .
a social order based on the free grouping of individuals for the purpose of producing real social
wealth; an order that will guarantee to every human being free access to the earth and full enjoyment
of the necessities of life, according to individual desires, tastes, and inclinations.”5

Within the broad rubric of anarchist theory, Goldman’s definition revealed a particular anarchist
agenda. It was as much a vehicle for promoting a positive expression of human values as it was a
political orientation. Because Goldman believed that people were essentially good, she concluded
that unlimited freedom would unleash the cooperative potential of the human spirit. She attributed

EDITOR’S INTRODUCTION

the ills of the world — poverty, violence, inequality, even lack of imagination — to the constraints of a
government whose power rested on coercion. The heavy hand of government that suppressed the
growing and ebullient eight-hour movement that marched 300,000 strong across the United States on
May 1 , 1886, indelibly marked the character of Goldman’s political life and activity. She attributed
her political awakening to the execution of the Haymarket anarchists held responsible for a bomb
thrown at police during a May 4 mass meeting at Haymarket Square in Chicago to protest the most
recent police shootings of striking workers. While the labor movement continued to make slow
progress, many historians view the Haymarket events as a deathblow to the anarchist movement and
the legitimization of years of fierce repression for all who identified with anarchism. Goldman,
however, saw herself as the avenger of the wrongs perpetrated against the victims of Haymarket. The
vehemence of her position was a direct response to her experience at the turn of the century of the
especially harsh role of the police and the military in their violent encounters against striking workers;
and of the law which, more often than not, supported the suppression of dissent and criminalized open
forums on anarchist ideas.

Throughout her political life she fought for free speech when that right was often violated in
practice. She advocated free love in the face of social convention, and birth control when information
on the subject was banned. Although many anarchists proclaimed their mission as fostering critical
thinking, cultural and political transformation, and social cooperation, the general public envisioned
anarchist gatherings as occasions for plotting assassinations and making bombs. Goldman, like
many other anarchists, was impatient with such caricatures but nonetheless refused to dissociate
herself from the violence that tinged her early years in the movement. She continued to address,
publicly and sympathetically, the desperation that fueled violent social protest. She never completely
repudiated the 1892 assassination attempt by her anarchist comrade Alexander Berkman on steel
magnate Henry Clay Frick, nor retracted her expressions of sympathy for Leon Czolgosz, President
William McKinley’s assassin. The conservative press vilified Goldman long after these incidents,
playing on the public’s alternate repulsion and fascination with political violence and on the general
discomfort and confusion about the message of the anarchists. In fact, the Goldman collection docu-
ments an element of duplicity on the subject, the ways in which she alternately placed herself on both
ends of the broad anarchist spectrum from violence to non-violence, often presenting her ideas differ-
ently to the immigrant German- and Yiddish-speaking community, to an English-speaking audience,
to the press, to the police, and to the courts.

Confronted by a wall of political and social prejudice about anarchism, Goldman usually coun-
tered its primary association with violence by emphasizing the centrality it placed on the concept of
freedom. Goldman’s conception of anarchism resonated with the independent spirit so integral to the
American character; she drew links between the European anarchist tradition, the ideas of Jeffersonian
democracy, and Emersonian individualism.

It is difficult to document the history of the various threads of American anarchism. Censorship
laws and post-office restrictions ensured that few anarchist periodicals had long runs; the frequency
of government raids discouraged anarchist groups from taking formal minutes of their meetings.
Published articles were often written under several pseudonyms; thus, the historian of anarchism
must decode the source material to ascertain individual attribution. Such surface contusion experi-
enced by “outsiders” in their attempt to understand the day-to-day workings of anarchist groups
pleased many anarchists, who often joked about their antipathy toward the hierarchy and fixed rules

EDITOR’S INTRODUCTION

of more traditional forms of political organization. Hippolyte Havel, a member of the editorial staff
of Goldman’s magazine, was once asked how the anarchists could plan and work together with such
disregard for conventional structure. He replied in jest that, although he had taken part in editorial
meetings and collective decisions on submitted material, often “we didn’t abide by our decision!”6

The gusto and eloquence with which Goldman challenged convention became her hallmark. Par-
ticularly in her advocacy of women’s sexual independence and her analysis of the political dimen-
sions of personal life — her insistence that marriage was not the sole signifier of love, her willingness
to speak publicly about social alienation, and the common yearning for love and community — she
widened her circle of influence. She reached beyond the predominantly ethnic immigrant enclaves
that constituted the anarchist audience and helped to “Americanize” the radical movement. Moti-
vated in part by her longings to broaden her influence outside the Russian-Jewish community, and by
her personal refusal to accept the limitations inherent in an exclusive ethnic or racial identity, Goldman
sometimes alienated her “nearest and dearest” by staging Yom Kippur picnics on the holiest of Jewish
holidays designated for fasting and atonement.

Goldman was more theatrical than most of her radical counterparts and, in fact, most of the
public figures of her day or ours. When she began her career as a political lecturer in the 1890s, it
was unusual to see a woman in that role, particularly one so daring. Her provocative and outspoken
style elicited powerful responses from the public, ranging from awe to downright fear. Goldman
distinguished herself from more mainstream women reformers — from the bourgeois “New Woman”
of the period and from the growing suffrage movement — by asserting that woman’s freedom would
never be found within the bounds of marriage nor achieved through enfranchisement. Although
Goldman’s refusal to join with groups focused exclusively on women’s issues often branded her as “a
man’s woman,” few voices of either sex addressed as eloquently the political dimensions of personal
life, or challenged as forcefully the social conventions that shackled women. From a perspective that
now would be considered ardently feminist, she encouraged women to cast off the layers of submis-
sion that suppressed their potential — a charge that continues to challenge even contemporary women.

Goldman’s lasting influence is evidenced most clearly in the specific realms of freedom she es-
poused— in free speech, in sexual freedom — more than from the general promotion of anarchism that
propelled her intellectual and political work. She moved easily from lecturing and writing on issues
of sexual and reproductive freedom to issues less tied to gender — labor, the education of children,
religious moralism, drama, war. Among the few women who shared the radical spotlight in the
pre- World War I era were socialist peace activist Crystal Eastman, labor leader Elizabeth Gurley
Flynn, birth control advocate Margaret Sanger, and American-born anarchist Voltairine de Cleyre.
Goldman and her diverse political contemporaries joined forces in their common interest in freedom
of expression — a principle that would take years of battle in the streets and courtrooms to establish
and enforce as law — and in so doing moved from the margins into the center of the American tradi-
tion. Because of her insistence on the right to speak in opposition, to express what others might
consider outrageous blasphemy, Goldman is a particularly compelling subject for studying the his-
tory of freedom of expression in America — a liberty now identified as one of the distinguishing
characteristics of western democracy.

EDITOR’S INTRODUCTION

Highlights of the Collection

The microfilm collection displays Goldman’s life and work through glimpses of thousands of
individuals and groups across the world who shared her ideas and documents that trace the strategic
arguments of her opponents. A sampling from The Emma Goldman Papers testifies to the remark-
ably wide net cast by Goldman. Significant correspondents within her immediate circles include
Alexander Berkman, Rudolf and Milly Rocker, Frank and Nellie Harris, Max Nettlau, Arthur Leonard
Ross, and Roger Baldwin. Among her other correspondents were novelists Jack London, Sinclair
Lewis, H. G. Wells, Aldous Huxley, and Agnes Smedley; historians Merle Curti, Samuel Eliot Morison,
and Charles Beard; figures as varied as Paul Robeson, Sylvia Beach, Lady Astor, and Herbert Read,
as well as political figures like Eugene Debs, Peter Kropotkin, Margaret Sanger, Elizabeth Gurley
Flynn, and Carlo Tresca. The unifying principle of this massive collection of papers is the unusual
life of Emma Goldman. Researchers now have the opportunity to study, through original documents,
how one woman in tandem with her circle of political associates and friends influenced the course of
history.

In the varied papers of one very public life, multiple facets of identity and many voices emerge
over time. In matters of love, Goldman’s intimate letters expose the strength of her passions and the
despair of her vulnerability and self-doubt. Her political correspondence reveals her creative defi-
ance as a vocal opponent of injustice, as well as her often narrow sectarianism within the Left which
occasionally alienated not only socialists and communists but even some anarchists in her own circles.
Nonetheless, it is the unusually empathic dimension of her intellectual depth as a social critic that
remains the distinctive attribute imparted in the comprehensive collection of her papers.

Goldman described the value of her proposed autobiography to a publisher:

[M]y story is not merely a record of the Anarchist movement in America, or even of my own
personal life. It is a story which embraces the cultural efforts of the United States over a period
of thirty-five years. Everything that was attempted in advanced ideas and progressive thought, in
the drama, in literature, in education, birth control, in the various forms of the emancipation of
women, free speech fights, the various strikes — all are presented, reflected and commented upon
in my work. Added to this are the different personalities, men and women, who have been active
in some phase of the cultural endeavor in America, and many men in different European coun-
tries. ... no one has lived such a life. No one therefore has the material which is mine. I feel
therefore that my autobiography would have an appeal to all classes and to all people of no matter
what difference in status or opinions.7

The material in The Emma Goldman Papers also reflects the range and diversity of the vibrant
subculture of the period in which she lived. The papers are replete with vignettes of the lives of many
individuals sharing a common social vision responding to the events and inequities in their world.
Seemingly disparate groups and individuals united by their association with Goldman take on a new
coherence — among them activists, writers, financial supporters, scholars, workers, family members,
secretaries, and lovers.

EDITOR’S INTRODUCTION

The International Reach of the Goldman Papers

To do justice to the international breadth of Goldman’s life and work, the Project went to great
lengths to search for documents in collections outside the United States. Fellow historians generously
shared with the Project staff their knowledge of foreign archives, directed us to Goldman material
abroad, and put us in contact with foreign scholars who could assist our search. Graduate students
abroad reviewed newspapers in their native languages, and University of Califomia-Berkeley gradu-
ate students, serving as translators, helped the Project to communicate with foreign archives, schol-
ars, researchers, and students.

Our search and their efforts were amply rewarded, as the collection includes Goldman material
from Argentina, Australia, Austria, Canada, the People’s Republic of China, the Republic of China,
Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, India, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and
the former Soviet Union. The international reach of Goldman’s ideas proved to be among the most
fascinating aspects of the search for and collection of her papers.

The papers track Goldman’s movement from Russia to the United States; visits to Europe, in-
cluding stays in London and Vienna; her deportation to Soviet Russia; and her subsequent exile in
Sweden, Germany, England, France, Spain, and Canada. Her own writings and correspondence are
complemented by newspaper accounts of her activities abroad.

Although the material from countries that Goldman visited or lived in has intrinsic biographical
interest, other items in the collection from countries such as Japan, China, and Italy that Goldman
never visited illustrate the ways in which social movements in different countries influence each other.
In Japan, for example, a fledgling women’s movement in the 1 920s translated and published Goldman’s
early essays on marriage and love and on sexual freedom, thus relying on the writings of an outsider
to articulate what might have been taboo for a woman within the Japanese culture to express. Goldman’s
international stature made these controversial ideas more palatable in Japan.

In China, revered novelist Ba Jin, leader of the Union of Chinese Writers, considered Goldman
his “spiritual mother” and dedicated two of his books to her. The Project’s researcher, a professor at
Nanjing University, interviewed associates of Goldman’s, then in their nineties, to record stories and
impressions from their youth and to encourage them to record their memories of Goldman and her
influence for inclusion in The Emma Goldman Papers. Thus the Project helped reconstruct docu-
mentation of the influence of the anarchists in the early part of the revolution in China, a history that
has been largely suppressed. Among those memoirs are the stories of young Chinese radicals who
flocked to Soviet Russia in the 1920s to apprentice in the art of revolution and who were deeply
affected by Goldman’s criticisms of the Russian revolution.

It would have been out of character for Goldman to experience a disenchantment with the prom-
ise of the Russian revolution without trying to play a role in determining its direction. Although she
wrote in her autobiography about a 1920 meeting with Lenin during which he remarked that her
concern with freedom of expression was a bourgeois prejudice, no documentary record of the meeting
existed. The Emma Goldman Papers Project wrote repeatedly over several years to the central archive

EDITOR’S INTRODUCTION

of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union, against the advice of scholars who had been trying to
gain access to that collection for years. Our efforts too were to no avail until Mikhail Gorbachev’s
policy of glasnost inaugurated dramatic changes. In 1989 an envelope arrived at the Project’s office
from Moscow containing photographs of documents from Lenin’s file about his historic meeting with
Goldman. Of equal interest to Lenin’s record of the formal demands of the anarchists that Goldman
and Berkman presented to him that day are letters from his associate Angelica Balabanoff, encourag-
ing him to grant the meeting with Goldman and assuring him that Goldman’s sphere of influence was
outside of Russia.8

Even in exile, Goldman risked alienating herself from the growing left movement inspired by the
Russian revolution by asserting the importance of freedom of expression and tolerance for the Rus-
sian anarchists. Goldman’s challenge to the tide of unquestioned enthusiasm for the Bolshevik ex-
periment was heard across Europe, Asia, and the Americas. In fact, her warnings about the trouble-
some suppression of dissent in Russia were printed in almost every language. Translations of Goldman’s
articles and her book My Disillusionment in Russia appeared in Japanese, Chinese, Spanish, French,
German, Swedish, even Russian.

Among the collection’s more poignant examples of Goldman’s work against authoritarianism is
the large body of material tracing the often neglected history of the anarchist movement and the
concurrent revolution in Spain during the civil war period. These documents stem from the time in
Goldman’s life when she functioned as an official representative of the Confederation Nacional del
Trabajo-Federacion Anarquista Iberica (CNT-FAI). The papers from this period, therefore, include
not only her private letters and observations about events during the Spanish civil war, but also the
formal reports of and internal memoranda among different factions within the anarchist ranks.

Many of the papers of anarchist organizations were dispersed after the civil war. Some were
rescued by the International Institute of Social History and taken to Amsterdam, some remained
among the papers of the CNT, others with the FAI, still others with the SI A (Solidaridad Intemacional
Antifascista), and only a sampling of newspapers and photographs were salvaged in personal collec-
tions scattered across the globe. The Spanish and Catalan material within The Emma Goldman
Papers , then, represents an important contribution to the documentary history of the anarchist revo-
lutionary movement during the civil war.

Goldman’s position as the English-language representative in London of the CNT-FAI gave her
extraordinary access to information about the events and developments within the anarchist move-
ment in Spain from 1 936 to 1 938. Not one to submit easily to authority herself, Goldman struggled
to reconcile her diplomatic responsibilities as an official representative of the CNT-FAI with her
profound distrust of their policy of collaboration in government with Moscow-aligned antifascist
forces. Her papers from this period reveal this internal struggle. The material chronicling her contin-
ued work with the women and children refugees of the war reflects the workings of the international
support network for the defeated and displaced of the war.

EDITOR’S INTRODUCTION

Archives and Personal Files

The International Institute of Social History (IISH) in Amsterdam has done more than any other
archive to collect and preserve the papers of prominent anarchists. Goldman considered the archive
“perhaps the most unique in the world. It certainly has the most perfect collection, dating over a
hundred years, of Anarchist writing in every language of the world, and ... an equally great mass of
material of the social struggle in general.” 9 Max Nettlau, an Austrian anarchist historian and Goldman
correspondent who had one of the largest anarchist collections in the world, contributed his papers to
the Institute. In the wake of threatening developments in Austria that presaged the beginning of
World War II, the Institute took the responsibility of guaranteeing the safety of those documents
entrusted to them by Nettlau and hundreds of other individuals and organizations through an elabo-
rate mechanism of dispersal and concealment. When its dispersed collections were reassembled in
the 1950s, the Institute realized Nettlau and Goldman’s earlier expectation that the preservation of
their papers would ensure that no shifts in political power could destroy their documentary history.

Many of Goldman’s close correspondents, including Rudolf and Milly Rocker, Mollie Steimer
and Senya Fleshin, and others whose papers include Goldman letters, either deposited their papers at
the Institute during their lifetime or eventually had their papers deposited by relatives or collectors,
aware that IISH functions as a magnet for scholars of radical history.

Though European scholars had been making the pilgrimage to IISH for years, a new wave of
American scholars began to use its resources in the 1960s after reading about Goldman in Richard
Drinnon’s biography, Rebel in Paradise. It was a remarkable event in the history of international
scholarly cooperation for the staff of the Institute to copy all of its Goldman holdings for inclusion in
The Emma Goldman Papers.

Undercover Reports: Goldman as Viewed through Government Surveillance

The government surveillance and legal documents in the microfilm edition are among the most
valuable in the collection. Through the prism of Goldman’s life, the researcher will have a rare
glimpse into the inner workings of the mechanisms of surveillance and firsthand access to government
agent reports. A new construction of Goldman’s identity emerges from the perspective of the surveil-
lance reports and from the internal memoranda of the Department of Justice, the State Department,
the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Military Intelligence Division, the Immigration and Naturaliza-
tion Service, the Department of Labor, and the Post Office Department, as varied as that constructed
by the press, or the anarchists, socialists, or progressives of her time.

Documents in the collection generated by state and federal officials reveal conflicting ideas about
the level of dissent considered acceptable by intelligence-gathering divisions of different branches of
government prior to the consolidation of surveillance in the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).
One can also trace the rise of J. Edgar Hoover, the first director of the FBI, as he built his career in
part on the surveillance and deportation of Emma Goldman.

EDITOR’S INTRODUCTION

Strong evidence also emerges from the documents that the mechanisms of surveillance and re-
pression may have been more severe when applied to Goldman, whose politics, gender, ethnic iden-
tity, and immigrant status marginalized her and made her more vulnerable than other dissenters to the
abuses of power. Documents from government files reveal violations of the law by law-enforcement
officials themselves in their monitoring of the activities and associates of Emma Goldman and include
many copies of letters assumed to be private under attorney-client privilege. In an internal govern-
ment memorandum written in 1917, Francis Caffey, U.S. attorney for the Southern District of New
York, suggested one reason why she was considered so threatening: “Emma Goldman is a woman of
great ability and of personal magnetism, and her persuasive powers are such to make her an exceed-
ingly dangerous woman.” 10 The records of Goldman’s deportation in 1919 continue to be instructive
on the history of alien radicals in America and, as a case study, will be of great use to legal scholars.

The government documents collection records the active surveillance of Goldman until the day
she died. Given the extent of her travels, tracking her movements, associations, and impact entailed
a tremendous cooperative effort by surveillance agencies across the world. The collection includes
material from British, French, German, Swedish, Russian, Japanese, and Canadian police files. For-
eign governments often monitored Goldman’s activities because they perceived her as a threat to the
stability of their own countries: for example, Goldman’s support of Japanese activist Kotoku Shusui
during his trial for high treason, a case that became a rallying point for the international movement for
freedom of expression, is well documented in Japan’s police records. Russian police files include
reports written before the revolution tracing Goldman’s participation in the American Friends of
Russian Freedom, part of the police attempt to monitor the growing international anti-Czarist move-
ment. French police files reveal that Goldman’s movements were closely followed when she visited
Paris at the turn of the century in part because the French authorities mistakenly suspected that as a
prominent anarchist she played a role in Gaetano Bresci’s assassination of King Umberto of Italy.
The police files in the microfilm collection also offer an unusual perspective on the treatment of alien
radicals in the United States and abroad and indicate early attempts to coordinate surveillance and
consolidate intelligence bureaus.

The unusual number of U.S. government surveillance and interoffice reports in the collection is
in part the result of the skills of government archivists who worked with the research staff of the
National Historical Publications and Records Commission at the National Archives and knew best
how to find material among the many old government files and how to arrange for its declassification.

Once acquired, the government documents required editorial work beyond the contextual essays,
identification headers, and indexes prepared for the correspondence and writings series of the micro-
film. Without further explanatory material some of the government documents would have been
almost incomprehensible to the general researcher. To remedy this problem, the Project employed a
lawyer to summarize each government document, provide cross-references to related material, and
assign subject entries for indexing. Brief essays supply the context for groups of documents. Be-
cause of this editorial apparatus, the extensive government collection will be accessible and a valu-
able resource for historians and legal scholars, whether or not they are engaged with the study of
Goldman.

EDITOR’S INTRODUCTION

In Search of Emma: The Past Meets the Present

Any major historical collection owes its existence to an odd combination of painstaking, struc-
tured research and chance discovery. This Project began with the serendipitous discovery of a boot
box filled with Emma Goldman’s passionate love letters to Ben Reitman. The letters revealed hidden
aspects of Goldman’s life, especially the self-doubt and jealousy she experienced in her relationship
with Reitman. In an era of resurgent feminism, when there was a general eagerness to broaden the
historical record to include women and to take seriously the importance of the issues those women
faced, I wrote Love, Anarchy, and Emma Goldman. The organizing principle of the biography was
the conflict Goldman experienced between her public vision and her private reality, her valiant but
unsuccessful attempt to be the living embodiment of her anarchist principles. The book highlighted
what Goldman identified as her source of strength — her ability to align herself to the future, which
enabled her to transcend the profound cycles of depression that accompanied her many disappoint-
ments in love and politics, and to influence the course of history.

The National Historical Publications and Records Commission of the National Archives heard
about the extensive research the biography entailed and asked if I would build upon that material as
the foundation for editing a more comprehensive edition of Emma Goldman’s papers. Now, more
than fourteen years later, the collection of ten thousand documents that I used to write the biography
has been expanded to almost thirty thousand documents for the microfilm edition.

In contrast to the astonishing discovery of Goldman’s love letters in a shoe box in a guitar shop,
the process of locating the major collections of Goldman material was by no means as exotic. Almost
every scholarly article and book written from Goldman-related source material yielded new sources.
Foremost among such publications was Richard Drinnon’s biography. Rebel in Paradise , and Rich-
ard and Anna Maria Drinnon’s collection of letters in exile of Goldman and Alexander Berkman,
Nowhere at Home. From these volumes, and Goldman’s autobiography, Living My Life, the Project
compiled lists of Goldman’s major correspondents and the locations of significant collections con-
taining, or possibly containing, Goldman documents.

Among books not devoted primarily to Goldman, the most helpful were those written by Paul
Avrich on the history of the anarchist movement in Russia and the United States, works whose sources
guided us to collections, including his own personal archive of the papers of elder anarchists he had
come to know over his many years of research and writing.

Archival finding aids were also helpful, providing listings not only for Goldman material, but
also for her associates or known correspondents. The Project had the advantage of previewing an
updated edition of the National Historical Publications and Records Commission’s Directory of Ar-
chives and Manuscript Repositories in the United States, and the National Union Catalog of Manu-
script Collections, which proved to be an invaluable research tool. Other guides important to our
search for documents were Andrea Hinding’s Women s History Sources: A Guide to Archives and
Manuscript Collections in the United States, Notable American Women, and The Russian Empire
and Soviet Union: A Guide to Manuscripts and Archival Materials in the United States.

EDITOR’S INTRODUCTION

Work with the finding aids formed the basis of a mail search that laid the groundwork for subse-
quent visits to U.S. archives with significant holdings. The initial mailing included a brief description
of the Project, a short biography of Emma Goldman, a list of key associates whose names might
appear within the manuscript collections, and a self-addressed reply card. A total of 5 1 1 libraries in
the United States and 91 in Canada were contacted, as well as a more modest number of foreign
archives. The number of mail inquiries over the years reached nine hundred institutions. With more
specific information about each archive, the Project mapped out a clear and economical search plan
for countries to which the cost of travel and expenses were prohibitively high. The mail search was
also useful for the acquisition of single items in small collections, thus freeing staff time for more
productive research trips to archives with larger Goldman holdings. Among the archives with sub-
stantial collections of Goldman material are the New York Public Library, Yale University Libraries,
University of Illinois at Chicago Library, the National Archives, the Tamiment Library at New York
University, the Labadie Collection at the University of Michigan Library, the Schlesinger Library at
Radcliffe College, the Houghton Library at Harvard University, Boston University Special Collec-
tions, the Huntington Library, the Library of Congress, Smith College Library, and the Hoover Insti-
tution on War, Revolution and Peace at Stanford University.

Most of Goldman’s personal papers from her early activist years (in the late nineteenth century
and beginning of the twentieth century) have not survived. These early papers were seized during the
1917 raid on the offices of Mother Earth by J. Edgar Hoover, and when Goldman tried to recover
them she discovered that most of them had been subsequently destroyed. In an attempt to offset this
loss, the Project staff conducted an intensive search to locate Goldman’s earliest published writings
(most of which appeared in obscure and short-lived anarchist newspapers) and the extensive inter-
views with Goldman in the mainstream press. This search not only uncovered a significant amount of
Goldman writing, but also revealed that press coverage had made her a famous (or infamous) radical
long before the red scare wrought by the McKinley assassination. The newspaper stories on Goldman
in this period, which are reproduced in the Goldman Writings series, provide further evidence of the
period’s yellow journalism, especially its anti-radical bias and demonization of the Left. Also appar-
ent from this material is the explanation for Goldman’s lifelong scorn for the bourgeois press in the
United States, as well as her ongoing efforts to utilize the press to her advantage.

Language-specific searches extended not only to foreign archives, but to newspapers and special
manuscript collections of various immigrant communities in the United States. Most prominent
among such material are the documents from early Yiddish newspapers and memoirs that trace
Goldman’s place in the Yiddish-speaking immigrant community.

The Project enlisted the advice of scholars in many fields whose work was in some way related to
Goldman, her time, or her activities. Scholars researching archival collections for their own work
often alerted us to letters or articles by Goldman. Such scholarly generosity and cooperation led to
many of the Project’s rare and unusual discoveries.

EDITOR’S INTRODUCTION

Public Outreach

The Emma Goldman Papers Project attempted to bridge the gap between the university and the
community with public lectures, radio and television interviews, a traveling exhibition, and a middle
and high school curriculum. An important consequence of this broad outreach was the unexpected
discovery of Goldman material that otherwise might have been unknown to the Project. The most
dramatic of such acquisitions came in response to a young Indian student’s letter to her mother in the
Himalayas about the lecture on Emma Goldman she had just attended. To the Project’s great delight,
when her mother visited California she brought a sizable correspondence between the student’s great-
grandmother and Goldman that had been preserved in a trunk since the 1920s.

Recollections of the Living

Fortunately, more than forty years after Goldman’s death when the Emma Goldman Papers Project
began its search, there were many living Goldman associates who were enthusiastic about sharing
their memories. Those who offered their reminiscences and insights enriched the Project’s knowledge
of Goldman, as well as the lives of those of us who came in contact with them. Whenever possible,
these interviews have been transcribed and will appear in the addendum reel.

Among those who shared their recollections and contributed to the support of The Emma Goldman
Papers was the Italian anarchist Arthur Bortolotti. Just before she died in 1940 and after Canada
passed the War Measures Act, Goldman organized a support committee in Toronto to protest Bortolotti ’s
threatened deportation to Italy and to free him from a Canadian jail. Also interviewed was Roger
Baldwin, who spoke about the forces of repression that swept the United States in the wake of its
entry into World War I. He discussed the labor and radical roots of the early American Civil Liberties
Union and asserted that his inspiration for founding the organization came from Goldman, whom he
considered the heroine of the movement for freedom of expression in America.

Many other interviews with Goldman associates added a special dimension to the Project’s imag-
ined picture of Emma Goldman: Federico and Pura Arcos reminisced about the excitement of encoun-
tering the grandmotherly Goldman when they were part of the anarchist youth movement in Spain
during the civil war; author Meridel Le Sueur told the story of living in Goldman’s collective house
when she was a fifteen-year-old drama student in New York; Mollie Ackerman and Millie Desser
both remembered helping Emma type her letters when they were young girls, and reminisced about
the personal interest Goldman took in their lives, their loves, even their clothes. Dan Maimed, whose
father fell in love with Emma and shared this secret with his young son, devoted a large part of his life
to the collection and preservation of Goldman’s letters, taped recollections of her associates, and then,
to spare his mother the humiliation, waited until her death to deposit his father’s correspondence with
Goldman in an archive. Ian and David Ballantine, Goldman’s great-nephews, remembered the ad-
ventures of their imposing aunt Emma and the many family rifts, as well as elevated events, created
by her controversial and demanding presence. Many activists who visited Goldman in Europe and
Canada shared their stories and reflections with the Project. The variety of interviews in the collec-
tion enhances the Goldman Papers and adds a certain element of nuance often missing from a solely
written documentary record.

EDITOR’S INTRODUCTION

Among the many written reminiscences collected over the years, the most visceral came in a letter
from composer David Diamond, the son of Goldman’s seamstress in Rochester, who had just read
Love, Anarchy, and Emma Goldman and felt so moved by the recreation of her spirit that he “could
almost smell the rosewater on her hands.” Indeed, the human connections around the world and
across time have been among the most rewarding experiences of working on the papers, and added a
vibrancy and freshness befitting the life of Emma Goldman.

It is with great satisfaction that I present the documents that comprise The Emma Goldman
Papers — the work of over fourteen years, and the fruits of the cooperative effort of hundreds of
scholars, archivists, researchers, and social activists around the world.

Candace Falk

1 Goldman to Harry Weinberger, Jan. 9, 1939, Emma Goldman Archive (International Institute of
Social History, Amsterdam).

2 Goldman to Ben Reitman, Jan. 11, 1928, Ben L. Reitman Papers (University of Illinois at Chicago
Library).

3 Goldman to Weinberger, Jan. 9, 1939.

4 William Marion Reedy, “The Daughter of the Dream,” St. Louis Mirror, Nov. 5, 1908.

5 Emma Goldman, Anarchism and Other Essays (1910; New York: Dover Publications, 1969),

50, 62.

6 Albert Parry, Garrets and Pretenders: A History ofBohemianism in America (New York: Covici,
Friede, 1933), 289.

7 Goldman to Horace Liveright, July 17, 1929, Emma Goldman Archive.

8 [Angelica] Balabanoff to V. I. Lenin, Feb. 1920 (Central Party Archives of the Institute of Marx-
ism-Leninism, Moscow).

9 Goldman to Lillian and William Mendelsohn, Jan. 23, 1939, Lillian Mendelsohn Papers (Schlesinger
Library, Radcliffe College, Cambridge, Mass.).

"■Quoted in Richard Drinnon, Rebel in Paradise: A Biography of Emma Goldman (Chicago: Uni-
versity of Chicago Press, 1961), 21.

The World of Emma Goldman:
A Bibliographical Essay

In 1969, nearly sixty years after it first appeared, Dover Publications published a paperback
edition of Emma Goldman’s Anarchism and Other Essays. Almost a quarter-century later Dover
still sells fifteen hundred copies annually, and its 1970 paperback edition of her autobiography,
Living My Life (1931), also remains in print — testimony to the continuing interest in Goldman’s life
and ideas. With the publication of the microfilm edition of The Emma Goldman Papers, research-
ers will be able to supplement these volumes and other collections of Goldman’s work with facsimi-
les of her correspondence, government surveillance and legal documents, and other published and
unpublished writings on an extraordinary range of issues.

The purpose of this essay is to assist users of the microfilm who are unfamiliar with Goldman’s
historical milieu by alerting them to books — secondary sources identified in the course of the Project’s
fourteen years of research — that will provide context for the documents in the collection. It is not
intended to be a comprehensive bibliography; it is confined for the most part to books, excluding, for
example, articles in scholarly journals as well as anarchist newspapers and pamphlets. Included,
however, are accounts by Goldman and her associates of the movements and conflicts in which they
participated that are essential for an appreciation of the flavor of their culture and of the world they
attempted to build. Over the years, many of these sources have been reprinted; others have remained
out of print for decades (for example, Alexander Berkman’s Bolshevik Myth). Wherever possible
the fullest publishing history has been provided to aid readers in locating books that, despite occa-
sional reprintings, can still be difficult to find.

For more extensive bibliographies, readers should consult Paul Nursey-Bray, Jim Jose, and
Robyn Williams, eds., Anarchist Thinkers and Thought: An Annotated Bibliography (Westport,
Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1 992); the unannotated compilation by Robert Goehlert and Claire Herczeg,
Anarchism: A Bibliography (Monticello, 111.: Vance Bibliographies, [1982]); and the catalogue of
the anarchist collection at the Institut Fran^ais d’Histoire Sociale, Paris: Janine Gaillemin, Marie-
Aude Sowerwine-Mareschal, and Diana Richet, eds., L 'anarchisme: Catalogue de livres et bro-
chures des XIXe et XXe siecles (Paris and Munich: K. G. Saur, 1982). An especially thorough
bibliography can be found in David DeFeon, The American as Anarchist: Reflections on Indig-
enous Radicalism (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978). Of historical interest is one
of the earliest bibliographies of anarchism, compiled by the anarchist historian Max Nettlau, a
frequent correspondent of Goldman’s. See Bibliographic de l ’anarchie (Brussels: Bibliotheque des
“Temps Nouveaux,” 1 897; rpt. ed., New York: Burt Franklin, 1 968), with a preface by Elisee Reclus.
Finally, always valuable are the bibliographies in the books by Paul Avrich (see below).

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY

Goldman’s Writings

The starting point for anyone interested in Goldman is her thousand-page autobiography, Liv-
ing My Life , 2 vols. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1931; rpt. ed., Garden City, N.Y.: Garden City
Publishing Company, 1934), which covers her life thoroughly through her departure from Soviet
Russia in 1921 but devotes comparatively little space to her activities during the 1920s. Three years
in the writing. Living My Life did not sell as many copies as Goldman had hoped, a victim of the
depression and the high price of $7.50 for the two volumes. Still, Goldman was buoyed by the
generally favorable reviews of her work. Friends compared the book to Rousseau’s Confessions ;
reviewers saw her life’s story as an antidote to complacency. The central theme of the book is the
passionate intensity of Goldman’s commitment to her “beautiful ideal” of anarchism and her parallel
quest for love and intimacy. When the book appeared, however, some readers and reviewers were
shocked by Goldman’s candor in discussing her personal life, missing its centrality to her political
convictions. Fler attempt to reconcile the personal and political, however, found a strong resonance
in the revitalized women’s movement of the 1960s and 1970s. Living My Life has been reprinted
many times. A two-volume paperback edition is still in print (New York: Dover Publications, 1970).
Other modem reprints include a two-volume edition, with an introduction by Sheila Rowbotham
(London: Pluto Press, 1986); a one-volume unabridged edition, with an introduction by Candace
Falk and a remembrance by Meridel Le Sueur (Salt Lake City: Gibbs M. Smith, 1982); a facsimile
reprint of the 1931 Knopf edition (New York: Da Capo Press, 1970); and a one-volume abridged
edition that ends with Goldman’s deportation from the United States in 1 9 1 9, edited with an afterword
and bibliographical essay by Richard and Anna Maria Drinnon (New York: New American Library,
1 977). The editors of this edition performed an especially useful service by compiling a new and far
more comprehensive index to replace the hopelessly inadequate original.

In addition to its serialization in Yiddish in the Forward in 1931 (see reel 52 of The Emma
Goldman Papers microfilm), Goldman’s autobiography has been published in other languages: for
example, in German as Gelebtes Leben, 3 vols., trans. Renate Orywa and Sabine Vetter (Berlin:
Karin Kramer Verlag, 1978-1980); in an abridged French edition, Epopee d’une anarchiste: New
York 1886-Moscou 1920, trans. Cathy Bernheim and Annette Levy- Willard (Paris: Hachette, 1 979);
and in Italian, Vivendo la mia vita, 3 vols., trans. Michele Buzzi (Milan: La Salamandra, 1980-
1986).

Goldman’s monthly magazine, Mother Earth, which she published in New York from March
1906 to August 1917, is an important source for those interested in her ideas and the anarchist
movement of the period. Often the day-to-day operation of the magazine was in the hands of others,
most notably Max Baginski and for many years Alexander Berkman, freeing Goldman to spread
anarchist ideas, build a readership, and raise money for the magazine through nationwide lecture
tours. But Mother Earth bore the stamp of its founder, especially in its melding of art and politics.
In addition to her essays — many of them revisions of lectures — and articles on different aspects of
anarchism, Mother Earth published original poems and short stories; excerpted works by writers
such as Tolstoy, Maxim Gorki, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Oscar Wilde and reprinted poems by Will-
iam Morris and Walt Whitman; reported on labor and civil liberties disputes; kept its readers abreast
of developments in the international anarchist and labor movements; and often featured striking
graphics on its cover.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY

Mother Earth helped to revitalize the anarchist movement in the United States, acting as a hub
for its intellectual life and attracting readers and supporters from beyond the ranks of the movement
by its eclectic contents and especially its unflinching defense of free speech. Its pages provided
countless local groups with a forum to advertise meetings and lectures and for endless fund-raising
appeals. Each issue carried advertisements for books and pamphlets on anarchism and other top-
ics— advertisements that are a valuable resource for researchers trying to recover the political and
cultural locus of the movement. Finally, the magazine’s offices also served as a publishing house:
The Mother Earth Publishing Association published some of the most important anarchist books of
the period, including Goldman’s Anarchism and Other Essays and Berkman’s Prison Memoirs.

All twelve volumes have been reprinted in the “Radical Periodicals in the United States, 1890 -
1960” series (New York: Greenwood Reprint Coiporation, 1968). Unaccountably the reprinted
volumes appeared under the title, Mother Earth Bulletin , the name of the journal that succeeded
Mother Earth after the latter was banned from the mails under a provision of the wartime Espionage
Act. Mother Earth Bulletin was published from October 1 9 1 7 to April 1918, when it met the same
fate as its predecessor. After Goldman’s imprisonment and the suppression of the Bulletin , Stella
Ballantine tried to keep her aunt’s voice before the public through a mimeographed newsletter with
the wonderfully ironic title, Instead of a Magazine (recalling Benjamin R. Tucker’s Instead of a
Book). The newsletter, however, lasted just one issue (a copy of it can be found on reel 61 of The
Emma Goldman Papers microfilm).

Goldman revised many of her early lectures and essays and collected them in Anarchism and
Other Essays (New York: Mother Earth Publishing Association, 1910). The book includes “Anar-
chism: What It Really Stands For,” “Patriotism: A Menace to Liberty,” and “The Tragedy of Woman’s
Emancipation,” among other essays, as well as a forty-page biographical sketch of Goldman by
Hippolyte Havel. A reprint of the third revised edition (191 7), with a new introduction by Richard
Drinnon, is still in print (New York: Dover Publications, 1969). Other modem reprints have ap-
peared in German as Anarchismus, seine wirkliche Bedeutung, trans. Sabine Wolski and Ulrich
Schwalbe (Berlin: Libertad Verlag, 1978); and in Italian as Anarchia, femminismo e attri saggi,
trans. Roberto Massari (Milan: La Salamandra, 1976).

In addition to political topics, from the early 1900s Goldman wrote and lectured on modern
European drama. Her essays on playwrights such as Henrik Ibsen, August Strindberg, Gerhart
Hauptmann, George Bernard Shaw, and Anton Chekhov were revised and published as The Social
Significance of the Modern Drama (Boston: Richard G. Badger, 1914), which has been reprinted
(New York: Applause — Theatre Book Publishers, 1987).

Goldman’s accounts of her experiences in Soviet Russia and what she saw as the Bolsheviks’
betrayal of the revolution were translated into many languages (see reel 49 of The Emma Goldman
Papers microfilm). When her book, My Disillusionment in Russia (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday,
Page & Company, 1923), appeared, Goldman was dismayed that Doubleday, Page & Company had
replaced her title, “My Two Years in Russia,” without her knowledge. Even worse, the publisher cut
the last twelve chapters of the manuscript, omitting her account of crucial events such as the Kronstadt
rebellion and an afterword in which she reflected on the trajectory of the revolution after the Bolshe-
viks seized power. The publisher attempted to rectify the situation by publishing the omitted chap-
ters as a separate volume: My Further Disillusionment in Russia (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday,

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY

Page & Company, 1924). The complete text in one volume, with an introduction by Rebecca West,
appeared the following year: My Disillusionment in Russia (London: C. W. Daniel Company, 1925).
With the resurgence of interest in Goldman in the 1960s and 1970s, a new edition of the complete
text, with Frank Harris’s biographical sketch of Goldman from his Contemporary Portraits (see
below), was published (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, Apollo Editions, 1970).

A useful anthology of Goldman’s essays and speeches drawn from the entire span of her career,
arranged topically under “Organization of Society,” “Social Institutions,” “Violence,” and “Two
Revolutions and a Summary,” is Alix Kates Shulman, ed., Red Emma Speaks: Selected Writings
and Speeches by Emma Goldman (New York: Vintage Books, 1972), which has been reprinted
(New York: Schocken Books, 1982).

Two collections of Goldman’s letters from her years in exile from the United States have been
published. Richard and Anna Maria Drinnon, eds., Nowhere at Home: Letters from Exile of Emma
Goldman and Alexander Berkman (New York: Schocken Books, 1975), is an outstanding, often
moving collection of letters. Arranged thematically — under “Communism and the Intellectuals,”
“Anarchism and Violence,” “Women and Men,” and “Living the Revolution” — the letters are distin-
guished by the candor and passion with which their authors engage issues and by the deep bond of
affection between two lifelong comrades. David Porter, ed.. Vision on Fire: Emma Goldman on the
Spanish Revolution (New Paltz, N.Y.: Commonground Press, 1983), includes letters on all aspects
of the anarchist struggle in the Spanish civil war. The historical context is established by extensive
introductions and commentaries, and the texts of the letters are thoroughly annotated.

Biographies of Goldman

There are now a number of scholarly biographies of Goldman. The earliest, Richard Drinnon’s
Rebel in Paradise: A Biography of Emma Goldman (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961,
1982), remains indispensable and has been reprinted (Boston: Beacon Press, 1970); and (New York:
Harper & Row, 1976). For full documentation of his sources, see “Emma Goldman: A Study in
American Radicalism” (Ph.D. diss.. University of Minnesota, 1957). Two biographies explore the
intersection of Goldman’s public and private lives. Candace Falk, Love, Anarchy, and Emma Gold-
man (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1984; rev. ed., New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers Univer-
sity Press, 1 990), offers a challenging view of the theory and practice of anarchism, and Goldman’s
relation to it, through the prism of her personal life. (Published in German as Liebe und Anarchie
& Emma Goldman: Ein erotischer Briefwechsel; Eine Biographie, trans. Dita Stafski and Helga
Woggon [Berlin: Karin Kramer Verlag, 1987].) Alice Wexler, Emma Goldman: An Intimate Life
(New York: Pantheon Books, 1984) — reprinted as Emma Goldman in America (Boston: Beacon
Press, 1986) — which covers Goldman’s career through her deportation in 1919, and Wexler ’s sec-
ond volume, Emma Goldman in Exile: From the Russian Revolution to the Spanish Civil War
(Boston: Beacon Press, 1989), concentrate especially on the character of Goldman’s anarchism. A
brief survey of Goldman’s life focusing on the American years with little attention to her years in
exile is John Chalberg, Emma Goldman: American Individualist (New York: HarperCollins, 1991 ).
Martha Solomon, Emma Goldman (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1987), focuses on Goldman as a
writer and rhetorician. Marian J. Morton, Emma Goldman and the American Left: “Nowhere at

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY

Home (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1992), leans heavily on secondary works, intending to place
Goldman’s activities in the context of the broader Left during her lifetime. Fuller coverage of
Goldman’s work on behalf of the Spanish anarchists during the civil war can be found in a biography
by veteran anarchist and chronicler of the movement Jose Peirats. See Emma Goldman: Anarquista
de ambos mundos (Madrid: Campo Abierto Ediciones, 1978); reprinted as Emma Goldman: Un
mujeren la tormenta del siglo (Barcelona: Editorial Laia, 1983). An issue of the journal Itineraire :
Une vie, une pensee (no. 8, 1990), published in Chelles, France, is devoted to Goldman and her
circle. Other issues of the same journal have focused on Peter Kropotkin, Rudolf Rocker, and Errico
Malatesta.

Alexander Berkman

Anyone interested in Goldman must also consult works by Berkman, her “chum of a lifetime.”
Their friend and comrade Mollie Steimer described them as “inseparable emotionally and spiritually.
Neither of them ever wrote a major article or a book without consulting the other.” Berkman’s
editorial skills were considerable, as evidenced by his work on Mother Earth and in the substantial
contribution he made to shaping Living My Life. Berkman was also a writer of grace and power, as
his three major works testify. Regrettably, he never wrote an autobiography, though in the early
1930s he sketched an outline for one through 1919. See Drinnon and Drinnon, eds., Nowhere at
Home , xxv-xxviii.

Writing his first book, Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist (New York: Mother Earth Publishing
Association, 1912), introduction by Hutchins Hapgood, finally enabled Berkman to slay the ghosts
that had haunted him since his release. It has been reprinted, with a new introduction by Paul
Goodman (New York: Schocken Books, 1970); and in another edition, with an afterword by Kenneth
Rexroth (Pittsburgh: Frontier Press, 1970). An account of his fourteen-year imprisonment for at-
tempting to assassinate Henry Clay Frick, the book is a classic of the genre of prison writing, chroni-
cling the brutality of the prison regime and the evolution of his attitudes toward his fellow prison-
ers— including a sympathetic discussion of homosexuality — with compelling honesty. The book
also appeared in Yiddish: Gefengenen erinerungen fun an anarchist, 2 vols., ed. M. Katz and R.
Frumkin (New York: M. E. Fitzgerald, 1920 -1921).

Berkman loaned Goldman the diary he kept in Russia to help her write My Disillusionment in
Russia, though he always believed that her free use of it detracted considerably from the impact of
his subsequent account of the two years they spent in Russia, published as The Bolshevik Myth
(Diary 1920 -1922) (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1925). The publisher rejected the final chapter
of his manuscript “as an ‘anti-climax’ from a literary standpoint,” prompting Berkman to publish it
separately as The “Anti-Climax ”: The Concluding Chapter of My Russian Diary, “The Bolshevik
Myth ” ([Berlin]: n.p., [1925]). The complete work has recently been republished, with a new intro-
duction by Nicolas Walter (London: Pluto Press, 1989). Berkman’s earliest essays on Russia were
published in three pamphlets — The Russian Tragedy, The Russian Revolution and the Communist
Party, and The Kronstadt Rebellion — in Berlin in 1922. They have been collected and reissued as
The Russian Tragedy (Sanday, Orkney: Cienfuegos Press, 1976), with an introduction by William
G. Nowlin, Jr.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY

Commissioned by the Jewish Anarchist Federation of New York to prepare a primer on anar-
chism that would be accessible to the average reader and help dispel the popular myths surrounding
the topic, Berkman found the book excruciatingly difficult to write (see his letters to Goldman in the
summer and fall of 1 927 on reels 1 8 and 1 9 of this collection). Nonetheless, Paul Avrich, the leading
historian of anarchism, considers Now and After: The ABC of Communist Anarchism (New York:
Vanguard Press/Jewish Anarchist Federation, 1929), “a classic, ranking with Kropotkin’s Conquest
of Bread as the clearest exposition of communist anarchism in English or any other language.” A
recent republication, with a new introduction by Avrich and Goldman’s preface to the 1937 edition,
appeared under the title What Is Communist Anarchism? (New York: Dover Publications, 1972).
An abridged edition, ABC of Anarchism, first published in London in 1942 and reprinted many
times, is still available (London: Freedom Press, 1971), with an introduction by Peter E. Newell.

Following the untimely death ofVoltairine de Cleyre in 1912, Berkman edited a collection of her
writings: Selected Works ofVoltairine de Cleyre (New York: Mother Earth Publishing Association,
1914), with a biographical sketch by Flippolyte Havel. The collection has been reprinted (New York:
Revisionist Press, 1972). His relationship with de Cleyre was less conflicted than was Goldman’s.
He held her in high esteem as a writer and fellow anarchist. A faithful correspondent while Berkman
was imprisoned, de Cleyre provided emotional and intellectual support after his release and espe-
cially while he was writing Prison Memoirs.

Berkman’s labor weekly, The Blast, which he edited and published in San Francisco from Janu-
ary 1916 to May 1917 with the assistance of M. Eleanor Fitzgerald, has also been reprinted in the
“Radical Periodicals in the United States, 1890-1960” series (New York: Greenwood Reprint Cor-
poration, 1968).

Under the auspices of the International Committee for Political Prisoners, Berkman compiled
and edited a valuable collection of material documenting the Bolsheviks’ proscription of civil liber-
ties and persecution of revolutionary groups and parties in the early years of the Soviet state. Com-
prising correspondence, testimonies, affidavits, and interviews of political prisoners and exiles, Let-
ters from Russian Prisons (New York: Albert & Charles Boni, 1925), has also been reprinted
(Westport, Conn.: Hyperion Press, 1977).

A useful selection from Berkman’s major works plus letters and articles from The Blast is Gene
Fellner, ed.. Life of an Anarchist: The Alexander Berkman Reader (New York: Four Walls Eight
Windows, 1 992). Berkman will finally receive the attention he deserves when Paul Avrich completes
the biography he is currently writing.

Anarchism

The best surveys to date of anarchism are James Joll, The Anarchists, 2d ed. (Cambridge,
Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980); George Woodcock, Anarchism: A History of Libertarian
Ideas and Movements (Cleveland: World Publishing Company, 1962; rpt. ed., Harmondsworth,
England: Penguin Books, 1963); and Peter Marshall, Demanding the Impossible: A History of
Anarchism (London: HarperCollins, 1992). A useful brief introduction that ranges from Michael
Bakunin to Murray Bookchin and social ecology is Richard D. Sonn, Anarchism (New York: Twayne

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY

Publishers, 1992). For the scope and vitality of anarchist thought, see the selections in the following
anthologies: Irving Louis Horowitz, ed.. The Anarchists (New York: Dell, 1964); Daniel Guerin, ed.,
Ni dieu, ni maitre: Anthologie historique du mouvement anarchiste (Paris: Editions de Delphes,
[1965]); Leonard I. Krimerman and Lewis Perry, eds., Patterns of Anarchy: A Collection of Writ-
ings on the Anarchist Tradition (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books, 1966); Marshal S. Shatz, ed.,
The Essential Works of Anarchism (New York: Bantam Books, 1971; rpt. ed., New York: Quad-
rangle Books, 1972); and George Woodcock, ed., The Anarchist Reader (Atlantic Highlands, N.J.:
Humanities Press, 1977).

Goldman wrote at length in her autobiography about the formative influences on her political
ideas, from the Russian populists and nihilists of her adolescence — apotheosized for her in the char-
acter of Vera in Nikolai Cherny shevsky’s novel What Is to Be Done? — to the Haymarket martyrs
and her mentor Johann Most. As important an influence as the Russian anarchist theorists Michael
Bakunin and Peter Kropotkin were, Goldman could also draw upon a native radical tradition in the
United States of communitarianism and resistance to government authority — a tradition that found
political expression in the utopian and abolitionist movements before the Civil War and resonated
especially in the writings of Henry David Thoreau and Walt Whitman.

The execution of the Haymarket anarchists was the catalyst for Goldman’s decision to devote
her life to their ideal of anarchism. The best account of the affair is Paul Avrich’s magisterial The
Haymarket Tragedy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984). Still useful is Henry David, The
History of the Haymarket Affair: A Study in the American Social-Revolutionary Tradition, 2d ed.
(New York: Russell and Russell, 1958). Dave Roediger and Franklin Rosemont, eds., Haymarket
Scrapbook (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr Publishing Company, 1986), is an excellent compilation of
contemporary accounts of the affair and its aftermath, remembrances, scholarly articles, and illus-
trations. On the condemned men themselves, see Philip S. Foner, ed., The Autobiographies of the
Haymarket Martyrs (New York: Humanities Press, 1969). The diversity of the social and cultural
milieu of anarchism in Chicago is demonstrated in Bruce C. Nelson, Beyond the Martyrs: A Social
History of Chicago s Anarchists, 1870 -1900 (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1 988).

On Johann Most, see Memoiren, Erlebtes, Erforschtes und Erdachtes (New York: Selbstverlag
des Verfassers, 1903-1907); Rudolf Rocker, Johann Most: Das Leben eines Rebellen (Berlin: “Der
Syndikalist,” Fritz Kater, 1924); and Frederic Trautmann, The Voice of Terror: A Biography of
Johann Most (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1980).

For a survey of American anarchist thought from the earliest years of the Republic through the
mid-twentieth century, see William O. Reichert, Partisans of Freedom: A Study in American Anar-
chism (Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green University Popular Press, 1976); Ronald Creagh,
Histoire de l ’anarchisme aux Etats-Unis d’Amerique: Les origines, 1826-1886 (Grenoble: Editions
La Pensee Sauvage, 1981); and Eunice Minette Schuster, Native American Anarchism: A Study of
Left-Wing American Individualism, Smith College Studies in History, vol. 1 7 (Northampton, Mass.:
Department of History, Smith College, 1932), which has been reprinted twice (New York: AMS
Press, 1970) and (Port Townsend, Wash.: Loompanics Unlimited, 1983). On individualist anar-
chists, see James J. Martin, Men Against the State: The Expositors of Individualist Anarchism in
America , 1827-1908 (DeKalb, 111.: Adrian Allen Associates, 1 953; rev. ed., Colorado Springs: Ralph
Myles, 1970); and Michael E. Coughlin, Charles H. Hamilton, and Mark A. Sullivan, eds., Ben-
jamin R. Tucker and the Champions of “Liberty" : A Centenary Anthology’ (St. Paul: Michael E.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY

Coughlin and Mark Sullivan, 1986). David DeLeon advances the bold thesis that, as manifested in
different forms of libertarian radicalism characterized by a hostility to centralized power, anarchism
represents the most significant radical tradition in American history. See DeLeon, American as
Anarchist.

The intellectual foundations of communist anarchism were laid in the nineteenth century by the
Russians Michael Bakunin and Peter Kropotkin. Multivolume collections of Bakunin’s works have
been published in French and German, and most of his major works are available in English transla-
tion. Useful anthologies include Sam Dolgoff, ed., Bakunin on Anarchy: Selected Works by the
Activist-Founder of World Anarchism (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1972), which was reprinted as
Bakunin on Anarchism (Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1980); and G. P. Maximoff, The Political
Philosophy of Bakunin: Scientific Anarchism (Glencoe, 111.: Free Press, 1953; rpt. ed., New York:
Free Press, 1964), with an introduction by Rudolf Rocker and biographical sketch by Max Nettlau.
Kropotkin’s major works — An Appeal to the Young , Conquest of Bread , Fields, Factories and
Workshops, Memoirs of a Revolutionist, and Mutual Aid — have been reprinted numerous times.
The most useful anthologies of Kropotkin’s writings are Emile Capouya and Keitha Tompkins, eds.,
The Essential Kropotkin (New York: Liveright, 1975); Martin A. Miller, ed., Selected Writings on
Anarchism and Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1970); and Roger Baldwin, ed.,
Kropotkin s Revolutionary Pamphlets: A Collection of Writings (New York: Vanguard Press, 1927;
rpt. ed., New York: Dover Publications, 1970). The best biographies of the two are E. H. Carr,
Michael Bakunin (London: Macmillan, 1937; rpt. ed., New York: Vintage Books, 1961); and George
Woodcock and Ivan Avakumovic, The Anarchist Prince: A Biography of Peter Kropotkin (London:
T. V. Boardman, 1950; rpt. ed., New York: Schocken Books, 1971). Excellent brief introductions to
Bakunin and Kropotkin can be found in the chapters devoted to them in Paul Avrich, Anarchist
Portraits (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988).

On the dispute in the First International between Marx and Bakunin, see Paul Thomas, Karl
Marx and the Anarchists (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980); and for the reverberations of
that dispute within Russian anarchism as it grappled with Bolshevism, see Anthony D’Agostino,
Marxism and the Russian Anarchists (San Francisco: Germinal Press, 1977).

The American Years

The period of Goldman’s life in the United States when she was at the peak of her influence is
well documented in autobiographies and reminiscences by other participants in the radical, labor,
and literary movements of the time. Readers should bear in mind, however, that after World War I
the radicals who once had cooperated took different political paths. The accounts they wrote of
earlier years sometimes reflect a changed political orientation; others took the opportunity to settle
old scores. With reference to Goldman, then, the following books should be consulted with care.

William D. Haywood, Bill Haywood’s Book: The Autobiography of William D. Haywood (New
York: International Publishers, 1929), reprinted many times; and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, I Speak
My Own Piece: Autobiography of “The Rebel Girl ” (New York: Masses & Mainstream, 1 955); rev.
ed., The Rebel Girl: An Autobiography; My First Life (1906-1926) (New York: International
Publishers, 1973), cover the lives of two leaders of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) who

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY

occasionally worked closely with Goldman. Mary Heaton Vorse, A Footnote to Folly: Reminis-
cences of Mary Heaton Vorse (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1935); and Hutchins Hapgood, A
Victorian in the Modern World (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1939), are excellent
autobiographies by two author/journalists whose sympathies were with the radicals. Both Margaret
Sanger, My Fight for Birth Control (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1931), and Margaret Sanger :
An Autobiography (New York: W. W. Norton, 1938; rpt. ed., New York: Dover Publications, 1971 )
slight Goldman’s role in publicizing birth control ideas and her influence on Sanger. Max Eastman,
Enjoyment of Living (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948); and Floyd Dell, Homecoming: An
Autobiography (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1933; rpt. ed.. Port Washington, N.Y.: Kennikat
Press, 1969), include reflections on their years on the Masses before World War I. Mabel Dodge
Luhan, Intimate Memories , vol. 3: Movers and Shakers (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Com-
pany, 1936; rpt. ed., Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1985), is a prolix but irresist-
ible memoir by the woman who confected the most memorable Greenwich Village salon of the 1 9 1 Os.
Margaret Anderson, the founder and editor of the Little Review, inc ludes whimsical but sometimes
acute observations of Goldman in My Thirty Years’ War: An Autobiography (New York: Covici,
Friede, 1930; rpt. ed., Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1971).

The radical movement in the United States of the World War I era has attracted some outstand-
ing scholarship. For the anarchists, see Margaret S. Marsh, Anarchist Women, 1870 -1920 (Phila-
delphia: Temple University Press, 1981); the relevant chapters in Avrich, Anarchist Portraits', Paul
Avrich, An American Anarchist: The Life ofVoltairine de Cleyre (Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 1978); Paul Avrich, The Modern School Movement: Anarchism and Education in the United
States (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980); Paul Avrich, Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anar-
chist Background (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991); the essays in Antonio Donno, ed.,
America anarchica (1850 -1930) (Manduria, Italy: Piero Lacaita Editore, 1990); Roger A. Bruns,
The Damndest Radical: The Life and World of Ben Reitman (Urbana: University of Illinois Press,
1 987); and Dorothy Gallagher, All the Right Enemies: The Life and Murder of Carlo Tresca (New
Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1988; rpt. ed.. New York: Penguin Books, 1989). For
the Jewish anarchist movement from a participant’s perspective, see the account in Yiddish by Jo-
seph Cohen, Di yidish-anarkhistishe bavegung in Amerike (Philadelphia: Radical Library Branch
273, Workmen’s Circle, 1945).

The best overview of the years immediately preceding World War I is still Henry F. May, The
End of American Innocence: A Study of the First Years of Our Time, 1912-191 7 (New York: Alfred
A. Knopf, 1959; rpt. ed., Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1964). On the cultural and political radical-
ism of Greenwich Village before the war, see Arthur Frank Wertheim, The New York Little Renais-
sance: Iconoclasm, Modernism, and Nationalism in American Culture, 1908-1917 (New York:
New York University Press, 1976); Leslie Fishbein, Rebels in Bohemia: The Radicals of “The
Masses, ” 1911-1917 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982); and Rebecca Zurier,
Art for “The Masses’’: A Radical Magazine and Its Graphics, 1911-1917 (Philadelphia: Temple
University Press, 1988), which is an excellent introduction to this literary contemporary of Mother
Earth and covers much more ground than its title and subtitle suggest. Two important books on the
intersection of art and politics in the period are Steve Golin, The Fragile Bridge: Paterson Silk
Strike, 1913 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988); and Martin Green, New York 1913:
The Armory Show and the Paterson Strike Pageant (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1 988; rpt.
ed.. New York: Collier Books, 1 989).

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY

For the various strands of the women’s movement in this period, see, for example, Nancy Cott,
The Grounding of Modern Feminism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987); Mari Jo Buhle,
Women and American Socialism, 1870 -1920 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1981); Meredith
Tax, The Rising of the Women: Feminist Solidarity and Class Conflict, 1880 -1917 (New York:
Monthly Review Press, 1980); Rosalyn Fraad Baxandall, Words on Fire: The Life and Writing of
Elizabeth Gurley Flynn (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1987); Judith Schwarz,
Radical Feminists of Heterodoxy: Greenwich Village, 1912-1940 (Lebanon, N.H.: New Victoria
Publishers, 1982); Marsh, Anarchist Women ; and Avrich, An American Anarchist.

On the birth control movement, see Linda Gordon, Woman ’s Body, Woman ’s Right: A Social
History of Birth Control in America (New York: Grossman, 1976; rpt. ed., New York: Penguin
Books, 1977); James Reed, From Private Vice to Public Virtue: The Birth Control Movement and
American Society since 1830 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978); and Ellen Chesler,
Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America (New York: Simon
& Schuster, 1 992). Goldman’s fight for birth control was part of a broader battle she waged for
economic self-determination and for women’s right to sexual freedom. See Bonnie Haaland, Emma
Goldman: Sexuality and the Impurity of the State (Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1993). Goldman
found support for her ideas in the work of European feminists such as Ellen Key. See Ellen Key,
Love and Marriage , trans. Arthur G. Chater, introduction by Havelock Ellis (New York: G. P.
Putnam’s Sons, 1911; rpt. ed.. New York: Source Book Press, 1970); The Woman Movement , trans.
Mamah Bouton Borthwick, introduction by Havelock Ellis (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1912;
rpt. ed., Westport, Conn.: Hyperion Press, 1976); and The Renaissance of Motherhood, trans. Anna
E. B. Fries (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1914; rpt. ed., New York: Source Book Press, 1970).
For the historical precursors of Goldman’s work, see Hal D. Sears, The Sex Radicals: Free Love in
High Victorian America (Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas, 1977); and Sheila Rowbotham and
Jeffrey Weeks, Socialism and the New Life: The Personal and Sexual Politics of Edward Carpenter
and Havelock Ellis (London: Pluto Press, 1977). The work of Carpenter and Ellis also informed
Goldman’s lectures on homosexuality.

On the IWW, see Melvyn Dubofsky, We Shall Be All: A History of the Industrial Workers of
the World (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1969; 2d ed., Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988);
and Philip S. Foner, History of the Labor Movement in the United States , vol. 4: The Industrial
Workers of the World, 1905-1917 (New York: International Publishers, 1965). For the anarcho-
syndicalist bent of the IWW and its expression in the art and culture of the Wobblies, see Salvatore
Salerno, Red November, Black November: Culture and Community in the Industrial Workers of the
World (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989). See also Peter Carlson, Roughneck:
The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood (New York: W. W. Norton, 1983); and Joseph R. Conlin,
Big Bill Haywood and the Radical Union Movement (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press,
1969). The spirit of the Wobblies is wonderfully evoked in Joyce L. Kombluh, Rebel Voices: An
I.W.W. Anthology (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1964; rev. ed., Chicago: Charles H.
Kerr Publishing Company, 1988).

Goldman and Berkman opposed U.S. entry into World War I and were convicted in 1917 of
conspiring to obstruct the draft, one of numerous cases prosecuted under a battery of wartime legis-
lation designed to crack down on dissent. Fueled by the success of the Bolsheviks in Russia, the
atmosphere of intolerance did not abate after the war’s end, and ad hoc groups and emergency

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY

committees formed during the war to protect civil liberties came together in 1 920 to found the Ameri-
can Civil Liberties Union. On this period, see Paul L. Murphy, World War I and the Origin of Civil
Liberties in the United States (New York: W. W. Norton, 1979); William Preston, Jr., Aliens and
Dissenters: Federal Suppression of Radicals, 1903-1933 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University
Press, 1963 ); Richard Polenberg, Fighting Faiths: The Abrams Case, the Supreme Court, and Free
Speech (New York: Viking, 1987; rpt. ed., New York: Penguin Books, 1989); and Peggy Lamson,
Roger Baldwin, Founder of the American Civil Liberties Union: A Portrait (Boston: Houghton
Mifflin, 1976). After Goldman and Berkman were released from prison in 1919, J. Edgar Hoover
took charge of the deportation case against them. On Hoover’s career, see Richard Gid Powers,
Secrecy and Power: The Life of J. Edgar Hoover (New York: Free Press, 1987); and Athan G.
Theoharis and John Stuart Cox, The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988).

Russia

Aside from Goldman’s and Berkman’s own accounts (cited above), three books by Paul Avrich
are directly relevant to their experience in Russia. The Russian Anarchists (Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1967; rpt. ed., New York: W. W. Norton, 1978), which includes an excellent
bibliography, traces the intellectual origins of Russian anarchism in the late nineteenth century through
the 1905 revolution to the anarchists’ role in 1917 and their subsequent suppression by the Bolshe-
viks. The Anarchists in the Russian Revolution (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1973), a
collection of documents, includes writings by many of Goldman’s comrades who later were part of
the community of Russian anarchist exiles in Germany and France. Kronstadt, 1921 (Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 1970) is the fullest account of the rebellion by sailors in the Gulf of
Finland against the authoritarian and centralizing tendencies of the Bolsheviks. For an account of
the most sustained anarchist resistance to both Bolshevik power and anti-Bolshevik forces during the
revolutionary period, see Michael Palij, The Anarchism of Nestor Makhno, 1918-1921: An Aspect
of the Ukrainian Revolution (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1976).

Two accounts by anarchist participants in the revolutionary period are G. P. Maximoff, The
Guillotine at Work: Twenty Years of Terror in Russia (Data and Documents) (Chicago: Chicago
Section of the Alexander Berkman Fund, 1940), reprinted in an abridged edition as The Guillotine
at Work , vol. 1 : The Leninist Counter-Revolution (Sanday, Orkney: Cienfuegos Press, 1979); and
Voline [V. M. Eikhenbaum], La revolution inconnue, 1917-1921: Documentation inedite sur la
Revolution russe (Paris: Amis de Voline, 1947; rpt. ed., Paris: Editions Pierre Belfond, 1969), parts
of which were published in English in the mid-1950s, with a biographical introduction by Rudolf
Rocker, by Freedom Press (Fondon) and the Libertarian Book Club (New York). The complete
work was published as The Unknown Revolution, 1917-1921, trans. Holley Cantine (New York:
Free Life Editions, 1974). Angelica Balabanoff, first secretary of the Third International and an
intimate of Lenin, befriended Goldman and Berkman during their years in Russia and remained close
to them after she broke with the Soviet leadership. See her memoirs, My Life as a Rebel (New York:
Harper & Brothers, 1938).

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY

The Exile Years

Goldman’s years in Europe and Canada between her departure from Russia and the beginning of
the Spanish civil war were among the most dispiriting of her life, culminating in the death of Berkman
in June 1936. During that period she relied on correspondence to stay in touch with family and
friends in the United States while she renewed contacts with European associates and exiled Russian
comrades and developed new friendships where her work took her.

Friends and family alike among Goldman’s American correspondents were connected with the
arts, especially the theater. Her favorite niece, Stella, was married to Teddy Ballantine, an actor and
occasional director with the Provincetown Players. M. Eleanor Fitzgerald — Goldman’s beloved
“Fitzi,” who occupied many roles at Mother Earth — was the moving force behind the scenes of the
Provincetown Playhouse during the 1920s after it moved to New York City. See Robert Karoly
Sarlos, Jig Cook and the Provincetown Players: Theatre in Ferment (Amherst: University of Mas-
sachusetts Press, 1982); and Helen Deutsch and Stella Hanau, The Provincetown: A Story of the
Theatre (1931; New York: Russell & Russell, 1972). Goldman’s nephew (Stella’s brother) Saxe
Commins had a distinguished career as an editor with Liveright and Random House. His most
important association was with playwright Eugene O’Neill, much of whose early work was first
performed by the Provincetown Players. See Dorothy Commins, What Is an Editor? Saxe Commins
at Work (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978); and Dorothy Commins, ed., “ Love and
Admiration and Respect” : The O’Neill-Commins Correspondence (Durham, N.C.: Duke Univer-
sity Press, 1986).

Max Nettlau and Rudolf Rocker, two of the most prolific writers in the anarchist movement,
became regular correspondents of Goldman during her years in exile. Nettlau devoted his life to
chronicling the movement — Rocker described him as the “Herodotus of anarchy” — amassing a huge
archive of anarchist materials. Rocker combined activism — with the Jews of London’s East End
before World War I, in Germany for the International Working Men’s Association (IWMA) during
the 1920s — with writing and lecturing. Nettlau’s and Rocker’s works have been reprinted numerous
times in many languages. See especially Rudolf Rocker, Nationalism and Culture , trans. Ray E.
Chase (New York: Covici, Friede, 1937); and Anarcho-Syndicalism (London: Seeker and Warburg,
1 938; rpt. ed., London: Pluto Press, 1 989). Rocker’s three-volume autobiography appeared in Yid-
dish in 1952; an English translation of the volume covering his years in England was published as
The London Years , trans. Joseph Leftwich (London: Robert Anscombe, 1 956). See also Peter Wienand,
Der “geborene” Rebell: Rudolf Rocker — Leben und Werk (Berlin: Karin Kramer Verlag, 1981).
Among Nettlau’s numerous books were biographies of Bakunin and Errico Malatesta and a study of
the First International in Spain, but little of his work has been translated into English. An exception
is Anarchy Through the Times , trans. Scott Johnson (1935; New York: Gordon Press, 1979). His
multivolume history of anarchism is currently being published for the International Institute of So-
cial History: Geschichte der Anarchie, 5 vols. (Vaduz, Liechtenstein: Topos Verlag, 1981- ).

Among Goldman’s closest comrades were Mollie Steimer and Senya Fleshin, who also left So-
viet Russia after conditions there became intolerable for anarchists. On Steimer, see Marsh, Anar-
chist Women ; Avrich, Anarchist Portraits ; Polenberg, Fighting Faiths ; and the pamphlet, Sentenced
to Twenty Years Prison (New York: Political Prisoners Defense & Relief Committee, 1919). See
also the memorial volume edited by Abe Bluestein, Fighters for Anarchism: Mollie Steimer and
Senya Fleshin ([New York]: Libertarian Publications Group, 1983).

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY

Goldman’s experiences in Britain were especially disheartening. She never warmed to the Brit-
ish character, and her message in the 1920s about the Bolsheviks’ betrayal of the Russian revolution
drew less than enthusiastic responses from her audiences. Only her lectures on drama brought her
any satisfaction. Though her attempt to build support for the Spanish anarchists during the civil war
met with more success, she never had the same sense of belonging among her British comrades that
she had felt in America. Her efforts to reach British workers were for the most part unavailing, and
she gravitated instead toward those who were more appreciative of her international reputation,
especially writers and intellectuals.

On British anarchism, see John Quail, The Slow Burning Fuse: The Lost History of the British
Anarchists (London: Paladin, 1 978); Hermia Oliver, The International Anarchist Movement in Late
Victorian London (London: Croom Helm, 1983); Rocker, London Years', and William J. Fishman,
East End Jewish Radicals, 1875-1914 (London: Gerald Duckworth, 1974), published in the United
States as Jewish Radicals: From Czarist Stetl to London Ghetto (New York: Pantheon Books,

1975) . Albert Meltzer, The Anarchists in London, 1935-1955 (Sanday, Orkney: Cienfuegos Press,

1976) , includes some background on the efforts to raise money and public support for the anarchist
cause in Spain in the 1930s, as well as highly opinionated observations on British anarchists. Among
Goldman’s closest allies in the cause of the Spanish anarchists were art and literary critic Sir Herbert
Read; novelist Ethel Mannin (see below); and Fenner Brockway, leader of the Independent Labour
Party. See Herbert Read, Anarchy and Order: Essays in Politics (London: Faber & Faber, 1954);
and Fenner Brockway, Inside the Left: Thirty Years of Platform, Press, Prison and Parliament
(London: George Allen & Unwin, 1942).

Goldman had only intermittent contact with the celebrated American expatriates of the 1 920s in
France, though for a time she numbered among her friends Peter Neagoe, Laurence Vail, Kay Boyle,
and others associated with the literary magazine, transition. Heiress and patron of the arts Peggy
Guggenheim helped Goldman purchase her cottage, “Bon Esprit,” in St. Tropez and lived close by at
Pramousquier. Goldman wrote most of her memoirs at “Bon Esprit,” where for a year Emily Holmes
Coleman, a young American writer, served as her secretary. “Demi,” as Coleman was affectionately
known, and Goldman became devoted to one another. See Robert McAlmon and Kay Boyle, Being
Geniuses Together, 1920 -1930 (San Francisco: North Point Press, 1984); and Jacqueline Bograd
Weld, Peggy, the Wayward Guggenheim (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1986). On Emily Holmes Coleman,
see her novel, The Shutter of Snow (New York: Viking, 1930); and the entry in Karen Lane Rood,
ed., Dictionary of Literary Biography , vol. 4: American Writers in Paris, 1920-1939 (Detroit:
Gale Research Company, 1980). Goldman also formed a strong friendship with writer and editor
Frank Harris and his wife Nellie. See Harris’s sketch of Goldman in his Contemporary Portraits,
fourth series (New York: Brentano’s, 1923). The influence of Harris’s notorious autobiography,
originally published privately in five volumes, can be detected in Goldman’s Living My Life. See
Frank Harris, My Life and Loves, ed. John F. Gallagher (New York: Grove Press, 1963). Although
her connections with the French anarchist movement dated from the 1 890s — evidenced by her corre-
spondence with Augustin Hamon, editor of L Humanite Nouvelle — Goldman never played an active
role during her residence in France, largely one suspects for fear of expulsion. Nonetheless, she had
contacts with the anarchists, for example, May Picqueray, who for a time also lived in St. Tropez.
See May Picqueray, May le refractaire ([Paris]: Atelier Marcel Jullian, 1979).

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY

Among Goldman’s closest friends in England were Paul and Eslanda Robeson. Later in the
1 930s her implacable hostility toward the Communists created an unbridgeable gulf between them as
Robeson drew closer to the Party. On Robeson, see Martin Bauml Duberman, Paul Robeson (New
York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988). Visits from old friends and associates from America always fortified
Goldman, but served at the same time as a painful reminder of how much she missed her life there.
Still, she was heartened that the movement retained some vitality and was glad to encourage it from
afar through correspondence. Among her correspondents was anarchist and International Ladies’
Garment Workers’ Union (ILGWU) vice-president Rose Pesotta. See Pesotta’s memoir Bread upon
the Waters , ed. John Nicholas Beffel (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1944), which has been reprinted with
a new introduction by Ann Schofield (Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, 1987); and Elaine Leeder, The
Gentle General: Rose Pesotta, Anarchist and Labor Organizer (Albany: State University of New
York Press, 1993).

Goldman’s influence and bonds of friendship encompassed an extraordinary range of people.
She corresponded with Ba Jin (Pa Chin), a young Chinese student who was deeply influenced by
anarchism. Ba Jin (the nom de plume of Li Fei-kan) later translated Kropotkin and other Western
anarchists into Chinese. But it was Goldman, whom he described as his “spiritual mother,” who had
the greatest influence on both his fiction and political ideas. He recalled in the preface to his collec-
tion of short stories, The General ( 1 934), which he dedicated to Goldman, that he first encountered
her essays in 1919 when he was just fifteen years old. Later the experience of reading her autobiog-
raphy reinvigorated him, and he modeled Hui, the heroine of two of his fictional works, on Goldman.
See Olga Lang, Pa Chin and His Writings: Chinese Youth between the Wars (Cambridge, Mass.:
Harvard University Press, 1967). In Russia and Germany Goldman renewed her friendship with
American novelist and journalist Agnes Smedley, for whom Goldman’s career had been a model of
courage. By the late 1920s, however, Smedley believed that the Communists offered the best hope to
oppressed peoples, especially in China, and chose to end the friendship. On the Goldman-Smedley
friendship, see Janice R. MacKinnon and Stephen R. MacKinnon, Agnes Smedley: The Life and
Times of an American Radical (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1 988). Goldman admired
and was a regular correspondent of Danish novelist Karin Michaelis, who explored in her fiction
many of the themes of women’s sexuality that interested Goldman. See especially her novel, The
Dangerous Age: Letters & Fragments from a Woman s Diary , trans. Marcel Prevost (London: John
Lane, 1912). Another intense friendship that rested mostly on correspondence was with American
novelist Evelyn Scott. On Scott, see D. A. Callard, Pretty Good for a Woman: The Enigmas of
Evelyn Scott (London: Jonathan Cape, 1 985).

Spain

The historical literature on the Spanish civil war is enormous. The most thorough general
history of the conflict is Hugh Thomas, The Spanish Civil War, 3d ed. (New York: Harper & Row,
1977). Burnett Bolloten’s The Spanish Civil War: Revolution and Counterrevolution (Chapel Hill:
University of North Carolina Press, 1991 ) is an enormously detailed political history of Republican
Spain in the civil war period that treats the contributions of the anarchists and anarcho-syndicalists
more seriously than most standard histories. See also Ronald Fraser’s evocative Blood of Spain:
An Oral History of the Spanish Civil War (New York: Pantheon Books, 1979).

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY

Spain was the only European country where Bakunin’s disciples gained a strong foothold, and
anarchism attracted followers in rural areas like Andalusia as well as cities like Barcelona and
Valencia. Two important studies of anarchism in a rural context, both of which refute an earlier
millenarian interpretation of anarchism, are Temma Kaplan, Anarchists of Andalusia, 1868-1903
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977); and Jerome Mintz, The Anarchists of Casas Viejas
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982). On the anarchists and the civil war, see Gerald
Brenan, The Spanish Labyrinth: An Account of the Social and Political Background of the Civil
War , 2d ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950), reprinted many times; Murray Bookchin,
The Spanish Anarchists: The Heroic Years, 1868-1936 (New York: Free Life Editions, 1977); John
Brademas, “Revolution and Social Revolution: A Contribution to the History of the Anarcho-Syndi-
calist Movement in Spain, 1930 -1937” (D.Phil. thesis, Oxford University, 1953), which has been
published only in a revised Spanish edition: Anarcosindicalismo y revolucion en Espaha (1930 -
1937), trans. Joaquin Romero Maura (Barcelona: Editorial Ariel, 1974); and Sam Dolgoff, ed., The
Anarchist Collectives: Workers ’ Self-Management in the Spanish Revolution, 1936-1939 (Montreal :
Black Rose Books, 1990).

Among accounts of the anarchist revolution and the war in Spain written by participants or
sympathizers, see H.-E. Kaminski, Ceux de Barcelona (Paris: Les Editions Denoel, 1937), which
describes a 1936 tour Kaminski made with Goldman; the reports by Augustin Souchy, IWMA vet-
eran and director of the CNT’s foreign information office in Barcelona, who also accompanied
Goldman on some of her visits to anarchist-controlled areas, in Entre los campesinos de Aragon: El
comunismo libertario en las comarcas liberadas (Barcelona: Ediciones Tierra y Libertad, 1937),
available in English as With the Peasants of Aragon: Libertarian Communism in the Liberated
Areas, trans. Abe Bluestein (Sanday, Orkney: Cienfuegos Press, 1982), and Beware! Anarchist! A
Life for Freedom: An Autobiography , trans. Theo Waldinger, ed. Sam Dolgoff and Richard Ellington
(Chicago: Charles H. Kerr Publishing Company, 1992); two books by Diego Abad de Santillan, an
important figure in the CNT-FAI in Catalonia, El anarquismo y la revolucion en Espaha: Escritos,
1930-38, ed. Antonio Elorza (Madrid: Editorial Ayuso, 1976), and Por que perdimos la guerra:
Una contribucion a la historia de la tragedia espahola (1940; Madrid: G. del Toro, 1975); Jose
Peirats, La C.N.T. en la revolucion espahola (Buenos Aires: Ediciones C.N.T., 1955), and Los
anarquistas en la guerra civil espahola (Madrid: Ediciones Jucar, 1976); Sara Berenguer, Entre el
soly la tormenta: Treinta y dos meses de guerra (1936-1939) (Barcelona: Seuba Ediciones, 1988);
Albert Meltzer, ed., A New World in Our Hearts: The Faces of Spanish Anarchism (Sanday, Orkney:
Cienfuegos Press, 1978); and Juan Gomez Casas, Anarchist Organisation: The History of the F.A.I.,
trans. Abe Bluestein (Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1986). A classic account of the period is George
Orwell, Homage to Catalonia (London: Seeker and Warburg, 1938), reprinted many times.

Goldman had close relations with many anarchist women during the Spanish civil war, espe-
cially those associated with the journal Mujeres Libres, which has begun to attract the attention of
scholars. See, for example, Martha A. Ackelsberg, Free Women of Spain: Anarchism and the
Struggle for the Emancipation of Women (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991); and Mary
Nash, ed., ‘Mujeres Libres”: Espaha, 1936-1939 (Barcelona: Tusquets, 1975). See also Lola Iturbe,
La mujer en la lucha social y en la guerra civil de Espaha (Mexico City: Editores Mexicanos
Unidos, 1974).

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY

Literary Interpretations of Goldman

Among the fictional representations of Goldman’s life, three stand out. Ethel Mannin, the Brit-
ish novelist and Independent Labour Party member, worked closely with Goldman in London on
behalf of the CNT-LAI during the Spanish civil war. Her Red Rose: A Novel Based on the Life of
Emma Goldman ('Red Emma ) (London: Jarrolds, [1941]) is a shrewd portrait of its subject, espe-
cially the tensions between Goldman and Alexander Berkman’s longtime companion, Emmy Eckstein.
Goldman’s life was so full of drama that inevitably it attracted the attention of playwrights and
writers of screenplays. Two outstanding American historians have written plays based on her life.
See Howard Zinn’s Emma (first produced in 1976), in Playbook( Boston: South End Press, 1986);
and Martin Duberman, Mother Earth: An Epic Drama of Emma Goldman s Life (New York: St.
Martin’s Press, 1991), a revised version of a script commissioned two decades earlier by the New
York PBS affiliate but never produced. See also Carol Bolt’s Red Emma (first produced in 1 974) in
Playwrights in Profile: Carol Bolt (Toronto: Playwrights Co-op, 1976). Bolt’s play was filmed by
the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and broadcast in January 1976. Goldman was the inspira-
tion also for an off-stage character in a play by Eugene O’Neill, whose talent she had recognized
early in his career. See Winifred L. Frazer, E.G. and E.G.O.: Emma Goldman and “The Iceman
Cometh’’ (Gainesville: University Presses of Florida, 1974).

Documentar y Films

Two documentaries by Steve Fischler and Joel Sucher are relevant and worth viewing. Free
Voice of Labor: The Jewish Anarchists ( 1 980) focuses on the lives and ideas of the Jewish anarchists
associated with the Yiddish-language newspaper, Freie Arbeiter Stimme (1890 -1977). Partici-
pants recall labor struggles, especially in the needle trades, the repression of radicals during the post-
World War I “Red scare,” and the cooperative ventures they undertook in such areas as housing and
free schools. The film includes interviews with the anarchists, rare newsreel and feature film foot-
age, still photographs, Yiddish “songs of struggle,” and music from the Yiddish theater. Anarchism
in America (1982) weaves together archival footage — including a newsreel clip of Goldman on her
return to the United States for a lecture tour in 1 934 — and interviews with participants to tell the
history of anarchism in twentieth-century America. Among those interviewed is Mollie Steimer, one
of Goldman’s closest friends and comrades. Both films are available on video and distributed by the
Cinema Guild, New York, N.Y. For an understanding of what was at stake for Spanish anarchist
women during the civil war, see Lisa Berger and Carol Mazer’s . . . de toda la vida (. . . all our
lives) (1986). In addition to archival footage and stills, this Spanish-language film (with English
subtitles) features extended interviews with women who were rank-and-file CNT members in their
youth as well as with prominent anarchists such as Federica Montseny and Lola Iturbe. They
spiritedly discuss their paths to anarchism, their work during the civil war, and the role of Mujeres
Libres. The film is available on video, also distributed by Cinema Guild.

Stephen Cole

Chronology

1869-1940

The chronology was created to assist researchers using the comprehensive collection of The
Emma Goldman Papers and to supplement the introductory essays and indexes to the microfilm
edition. It serves also to fill some of the obvious gaps in the collection, to compensate for the various
government seizures of Goldman’s letters and papers during her most active period of political activ-
ity in the United States up to her deportation — papers that Goldman herself unsuccessfully tried to
retrieve while she was writing her autobiography. The chronological details of Goldman’s public life
in America — the magnitude of her lecture schedule, the extent of her travels, and the evolution of her
varied and far-reaching political friendships — are a critical complement to her correspondence, lec-
ture manuscripts, and government surveillance documents, and together, they constitute a more accu-
rate historical representation of Goldman’s life work.

The research involved in locating relatively rare source material for tracking and recording a full
list of Goldman’s speaking engagements (sometimes numbering over three hundred in a year), and
determining which of her scheduled lectures were barred by the police, was daunting. For these, and
other events in her life, the Project editors relied primarily on the sometimes flawed recollections in
Goldman’s autobiography, reports from Mother Earth magazine, her chronicle of her experiences in
Russia, letters and government documents in the collection, and various secondary historical sources.
Despite the generally inconsistent reporting in the mainstream press about controversial anarchists,
newspaper accounts of Goldman’s lectures were a crucial resource for the identification of dates and
places of, as well as the character of the public response to, Goldman’s lectures. Though inevitably
incomplete, the chronology will facilitate effective use of this immense collection.

1869

June 27

Emma Goldman bom to Taube Bienowitch and
Abraham Goldman in Kovno, Lithuania, a
province of the Russian Empire. Siblings include
step-sisters Helena (b. 1860) and Lena (b. 1862)
Zodikow, and brothers Louis (b. 1 870), Herman
(b. 1872), and Morris (b. 1879, identified as
“Yegor” in Goldman’s autobiography. Living My
Life). Goldman’s girlhood and adolescence spent
in Kovno, Popelan, Konigsberg, and St.
Petersburg.

1870

November 21

Alexander (Sasha) Berkman born in Vilna, Russia.

1881

March 1

Czar Alexander II assassinated by Nihilists in St.
Petersburg.

1885

CHRONOLOGY

1885

December

Goldman immigrates to the United States with her
sister Helena; they settle in Rochester, N.Y., with
their sister Lena.

1886

Goldman finds employment as a garment worker.

On May 1 , three hundred thousand workers
throughout the country strike for the eight-hour
workday. On May 4 in Chicago’s Haymarket Square
during a workers’ protest of police violence the day
before, a bomb is thrown that results in the deaths of
seven police officers. Although the identity of the
bomb-thrower is never determined, prominent
anarchists and organizers of the event are held
responsible and sentenced to death. Goldman
attributes her political awakening to German socialist
Johanna Greie’s eloquent defense of the innocence of
the Haymarket anarchists at a Rochester lecture
during the Haymarket trial. During this period,
Goldman begins to read anarchist literature on a
regular basis, including German anarchist Johann
Most’s newspaper Freiheit.

The other members of Goldman’s family
emigrate from St. Petersburg to Rochester.

1887

February

Marries fellow factory worker Jacob A. Kersner,
gaining U.S. citizenship.

November 1 1

Execution of four Chicago anarchists found guilty in
the Haymarket Square bombing elicits international
outcry.

1888

Goldman divorces Kersner and leaves Rochester.
Moves to New Haven, Conn., where she works at a
corset factory. Meets many Russian socialists and
anarchists, including Dr. Hillel Solotaroff who, during
visits from New York, lectures in New Haven.

Goldman returns to Rochester where she lives
with her sister Helena’s family and works in a sewing
factory. Under pressure, she agrees to remarry
Kersner; after a brief reconciliation, Goldman is
shunned by her parents and the Jewish community of
Rochester for her insistence on finalizing the divorce.

1889

Goldman arrives in New York City on Aug. 15; meets
Johann Most, editor of Freiheit , and Alexander
Berkman; gains employment doing piece work for a
silk waist factory. Goldman’s political activities
include support work at the office of Freiheit, and
help with the organization of the second anniversary
commemoration of the hanging of the Haymarket
martyrs.

Goldman and Berkman become lovers. She
shares an apartment with Berkman, his cousin Modest
Stein, and their mutual friend Helen Minkin.

Berkman and Goldman contemplate returning to
Russia when they hear about political repression
there, but lack the necessary financial resources.

1890

January

Johann Most arranges Goldman’s first public lecture
tour to Rochester, Buffalo, and Cleveland to speak on
the limitations of the eight-hour movement. In the
course of her tour, Goldman demonstrates her talents
as an orator and realizes the need to articulate her
political beliefs independently; her growing autonomy
causes tensions with Most.

February-July

Goldman presents a series of lectures in New York
City and Newark, N.J., on subjects ranging from the
“Paris Commune, 1871,” to “The Right To Be Lazy,”
and on Most’s Pittsburgh Manifesto of 1883, spon-
sored primarily by the International Working People’s
Association, and delivered in German and in Yiddish.

Goldman works tirelessly to recruit women
workers to join the cloakmakers strike, organized by
Jewish labor leader Joseph Barondess that begins in
February.

Goldman becomes ill and is forced to spend
several weeks convalescing. During this period she
has a brief affair with Modest Stein.

CHRONOLOGY

1892

Accompanies Johann Most on his two-week
lecture tour of New England.

Summer

To earn enough money to return to Russia and
respond to the political repression there, Goldman
moves briefly with comrades, including Berkman, to
New Haven, with plans to start a dressmaking
cooperative. Until they build a clientele, Goldman
works temporarily at the corset factory where she had
worked in 1888. Berkman gains employment in the
printing trade.

Goldman helps to organize an anarchist educa-
tional and social group in New Haven that becomes a
gathering place for German, Russian, and Jewish
immigrants; among their invited speakers are Johann
Most and Hillel Solotaroff, a leader of the anarchist
group Pioneers of Liberty.

Fall

When the members of Goldman’s dressmaking
cooperative fall ill or move away, Goldman and
Berkman move back to New York where they begin
to attend meetings of the Autonomie group, led by
Most’s chief contender, Josef Peukert.

October

Goldman lectures in Elizabeth, N.J., and Baltimore.
Her two talks in Baltimore are before the Interna-
tional Workingmen’s Association and the
Workingmen’s Educational Society. She reaches
both German and Eastern European Jewish immigrant
communities, many of whom participate in a confer-
ence of Yiddish anarchist organizations in December.

1891

March 16

Goldman scheduled to speak at the “Great Commune
Celebration” sponsored by the International Worker’s
Association in New Haven.

May 1

Goldman marches with the Working Women’s
Society of the United Hebrew Trades in New York’s
May Day parade.

June 18

Goldman addresses a mass meeting to protest the
second imprisonment of Johann Most at Blackwell’s

Island after the Supreme Court rejects the appeal of
his 1 887 conviction for illegal assembly and incite-
ment to riot following the Haymarket executions.

1892

Winter and Spring

In search of a financial base, Goldman moves to
Massachusetts — first to Springfield to work in a
photography studio with Modest Stein (“Fedya”), and
then to Worcester, where, with Alexander Berkman,
Stein and Goldman open their own studio. When the
photography business fails, they open an ice-cream
parlor with the renewed aim of returning to Russia to
respond to the political repression under Czar
Alexander III.

May 1

Anarchists disrupt the Central Labor Union’s May
Day celebration in Union Square, New York. In
retaliation, the organizers of the celebration stop
Goldman’s speaking by hitching a horse to the open
wagon she is using as a platform and pulling it away.
This speech (given in German) and its disruption
brought Goldman her first front-page coverage in a
major metropolitan daily (The New York World).

July-August

Goldman, Berkman, and Stein return to New York to
respond to the lockout of employees of the Carnegie
Steel Company in Homestead, Pa. On July 6,
Pinkerton guards hired by plant manager Henry Clay
Frick kill nine striking steel workers; Goldman and
Berkman decide to avenge their deaths.

On July 23, Berkman attempts to assassinate
Frick, but fails. Goldman is suspected of, but not
charged with, complicity; police raid her apartment
and seize her papers. Debate within the labor
movement about the effectiveness of Berkman’s
action follows; Johann Most denounces Berkman and
questions his motives, provoking Goldman to censure
Most in the anarchist press. As public antagonism to
Berkman’s act mounts, Goldman temporarily goes
into hiding. In the wake of the Frick assassination
attempt Goldman — because of her prominence in the
anarchist movement and close link to Berkman —
attracts press attention and is dubbed “Queen of the
Anarchists.”

1892

CHRONOLOGY

August 1

Goldman chairs a meeting of over three hundred
anarchists to discuss Berkman’s act. Other speakers
include Autonomie group leader Josef Peukert, Dyer
D. Lum, editor of the Alarm , and Italian anarchist
Saverio Merlino, an editor of Solidarity.

September 19

Berkman found guilty on all counts and sentenced to
twenty-two years in prison; Goldman learns about his
sentence while she is lecturing in Baltimore. An-
nouncement prompts audience pandemonium, police
action, and Goldman’s consequent arrest.

November 24

Goldman visits Berkman at the Western State
Penitentiary in Pittsburgh.

December

Goldman appears only occasionally in public to
lecture. Speaks in Manhattan on Dec. 4, denouncing
government anti-immigration legislation; other
speakers at the event include anarchist journalist John
Edelmann, Spanish anarchist Pedro Esteve, and
Saverio Merlino.

During this period, Goldman meets German
anarchist Robert Reitzel, editor of the Der arme
Teufel.

Attends anarchist meetings, where, in late
December, Goldman meets and falls in love with
Austrian anarchist Edward Brady.

1893

General financial panic deepens into one of the worst
economic depressions in U.S. history.

June-July

Goldman returns temporarily to Rochester to recuper-
ate from illness.

June 26

Governor John Peter Altgeld pardons three men found
guilty of the Haymarket bombing.

August

The day after a riot of the unemployed on Aug. 17,
Goldman addresses a public meeting, urging those in
need to take bread if they are hungry. The next
evening she helps lead a procession of several

hundred anarchists to Union Square, where, among
many other speakers, she addresses a crowd of the
unemployed.

On Aug. 21, Goldman again leads a march of a
thousand people to Union Square, where, speaking in
German and English, she repeats her belief that
workers have a right to take bread if they are hungry,
and to demonstrate their needs “before the palaces of
the rich”; about three thousand gather to listen.
Goldman’s speech is characterized by the press as
“incendiary” and, over a week later, cited as the
reason for her arrest.

Goldman lectures in the Brownsville section of
Brooklyn, on Aug. 23, before traveling to Philadel-
phia. While in Philadelphia, Goldman meets German
anarchist Max Baginksi and American-born anarchist
Voltairine de Cleyre for the first time.

August 31

Scheduled to speak to the unemployed, Goldman is
arrested in Philadelphia on New York warrants
charging her with incitement to riot for her Aug. 21
speech.

September

On Sept. 6, a New York Grand Jury indicts Goldman
on three charges. She is returned from Philadelphia
to New York on Sept. 9, where she is placed in
confinement. On Sept. 11, pleads not guilty; released
on bail Sept. 14. Benefit concert on Sept. 23 intended
to raise money for Goldman’s defense is a financial
failure.

October 4-9

Goldman tried in court; defended by ex-mayor of
New York A. Oakey Hall. Denies speaking the words
attributed to her by police detectives who monitored
her speech. Jury finds Goldman guilty of aiding and
abetting an unlawful assemblage.

October 16

Goldman is sentenced to Blackwell’s Island peniten-
tiary for one year. Begins her term on Oct. 18.

In prison, Goldman is initially put in charge of
the sewing shop, but soon trained to serve as a nurse
in the prison hospital. Reads widely while in prison.

December 16

Benefit concert and ball held in New York City for
Goldman and others imprisoned for speaking at the

CHRONOLOGY

1895

Aug. 21 demonstration. Voltairine de Cleyre delivers
a speech, “In Defense of Emma Goldman and the
Right of Expropriation.”

1894

May-July

Strike of the Pullman railroad car plant in Chicago
begins on May 1 1 ; by July 3, federal troops are called
in to quell the strike.

August 17

Goldman released from prison after serving ten
months. She sells a report about her prison experi-
ence for $ 1 50 to the New York World , which pub-
lishes it the day after her release.

August 19

Large anarchist gathering in New York welcomes
Goldman back. Among the speakers are Voltairine de
Cleyre, English anarchist Charles Mowbray, and
Italian anarchist Maria Roda.

August 21

Goldman scheduled to speak on “The Right of Free
Speech” at a mass meeting called by the American
Labor Union in Newark.

September

Meets with the American journalist and labor rights
advocate John Swinton and his wife Orsena, who had
both visited her at Blackwell’s Island.

Goldman’s interest in reaching more American-
born citizens grows; resolves to conduct more
propaganda in the English language.

Goldman speaks in Baltimore.

Moves into an apartment with Edward Brady.

October

Goldman begins a new campaign for the commutation
of Berkman’s prison sentence; works as a nurse.

November 1 1

Goldman speaks at a poorly attended commemoration
of the Haymarket martyrs in New York; other
speakers include Charles Mowbray, German anarchist
and barkeeper Justus Schwab, Voltairine de Cleyre,
Max Baginski, and John Edelmann, editor of the
anarchist journal Solidarity.

Mid-November

Scheduled to speak with Charles Mowbray in West
Hoboken, N.J., and Baltimore.

1895

January 5

Goldman helps organize a benefit ball sponsored by
the joint anarchist groups of New York.

January 24

Goldman lectures on strikes at a meeting in New
York City.

Spring

Goldman and friends Claus Timmerman and Edward
Brady open an ice-cream parlor in Brownsville,
Brooklyn; within three months, the venture fails and
the shop is closed.

Summer

Upon investigating the possibility of appealing
Berkman’s case before the Supreme Court, Goldman
and others discover there are no grounds for an
appeal, as Berkman made no formal objections to the
judge’s rulings during the proceedings. Goldman
tries to convince Berkman to appeal to the Pennsylva-
nia Board of Pardons to set aside or reduce his prison
sentence and begins to solicit funds for that purpose.

Mid-August

Goldman sails to England under the name “Mrs. E. G.
Brady” fearing that her real identity would limit her
freedom to travel in Europe. Funds for her travel and
a portion of living expenses are provided by Modest
Stein.

Fall

Spends five-and-a-half weeks in Great Britain, where
she finds a greater amount of political freedom than in
the United States. During her three weeks in England,
she addresses large crowds at open-air meetings in
London, and meetings at Hyde Park, Whitechapel,
Canning Town, Barking, and Stratford. Topics
include “The Futility of Politics and Its Corrupting
Influence.”

On Sept. 1 3, Goldman appears among several
other lecturers— including James Tochatti of the
British anarchist journal Liberty and French anarchist

1895

CHRONOLOGY

Louise Michel — at an event in Finsbury. She lectures
on “Political Justice in England and America,”
highlighting Berkman’s case.

In England, meets anarchist theorists Peter
Kropotkin and Errico Malatesta, among others.

German police authorities monitor Goldman’s
movements in London, prepared to arrest her if she
enters Germany.

Mid-September-December

On Sept. 14, Goldman travels to Scotland;
delivers successful lectures in Glasgow, Edinburgh,
and Maybole.

By Oct. 1, Goldman travels to Vienna to begin
formal training in nursing and midwifery at the
Allgemeines Krankenhaus. Keeps a low profde in
Vienna, as political persecution there is known to be
harsh.

During this period she discovers and devours
works by Friedrich Nietzsche, attends performances
of Wagner operas, sees Eleonora Duse perform, and
attends the lectures of Professor [Karl?] Brtihl and
Sigmund Freud.

1896

March

Goldman completes her medical training in Austria;
travels to Paris where she meets anarchist editor
Augustin Hamon.

April

Back in New York, Goldman resides with Edward
Brady in a German neighborhood on Eleventh Street;
she rebels against Brady’s periodic fits of jealousy.
Earns a meager living as a midwife and nurse;
witnesses the plight of many women suffering from
unwanted pregnancies.

Persuades Berkman to appeal to the Pennsylvania
Board of Pardons for his release from prison. Helps
to launch a broad-based campaign for his case;
solicits Voltairine de Cleyre’s support.

Helps to arrange lectures for the English anar-
chist and labor leader John Turner, whose visit gives
Goldman the opportunity to gain experience address-
ing English-speaking audiences. Goldman speaks at
Turner’s concluding lecture in New York on Apr. 30.

Begins to suffer from “nervous attacks” that are
attributed to an inverted womb; Goldman unwilling to
undergo surgery to resolve the problem.

May 1

At a demonstration in Union Square, Goldman helps
to distribute a May Day anarchist manifesto written
by her and a group of American-born comrades in
New York.

June

Brady supports Goldman financially so that she can
take a break from nursing to relax and begin prepara-
tions for an East Coast winter lecture series. In her
leisure time, Brady tutors Goldman’s reading of the
works of the seventeenth-century French dramatists
Racine, Corneille, and Moliere. Independently, she
studies modem literature, including the novels of
Emile Zola.

June 7

Bomb explodes in a religious procession in
Barcelona, killing eleven people; Spanish authorities
imprison over four hundred people, including
anarchists, suspected of involvement in the bombing.
The severity of the punishment sparks international
protests.

September

Goldman is urged to support the free-silver campaign
of presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan; she
declines, considering the free-silver issue and the
presidential campaign diversions from a radical
agenda.

October 12

Johann Most, Goldman’s former mentor, denounces
her at an event in New York when she solicits funds
for the commemoration of the execution of the
Hay market martyrs.

November 4-8

In Philadelphia, on Nov. 4, Goldman speaks at the
Ladies’ Liberal League about her “Experiences on
Blackwell’s Island.” On Nov. 8, she delivers two
lectures — one before a mass meeting called by a
Jewish group to honor the Haymarket martyrs and to
raise money for Berkman; the second one on
“Woman’s Cause” to the Young Men’s Liberal
League.

November 11-15

Goldman lectures in Baltimore and raises money for
Berkman’s appeal.

CHRONOLOGY

1897

November 18-26

Following an appearance in Buffalo, Goldman
lectures to enthusiastic audiences in Pittsburgh,
primarily in German, and continues to raise money
for the Berkman fund. Topics include “The Jews in
America,” “Anarchism in America,” and “The Effect
of the Recent Election on the Condition of the
Workingmen.” Her concluding lecture addresses the
Hay market Affair.

1897

March 4

William McKinley inaugurated as president of the
United States.

April 23-25

Goldman’s lectures in Providence, R.I., include
“What Is Anarchism?” and “Is It Possible to Realize
Anarchism?” The audience at an open-air meeting is
reportedly “spell-bound” by Goldman’s message.
When she attempts to speak at another open-air
meeting, however, the police intervene on the grounds
that she doesn’t have a permit. Local socialists
disavow any connection to Goldman.

May

Goldman speaks in Philadelphia; her lecture on “The
Women in the Present and Future” is “loudly ap-
plauded.” She is credited with the ability to relate
anarchism to the working people of Philadelphia, thus
helping to boost the movement there.

Returning to New York, Goldman undergoes an
operation on her foot, requiring several months of
recuperation.

May 28

Carl Nold and Henry Bauer, convicted and impris-
oned for aiding Berkman ’s attempt to assassinate
Frick, are released from the Western State Peniten-
tiary in Pittsburgh.

July

Goldman’s lecture on “Marriage” is published in the
anarchist journal The Firebrand.

August 8

Anarchist Michel Angiolillo assassinates Antonio
Canovas del Castillo, premier of Spain, who in May
had ordered the execution of five anarchists held

responsible for the bombing in Barcelona the year
before. The torture and inhumane treatment of
several hundred others imprisoned in connection with
the bombing were widely protested throughout
Europe. In New York, Goldman and others —
including Italian and Spanish anarchists, and Harry
Kelly. John Edelmann, Justus Schwab, and Edward
Brady — had organized a demonstration in front of the
Spanish consulate.

August 16

Goldman among several speakers at a meeting of one
thousand people in New York celebrating Canovas’s
assassination.

On Aug. 22, in response to criticism from
anarchists that she had glorified Canovas’s murder,
Goldman defends her position at a small meeting in
New York.

September-December

Goldman conducts a lecture tour through eighteen
cities in eastern and midwestem states to promote
anarchism and Alexander Berkman’s release from
prison — intended topics include “Why I am an
Anarchist-Communist,” “Woman,” “Marriage,” and
“Berkman’s Unjust Sentence.”

September 3-8

Lectures begin in Providence, R.I.; speaks at two
open-air meetings— -attended by thousands — when the
mayor warns Goldman that she will be arrested if she
speaks in the open-air again. Despite the prohibition,
Goldman continues to lecture in Providence; ad-
dresses the assassination of the Spanish premier.

On Sept. 5, she speaks in Boston on “Must We
Become Angels to Live in an Anarchist Society?” and
collects money for the victims of the Spanish authori-
ties in the aftermath of the assassination of the
premier.

When she attempts to address another open-air
meeting in Providence on Sept. 7, she is arrested and
jailed overnight. The following day she is given
twenty-four hours to leave town or face three months
imprisonment.

Mid-September

Goldman returns to Boston on Sept. 12 where she
lectures on the Sept. 10 killings of immigrant miners
striking in Hazleton, Pa. Travels to New Haven and
New York to speak again on the Hazleton strikers.

1897

CHRONOLOGY

Beginning Sept. 15, Goldman delivers four
lectures in Philadelphia before several English-
speaking organizations, including the Ladies’ Liberal
League and the Single Tax Society. Her lectures
include “Free Love.” Before the largest free-thought
organization of Philadelphia, the Friendship Liberal
League, she critiques the freethinkers’ “partial
application of the principles of freedom.”

September 17

Portland editor A. J. Pope arrested and jailed for
sending “obscene” material in the anarchist Firebrand
through the mail. Abe Isaak and Henry Addis, the
other Firebrand editors, are arrested within the next
few days on the same charge.

Late September

From Philadelphia, Goldman travels to Washington,
D.C., where she lectures before a German free-
thought society.

Goldman then travels to Pittsburgh to meet Carl
Nold and Henry Bauer; they inform her that if
Berkman’s appeal for pardon is denied, he plans to
attempt an escape from prison.

Goldman speaks before the Tumerverein in
Monaca, Pa.; complies with their request not to speak
on her proposed topic, “Woman, Marriage, and
Prostitution.”

On Sept. 27, Goldman addresses a labor congress
organized by Eugene Debs in Chicago.

October

Goldman remains in Chicago to lecture; speaks to the
Lucifer Circle on the theme of “Prostitution: Its
Causes and Cure” and on “Free Love.” On Oct. 13
Goldman is among several speakers — including Max
Baginski, Lucy Parsons, and Moses Harman — at a
well-attended event to raise money for the imprisoned
editors of the Firebrand.

October 16-23

In St. Louis, Goldman speaks to German- and
English-speaking audiences while continuing to raise
money for Berkman’s prison fund.

On Oct. 19, the St. Louis House of Delegates
passes a resolution supporting the mayor’s prohibition
of Goldman’s open-air meetings. Goldman’s
lectures — including “Revolution” and “Why I Am an
Anarchist and Communist” — are held in private halls
under police surveillance.

Late October

Traveling for hours by train and wagon to learn about
the plight of farmers, Goldman speaks to well-
attended meetings in Caplinger Mills, Mo., home of
rural anarchist Kate Austin. Her lecture topics
include “The Aim of Humanity,” “Religion,” “Anar-
chy,” and “Free Love.”

Early November

Goldman scheduled to lecture in Kansas City and
Topeka, Kans.

On Nov. 1 1 in Chicago, Goldman addresses an
assembly in German to commemorate the Haymarket
martyrs.

Mid-November

Goldman lectures four times in Detroit, aided by
Robert Reitzel and his paper, Der arme Teufel. On
Nov. 19, Goldman speaks at the People’s Tabernacle
despite opposition from the congregation; the event is
sensationalized in the press. In response to
Goldman’s talk, the deacons and members of the
church request the pastor’s resignation.

Late November-December

Goldman lectures in Cleveland before several liberal
societies, including the Franklin Club. On Nov. 2 1 ,
she lectures on “What Anarchy Means” and collects
donations for the Firebrand editors.

Goldman delivers several successful lectures in
Buffalo — where she speaks at the Trade and Tabor
Council Hall, the Spiritualist Temple, and before
German anarchists — and Rochester, where she visits
her family for the first time since 1894. Considers her
meetings in Rochester, Buffalo, and Detroit to be the
best of her 1897 tour.

Berkman’s appeal before the Pennsylvania Board
of Pardons is postponed.

By mid-December, Goldman returns to New
York.

1898

January

Goldman announces her lecture topics for the year:
“Charity,” “Patriotism,” “Authority,” “Majority
Rule,” “The New Woman,” “The Woman Question,”
and “The Inquisition of Our Postal Service.”

CHRONOLOGY

1898

Goldman’s youngest brother, Morris, moves into
the apartment she shares with Brady in New York
City.

During this period, Goldman is in contact with
Filipino rebels and helps to support their attempts to
gain independence from Spain.

January 5

Goldman scheduled to speak on “The New Woman”
(in German) to the Social Science Club in Brooklyn.

January 21-23

Breaking the agreement she made with Providence
officials, Goldman returns, and lectures on anarchism
in English and Yiddish. She completes her speeches
without interference from the mayor or police;
Goldman assisted by John H. Cook, former president
of the Central Labor Union.

To help cover traveling expenses, Goldman earns
a percentage on sales she makes for Brady’s statio-
nery business while on tour.

January 24

Lectures on “Authority” to economics students in
Boston.

February 13

Goldman scheduled to speak to the Philosophical
Society in Brooklyn.

February-June

Twelve-state lecture tour: Goldman addresses sixty-
six meetings and participates in one debate. Several
reporters note Goldman’s improvement as a public
speaker as she develops her command of the English
language.

February 15

The U.S.S. Maine explodes in Havana harbor, killing
2 officers and 258 crew members, and becomes the
spark for the Spanish-American War.

February 16-20

Goldman’s tour begins in Philadelphia where she
lectures before several well-attended gatherings
sponsored by the Ladies’ Liberal League, the Single
Tax Society, the Society of Ethical Research, and the
German Anarchist Society. Notes an increasing
interest in anarchism among younger members of the
Friendship Liberal League, to which she lectures

twice. Topics include “The Absurdity of Non-
resistance to Evil,” “The Basis of Morality,” and
“Freedom.”

February 23-March 12

After scheduled visits to Baltimore and Washington,
D.C., Goldman is invited to Pittsburgh and coal
mining towns in western Pennsylvania by anarchists
Carl Nold and Henry Bauer in association with the
International Workingmen’s Association. Though the
Pittsburgh region is heavily populated by Germans,
most of Goldman’s speaking engagements are
purposely conducted in English.

Talks include “Patriotism,” with specific refer-
ence to the miners shot by the police at Hazleton, Pa.,
in September, and the possibility of war between
Spain and the United States. She addresses the
Monaca, Pa., local of the Glass Blowers’ Union, one
of the most conservative unions in the country.
Lectures in western coal mining towns include
McKeesport, Roscoe, West Newton, and Homestead;
Goldman also scheduled to speak in Beaver Falls,
Carnegie, Duquesne, Charleroi, and Tarentum.
Goldman’s engagement in Allegheny is canceled
when the owners of the liberal Northside Turner Hall
refuse to let her speak.

Goldman suffers several “nervous attacks” from
the strain of continuous lecturing.

March 12

Goldman among several speakers at an international
celebration of the twenty-seventh anniversary of the
Paris Commune in Pittsburgh attended by three
hundred people.

Mid-March

Goldman delivers three lectures in Cleveland,
including a well-attended meeting of the Franklin
Club.

Just weeks before his death on Mar. 3 1 , Goldman
visits the ailing Robert Reitzel in Detroit.

March 20-26

In Chicago, Goldman is aided by Josef Peukert, who
secures for her several speaking engagements before
labor unions. Addresses the Economic Educational
Club (a primarily American-born audience), the
Brewers and Mahers Union, the Painters and Decora-
tors Union, the Co-operative College of Citizenship,
the Turn-Verein Vorwarts Society, the German group
of the International Workingmen’s Association, and

1898

CHRONOLOGY

the Bakers’ and Confectioners’ Union. Lectures
include “Trades Unionism,” “Passive Resistance”
(both in German), and “The New Woman.”

While in Chicago, she visits Max Baginski at the
Arbeiter Zeitung office. Fearing that Baginski had
disapproved of Berkman’s attempt to kill Frick, she
had avoided seeing him; she finds, however, that they
share many similar viewpoints. She also meets
Moses Harman, the editor of Lucifer, with whom she
discusses women’s emancipation.

Visits Michael Schwab, who served more than
six years in prison for charges relating to the
Haymarket affair before he was pardoned. Hospital-
ized with tuberculosis, Schwab dies a few months
later, on June 29.

March 27-28

Goldman lectures in Cincinnati to a large meeting of
the Ohio Liberal Society.

Brady complains about their separation; she
responds by asserting her need for freedom.

March 29-Apri! 2

Goldman returns to Chicago for additional lectures;
speaks before the gymnastic society Gut Heil in a
Chicago suburb and to residents of a Jewish neighbor-
hood in Chicago.

On Mar. 31, Goldman lectures on “The Inquisi-
tion of Our Postal Service” to the Progressive
Bohemian Labor Organization, addressing recent
censorship cases, including the conviction of the
Firebrand editors. The organization votes unani-
mously to adopt a resolution protesting postal
censorship.

On Apr. 2, Goldman honored at a farewell
meeting held by the Committee on Agitation of the
Progressive Labor Organizations of Chicago.

April 3-4

Goldman scheduled to speak in Milwaukee.

April 6-10

“Patriotism” is among the five lectures Goldman
presents in St. Louis; encounters no interference by
the mayor or police. Local comrades note an increase
of young women in attendance.

April 13-18

Goldman makes her first visit to Denver, where she is
hosted by a small group of American anarchists. Her
five lectures are met with surprising enthusiasm —

“The Basis of Morality” noted as her best. Sponsors
include the Denver Educational Club, a largely Jewish
group.

Mid-April

Goldman visits Salt Lake City.

April 24

Spanish-American War begins.

Late April-May

Goldman in San Francisco; opens her engagements
with a lecture on “Patriotism,” which, following the
outbreak of the Spanish-American War, becomes her
most important and successful lecture. Defying the
jingoist mood of the American public as it entered
this “splendid little war,” Goldman condemns the
Spanish American War as a brutal distraction from
class war at home. Her other speeches— at least four,
including a talk at a May Day celebration — are well
attended and receive fair press coverage. Goldman
also debates the German socialist Emil Lies, editor of
the Tageblatt. Goldman especially impressed with
Abe Isaak, former editor of the Firebrand and current
editor of Free Society, who had recently settled in San
Francisco with his family. Goldman’s San Francisco
activities supported in part by local single-taxers.

While in San Francisco, Goldman meets the
young socialist Anna Strunsky, who will become a
lifelong friend and associate, and through Strunsky,
the writer Jack London.

In San Jose, her lecture on “Patriotism” is so
controversial that she has difficulty maintaining
control of the platform. From San Jose, she travels
for the first time to Los Angeles, sponsored by a
wealthy acquaintance from New Mexico. Lectures to
several large audiences. Goldman severs her relation-
ship with her sponsor when he proposes marriage; she
continues lecturing among Jewish sympathizers and
organizes a group to conduct ongoing anarchist
activities. Goldman denounced in the Freiheit for
having alienated workers from anarchism when,
under the direction of her wealthy manager, she
lectured and resided in expensive halls and hotels.

Following Los Angeles, she returns to San
Francisco for additional lectures.

Early June

Goldman delivers three lectures in Portland, Oreg.
Logistical problems cause the cancellation of sched-
uled events in Tacoma and Seattle.

CHRONOLOGY

1899

June 7

In Chicago, Goldman attends the first convention of
Eugene Debs’s Social Democracy movement; in her
view it is a “fiasco.” When she is at first prevented
from speaking at the event, Debs personally invites
Goldman to address the convention.

July

Pleased with the success of her lecture tour, Goldman
returns to New York. In association with Salvatore
Palavicini and other Italian anarchists, helps to
support local labor struggles.

September 10

Empress Elizabeth of Austria is stabbed by anarchist
Luigi Leccheni. Goldman considers the act a “folly”
but refuses to condemn it; her activities are subse-
quently monitored by the police and scorned by the
press.

November-December

Goldman supports efforts of Berkman’s defense
committee to seek a pardon. With Justus Schwab and
Brady, she reluctantly follows the recommendation of
defense attorneys to seek Andrew Carnegie’s influ-
ence in granting a pardon. They approach Benjamin
Tucker, editor of Liberty, to meet with Carnegie, but
reject his suggestion that Berkman be presented as a
“penitent sinner.” All plans to meet with Carnegie
are eventually abandoned.

November 24

International Anti-Anarchist Conference, prompted
by the assassination of the Empress of Austria, is
convened by Italian government officials in Rome;
attended by fifty-four delegates representing twenty-
one countries, including police chiefs from several
European countries and major cities. Conference
marks the development of strategic international
surveillance of and exchange of information about
anarchist activities.

1899

January

Goldman ends her relationship with Edward Brady.

January 5

Goldman speaks at a large meeting at Cooper Union
to protest the International Anti-Anarchist Conference
in Rome.

Late January-September

Goldman conducts a nine-month lecture tour of
eleven states, beginning in Barre, Vt., where she is
hosted by Salvatore Palavicini. She delivers several
lectures in Barre, including “The New Woman” and
“The Corrupting Influence of Politics on Man” — the
first anarchist lectures in English ever presented there.

When she is prevented from delivering her last
lecture, “Authority versus Liberty,” on Jan. 31,
Goldman’s comrades print and distribute five
thousand copies of a manifesto containing the text of
Goldman’s barred speech.

While in Barre, Goldman meets Luigi Galleani,
editor of the anarchist journal Cronaca Sowersiva.

February

President William McKinley signs peace treaty with
Spain. United States acquires Puerto Rico, Guam,
and the Philippines; Spain relinquishes its claim to
Cuba.

Insurgent forces begin rebellion against U.S. rule
in the Philippines.

Mid-February

Goldman delivers ten lectures, in German and
English, in Philadelphia; speaks before the Friendship
Liberal League, Ladies’ Liberal League, the Fellow-
ship for Ethical Research, the Knights of Liberty, and
the Arbeiter Bund.

Goldman helps organize a regional committee of
anarchists from Philadelphia and surrounding areas.

Late February

Goldman addresses two large meetings in Cleveland.

March

Goldman’s lectures in Detroit include “The Power of
the Idea” and “A Criticism of Ethics.” Goldman is
offered financial support for her future medical
studies by Herman Miller, a friend of Robert Reitzel
and president of the Cleveland Brewing Company.

Invited by the Ohio Liberal Society to lecture on
trade unionism, Goldman addresses three meetings in
Cincinnati. From Cincinnati, Goldman travels to St.
Louis where she delivers ten lectures, including one
before the conservative Bricklayers’ Union.

1899

CHRONOLOGY

Close by, she speaks before two large gatherings
in the mining town of Mount Olive. Her lecture on
“The Eight-Hour Struggle and the Condition of the
Miners of the Whole World” is especially well
received.

April-May

Goldman spends over a month in Chicago, delivering
about twenty-five lectures. Her efforts to speak
before a wide variety of trade unions, philosophical
and social societies, and women’s clubs are aided by
Max Baginski and other German comrades; the
International Workingmen’s Association helps her
organize English lectures.

Goldman lectures on “Trades-Unionism and
What It Should Be” and other issues in German and
English before the International Workingmen’s
Association and trade unions including the Brewers
and Makers Union, the Painters and Decorators
Union, and the Journeymen Tailors Union.

Goldman’s presentation to the conservative Amal-
gamated Wood Workers Union is the first to take
place by an anarchist.

Additional lectures — including “Religion,”
“Women’s Emancipation,” “Politics and Its Corrupt-
ing Influence on Man,” “The Origin of Evil,” and
“The Basis of Morality” — are delivered to the
Friesinuge Gemeinde, several chapters of the Turner
Society, the Freethought Society, and the Women’s
Sick Benefit Society. Her lecture on “Sex Problems”
is debated by many of the Chicago comrades who feel
the subject matter is inappropriate for public discus-
sion.

Before leaving Chicago, Goldman organizes a
social science club so that the local comrades will
continue to organize in her absence.

May

Goldman spends a few days visiting miners in Spring
Valley, 111. By May 20, she arrives in Tacoma,
Wash., where she participates in a debate on “Social-
ism versus Anarchism.” A group of spiritualists lend
her use of their temple free of charge for a series of
lectures, but when she proposes to lecture on “Free
Love,” they deny her the use of the hall.

Goldman delivers two well-attended lectures in
Seattle.

June

Goldman visits an anarchist colony at Lakebay,

Wash. By June 10, she is scheduled to hold a series

of meetings in Portland, Oreg., followed by lectures
in the farming community of Scio, Oreg., where use
of the city hall is donated to Goldman by the marshal
of Scio.

June-August

Goldman arrives in San Francisco on June 22, where
she begins a seven-week series of lectures in San
Francisco, Oakland, San Jose, and Stockton. “Why I
Am an Anarchist Communist,” “The Aim of Human-
ity,” “The Development of Trades-Unionism,” and
“Charity” number among her lectures. Socialists are
antagonistic to her on several occasions. Her lecture
on “Sex Problems” continues to stir debate; some
applaud her courage to speak about this taboo issue.

Mid-Late August

Goldman delivers three lectures in Ouray, Colo.,
followed by several lectures in Denver, including
“The Power of an Idea,” “Education” before the
Smeltermen’s Union, and an open-air meeting on
“Patriotism.”

September

At the invitation of Kate Austin, Goldman travels to
the farming community of Caplinger Mills, Mo.,
where she delivers three lectures, including “Patrio-
tism.”

September 6

In the mining town of Spring Valley, 111., Goldman
heads a Labor Day procession, which ends with a
meeting in the central market place, a direct violation
of the mayor’s denial of authorization to do so.

September 23-October 10

Goldman addresses thirteen meetings in Pittsburgh
and surrounding cities, including West Newton,
McDonald, and Roscoe, Pa.

Fall

Goldman arranges for their trusted comrade Eric B.
Morton to begin to dig a tunnel for Berkman’s escape.

Mid-October

Goldman’s lecture tour complete, she returns to New
York City. Under the guise of pursuing a new legal
action in Berkman’s case, with Saul Yanofsky of the
Freie Arbeit er Stimme, Goldman raises money to
support the cost of digging Berkman’s prison escape
tunnel. If successful, Berkman intends to meet
Goldman in Europe.

CHRONOLOGY

1900

November 3

Goldman embarks for Europe to attend the 1900
International Anti-Parliamentary Congress in Paris
and with the intention of studying medicine in Zurich,
Switzerland.

November I3-December 9

Goldman arrives in London where she stays with
Harry Kelly and his family and lectures in English
and German. Among her proposed topics are
“America: The Land of the Free and the Home of the
Brave,” “Strikes and Their Effect on the American
Worker,” and “Marriage.” While visiting Peter
Kropotkin at his home in Bromley, she meets the
Russian populist Nicholas Chaikovsky, whom
Goldman greatly admires. She argues heatedly with
Kropotkin about the political significance of “the sex
problem.”

Following one of her German lectures, she meets
the Czechoslovakian refugee Hippolyte Havel, with
whom she later falls in love.

December 9

Goldman appears in London among a cast of interna-
tional speakers, including Louise Michel and
Kropotkin, at a “Grand Meeting and Concert for the
Benefit of the Agitation in Favour of the Political
Victims in Italy.”

December 10-22

Goldman travels to Leeds and Bradford for several
lectures.

December 23

Goldman returns to London.

1900

January

Goldman attends a Russian New Year party in
London where she meets notable Russian revolution-
ary exiles, including L. B. Goldenberg and V. N.
Cherkezov.

Goldman travels to Glasgow, Dundee, and
Edinburgh, Scotland to lecture. On Jan. 21 in Dundee
she lectures on “Authority versus Liberty” and “The
Aim of Humanity.” In Edinburgh, she meets anar-
chist Thomas Bell.

February

Goldman spends the month in London before travel-
ing to Paris. On Feb. 20, Goldman speaks out against
the Anglo-Boer War at a meeting of the Freedom
Discussion Group; lectures on “The Effect of War on
the Workers.” Her activities are credited for provid-
ing impetus to the London anarchist movement.

On Feb. 25, Goldman scheduled to deliver her
lecture “The Basis of Morality” in German. On Feb.
26, she is honored at a farewell concert and ball
where she speaks about the striking Bohemian
miners; other speakers include Peter Kropotkin and
Louise Michel.

Goldman begins debate in the anarchist press
about the importance of developing consistent
propaganda and supporting individual lecturers
financially.

March-October

Accompanied by Hippolyte Havel, Goldman visits
Paris in preparation for the September International
Anti-Parliamentary Congress in Paris. While
immersing herself in French culture, Goldman
becomes acquainted with the leading figures of the
French anarchist movement and other progressive
circles, including Augustin Hamon and Victor Dave.
Decides against pursuing further medical studies so
that she can concentrate on political activities.

Goldman delivers a statement to the organizing
committee of the Paris congress about her most recent
lecture tour in the United States, the necessity of
organizing American-born citizens into the anarchist
movement, and the reluctance of some anarchists to
participate in the Paris congress.

U.S. anarchists debate the importance of select-
ing American-born delegates to represent their
movement at the Paris congress; it is eventually
decided that Goldman, although an immigrant, will be
a suitable representative. Other representatives are
also selected. Goldman asked by several American
comrades, including Lizzie and William Holmes, Abe
Isaak, and Susan Patton, to present papers at the
congress.

June- July

Goldman meets up with some Italian comrades from
the United States, including Salvatore Palavicini.
Reunites with Max Baginski when he arrives in Paris.

1900

CHRONOLOGY

June 14

French intelligence notes presence of Goldman and
Havel at a women’s congress in Paris.

July 16

The tunnel being dug for Berkman’s escape is
discovered. Although prison officials cannot verify
who is responsible, Berkman is placed in solitary
confinement. Eric B. Morton, sick from the physical
hardship of digging the tunnel, sails to France where
he is nursed back to health by Goldman.

July 29

King Umberto of Italy is killed by Gaetano Bresci, an
Italian anarchist Goldman had met in Paterson, N.J.

September

Meets Oscar Panizza, whose writings she had read in
the Der arme Teufel. Discusses issues of sexuality,
including homosexuality, with Dr. Eugene Schmidt.

September 18

The International Anti-Parliamentary Congress,
scheduled to begin the following day, is prohibited by
the French Council of Ministers. Protest meeting
called for that evening is prevented by the police.
Though some of the scheduled meetings are canceled,
others take place in secret locations.

Goldman’s “The Sex Question” is one of eight
anarchist lectures scheduled to be presented on Sept.
21 — although some French comrades were opposed to
this topic being addressed in public for fear that it
would lead to further misconceptions of anarchism.

During this period, Goldman also attends the
Neo-Malthusian Congress in Paris, which holds its
meetings in secret because of a French law prohibit-
ing organized attempts to limit offspring. Goldman
obtains birth control literature and contraceptives to
take back to the United States.

Late September-November

Following the Paris congress, Goldman earns her
living as a boarding room cook and as an American
tour guide at the Paris Exposition.

December

Goldman returns to New York with Hippolyte Havel
and Eric B. Morton. Newspaper reports claim that

Goldman had, under an assumed name, rented a hall
on Dec. 11 for a mass meeting of the Social Science
Club. Goldman the principal speaker; statement
favoring the assassination of King Umberto attributed
to her.

Goldman scheduled to speak to the Italian group
of New London, Conn., on Dec. 23.

190!

January-March

Goldman supports herself by working as a nurse in
New York City; helps to arrange a U.S. tour for Peter
Kropotkin in March and April.

Goldman reestablishes friendship with her former
lover Edward Brady.

April-July

Goldman lecture tour begins with a free-speech battle
in Philadelphia when she is prevented from speaking
before the Shirt Makers Union. Goldman and the
organizations that sponsor her talks, including the
Single Tax Society, defy police orders; Goldman
speaks in public on at least two occasions. On April
14, she speaks at an event sponsored by the Social
Science Club; other speakers include Voltairine de
Cleyre. Despite the Social Science Club's opposition
to Goldman’s anarchist views, it passes a resolution
protesting the violation of her right to free speech.

Speaks in Lynn, Mass., Boston, Pittsburgh,
Cleveland, St. Louis, Chicago, and Spring Valley, 111.,
on such topics as “Anarchism and Trade Unionism,”
“The Causes of Vice,” and “Cooperation a Factor in
the Industrial Struggle.”

July 15-August 15

Goldman spends a month with her sister Helena, in
Rochester, N.Y., traveling briefly to Niagara Falls and
to Buffalo, N.Y., to visit the Pan-American Exposi-
tion.

Early September

Goldman visits Alexander Berkman at the peniten-
tiary in Allegheny, Pa., the first time she has seen him
in nine years.

September 6

President William McKinley shot by self-proclaimed
anarchist Leon Czolgosz in Buffalo, N.Y., at the Pan-
American Exposition. Police claim that Czolgosz

CHRONOLOGY

1903

was inspired by one of Goldman’s lectures. She is in
St. Louis when she learns about the assassination and
recollects that she first met Czolgosz at her May 5
lecture on “The Modem Phase of Anarchy” before the
Franklin Liberal Club in Cleveland.

September 7

Goldman leaves St. Louis for Chicago.

September 9-23

In an atmosphere of intense anti-anarchist hysteria,
Goldman goes into temporary hiding at the home of
American-bom anarchist sympathizers. On Sept. 10,
she is arrested by Chicago police and subjected to
intensive interrogation. Though initially denied, bail
is set at $20,000.

President McKinley dies on Sept. 14.

September 24

Goldman released; case dropped for lack of evidence.

October

Goldman expresses her sympathy for Leon Czolgosz
in an article, “The Tragedy at Buffalo,” published in
Free Society (Chicago), prompting many of her close
anarchist associates to distance themselves from her.

Finding much difficulty in securing an apartment
and job, Goldman adopts the pseudonym “E. G.
Smith.”

Czolgosz executed on Oct. 29.

November-December

Goldman avoids public appearances.

1902

Criminal Anarchy Act passed in New York State.

Goldman continues to conceal her real identity, at
times to no avail. Chased from her apartment on First
Street, Goldman moves to a crowded Lower East Side
tenement building on Market Street. She finds work
as a night-shift nurse for poor immigrants living on
the Lower East Side.

May-December

Increased repression in Russia and a strike of Penn-
sylvania coal miners propel Goldman to resume her
political work.

Conducts lecture tour to raise funds for the
students and peasants under attack in Russia and for
the striking coal miners. Her activities are closely
monitored by police detectives; many of her lectures
are outlawed, especially in coal-mining cities like
Wilkes-Barre and McKeesport, Pa. Despite police
harassment, Goldman holds successful lectures in
Chicago; scheduled to speak in Milwaukee and
Cleveland.

1903

January 27

Police arrest Goldman and Max Baginski in New
York City for being “suspicious persons”; released
after questioning.

March 3

Anti-anarchist immigration act passed by Congress.

April

Edward Brady, former lover of Goldman, dies.

June-September

Alarmed by the threat to civil liberties posed by the
anti-anarchist immigration law and the public hysteria
of the moment, prominent American liberals, includ-
ing Theodore Schroeder, rally to her support.

October 23

First attempt to test anti-anarchist immigration act: At
an event at Murray Hill Lyceum, where Goldman is
scheduled to speak, English anarchist John Turner is
arrested and charged with promoting anarchism and
violating alien labor laws. Turner detained on Ellis
Island until his deportation.

November

In an effort to mobilize broad support from American
citizens for John Turner, Goldman acts under the
pseudonym E. G. Smith to form a permanent Free
Speech League in New York City.

December

Cooper Union mass meeting protests anti-anarchist
proceedings against John Turner, still awaiting
deportation.

1904

CHRONOLOGY

1904

January

Goldman, on behalf of the Free Speech League,
undertakes a brief lecture tour to gain support for John
Turner; speaks before garment workers in Rochester
and miners in Pennsylvania.

February

Russo-Japanese War begins.

April

Goldman seeks to extend her influence beyond the
immigrant community by exposing a broader Ameri-
can audience to anarchism. Travels to Philadelphia to
lecture on “The Tragedy of Woman’s Emancipation.”
Her first attempts to deliver lecture stalled by police.
Public support for free speech gains her eventual
success in delivering the lecture.

Supreme Court rules on the John Turner case
( Turner v. Williams, 194 U.S. 279) that Congress has
unlimited power to exclude aliens and deport those
who have entered in violation of the laws, including
philosophical anarchists.

Fall

Goldman hosts two members of the Russian Social
Revolutionary party seeking to organize support for
political freedom in Russia. With the assistance of
the American Friends of Russian Freedom, Goldman
manages a successful tour of Catherine
Breshkovskaya (the “Grandmother of the Russian
Revolution”), recently freed from Siberian exile.

September 1 1

Goldman among a cast of speakers at one of the
largest reported New York City anarchist meetings in
support of the Russian anarchist movement.

December

Exhausted by nursing, Goldman opens her own
business as a “Vienna scalp and face specialist” in
New York City.

1905

January 9 (22)

“Bloody Sunday” in St. Petersburg, Russia. Goldman
continues to lecture and raise funds to gain support for
political freedom in Russia.

February

Goldman speaks at memorial meeting for Louise
Michel.

Ricardo Flores Magon moves to St. Louis, where
his friendship with Goldman begins.

Catherine Breshkovskaya returns to Europe.

July

Goldman meets Russian actor Paul Orleneff; assists
him in the management of the Orleneff troupe’s
theater engagements in New York City.

The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
established in Chicago.

September

Russia and Japan sign peace treaty at Portsmouth,
N.H.

October 17 (30)

Czar Nicholas II signs manifesto guaranteeing civil
liberties in Russia.

November

Renewed pogroms of Jews in Russia. Orleneff troupe
arranges benefit performances on behalf of Jewish
victims.

Goldman accompanies Orleneff troupe on tour to
Boston.

December

Russian revolution crushed.

1906

February

Goldman, in Chicago with the Orleneff troupe,
identifies herself without a pseudonym at lectures to
local anarchists.

March

First issue of Mother Earth published; first run
numbers three thousand.

Goldman begins national lecture tour with
associate editor Max Baginski; speaking engagements
scheduled in Cleveland, Toronto, Rochester, Syra-
cuse, and Utica. Encounters interference in Buffalo
when the police mandate that their lectures be
presented in English, preventing Baginski from
addressing the audience.

CHRONOLOGY

1907

March 17

Death of Johann Most.

April

Goldman discontinues her scalp and facial massage
business; devotes full attention to the publication of
Mother Earth.

April 1

Goldman speaks at an anarchist gathering at Grand
Central Palace in New York City to commemorate the
life of Johann Most.

May 18

Alexander Berkman released from prison; Goldman
and Berkman unite in Detroit.

May 22

Goldman and Berkman travel to Chicago, where they
are followed by the press. Newspaper falsely reports
that Goldman and Berkman have married.

June 10-12

Goldman scheduled to speak in Yiddish and English
in Pittsburgh on the following topics: “The Constitu-
tion,” “The Idaho Outrage” (addressing the arrests of
Bill Haywood, Charles Moyer, and George A.
Pettibone of the Western Federation of Miners), “The
General Strike,” and “The False and True Conception
of Anarchism.”

June 17

Goldman and others address a crowd of two thousand
people who had gathered to greet Alexander Berkman
in New York City.

Mid-July

Goldman vacations at farm in Ossining, N.Y., with
Berkman and Baginski.

October

Goldman devotes October issue of Mother Earth to
the commemoration of the fifth anniversary of Leon
Czolgosz’s death, despite the objection of many of
her political associates.

October 30

Scheduled to speak at a meeting to protest the Oct. 27
arrests of several anarchists for debating whether
Czolgosz was an anarchist, Goldman is arrested for
articles published in Mother Earth and for inciting to
riot. Nine others also arrested.

October 31

Goldman released on $1,000 bail.

November 2

Goldman pleads not guilty to criminal anarchy
charges before the New York City magistrate.

November 1 1

Goldman scheduled to speak at the nineteenth
anniversary commemoration of the Chicago martyrs,
organized by the Freiheit Publishing Association.

November 23

Mother Earth Masquerade Ball at Webster Hall in
New York City disrupted by police; owner is forced
to close the hall.

December 16

Goldman lectures on “False and True Conceptions of
Anarchism” before the Brooklyn Philosophical
Association.

1907

January 6

Goldman arrested by the New York City Anarchist
Police Squad while delivering the same lecture she
had successfully presented the previous month;
charged with publicly expressing “incendiary senti-
ments.” Berkman and two others also arrested.

January 9

Case against Goldman from Oct. 30, 1906, arrest
dismissed by the New York City grand jury.

January 1 1

Police evidence from Goldman’s Jan. 6 arrest
presented before the New York City magistrate’s
court; case later dismissed.

1907

CHRONOLOGY

January 24

New York City police suppress meeting where
Goldman is scheduled to speak.

January-March

Berkman attempts to run a small printing business.

February

Goldman speaks in Boston, Lynn, and Chelsea, Mass.

February 27

Goldman shares platform with Luigi Galleani at the
Barre, Vt., opera house.

Late February, Early March

Russian exile Grigory Gershuni, recently escaped
from Siberia, visits Goldman to encourage her work
on behalf of Russian freedom.

March 3

Goldman leaves New York City for national lecture
tour; asks Berkman to take charge as editor of Mother
Earth in her absence.

March 9

All lecture halls in Columbus, Ohio, are closed to
Goldman.

March 10-15

Mayor Brand Whitlock of Toledo, Ohio, does not
allow Goldman to speak until Kate Sherwood, a
respected political activist and community leader,
convinces him of Goldman’s right to speak.

March 16-17

Goldman’s scheduled Detroit lectures stopped by the
local police.

March 18-28

Successful lecture series in Chicago before audiences
of many nationalities, including Jewish, Danish, and
German. Her topics include the Paris Commune, the
trial of Moyer and Haywood, and the “Revolutionary
Spirit of the Modern Drama.”

March-April

Speaking on such subjects as “Education of Children”
and “Direct Action versus Legislation,” Goldman
continues lecture tour in Milwaukee, Cincinnati, and
Minneapolis.

April 10-15

Goldman makes her first visit to Winnipeg, Canada;
lectures in German and English on topics including
“Crimes of Parents and Education” and “The Position
of Jews in Russia.”

April

Goldman expected to lecture in St. Louis; lectures in
Denver.

May 5-19

Addressing audiences in German and English,
Goldman speaks in San Francisco and San Jose on
such issues as “The Corrupting Influence of Religion”
and character building.

May 23-28

Hundreds of people turn out on successive nights in
Los Angeles to hear Goldman speak, and, on one
occasion, debate socialist Claude Riddle. Goldman
organizes a Social Science Club with fifty-five
charter members to study social issues, literature, and
art. Goldman declares her intent to start a movement
on behalf of Mexico among U.S. radicals.

June 2-16

Buoyed by the success of her speaking engage-
ments— “the first tour of any consequence I have
made since 1 898” — Goldman travels to Portland,
Tacoma, Home Colony, Wa., Seattle, and Calgary,
Canada.

June 27

Goldman back in New York City in time to celebrate
her thirty-eighth birthday.

July-August

Goldman’s essay, “The Tragedy of Woman’s
Emancipation” translated and published by German
and Japanese anarchists.

Goldman selected to act as an American repre-
sentative at the International Anarchist Congress in
Amsterdam.

July 28

Haywood acquitted; Goldman and associates send
telegram to President Theodore Roosevelt to express
their joy.

CHRONOLOGY

1908

Early August

Goldman and other anarchists speak about the Boise
trials (of Haywood et al.) at the Manhattan Lyceum in
New York City.

Mid-August

Goldman travels with Baginski to Amsterdam.

August 25-30

International Anarchist Congress takes place in
Amsterdam, attended by three hundred delegates.

Early September

After attending anti-militarist congress organized by
Dutch pacifist anarchists, Goldman tours major
European cities. In Paris, Goldman visits Peter
Kropotkin and Max Nettlau; visits Sebastien Faure’s
experimental school for poor and orphaned children;
and studies syndicalism at the Confederation Generate
du Travail.

September 24

U.S. Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization,
anticipating Goldman’s return from Europe, directs
the East Coast commissioners of immigration to fully
verify Goldman’s U.S. citizenship before allowing
her to cross the border.

October 7

Goldman speaks in London on “The Labor Struggle
in America”; is trailed by Scotland Yard detectives.

Mid-October

Goldman evades U.S. immigration authorities by
entering New York via Montreal.

November-December

Finding Mother Earth in terrible financial shape upon
her return from Europe, Goldman conducts lecture
tour in Massachusetts and Connecticut.

1908

January

Goldman lectures in German, English, and Yiddish on
“Trade Unionism,” “The Woman in the Future,” and
“The Child and its Enemies,” among other topics, in
cities throughout New York State.

Large crowd turns out to hear Goldman in
Baltimore.

Police prevent Goldman from delivering her
lecture on “The Revolutionary Spirit in Modern
Drama” in Washington, D.C.

Lectures in Pittsburgh.

February 13

Goldman heads out for a tour of the western states via
Montreal, London, Ont., Toronto, and Cleveland;
scheduled to speak in English and German on “The
[Economic] Crisis: Its Cause and Remedy,” “The
Relation of Anarchism to Trade Unionism,” “Syndi-
calism a New Phase of the Labor Struggle,” and
“Woman Under Anarchism.”

February 23

Giuseppe Guamacoto, reported to be a former
resident of Paterson and a follower of Goldman,
assassinates Father Leo Henrichs at the altar of a
Catholic church in Denver.

February 28

Goldman delivers several lectures in St. Louis,
despite word from Chicago authorities who, in
coordination with Washington D.C. officials, threaten
to deport Goldman under the immigration law.

March 2

Chicago Chief of Police George Shippy attacked by
alleged anarchist Lazarus Averbuch; Shippy ’s son
shot. Goldman implicated in incident, which prompts
new legislation to coordinate efforts of city, state, and
federal authorities to stamp out all anarchist agitation.

March 6

In Chicago, Goldman is barred by police from
addressing any meetings in a public hall. Goldman
meets with the press, vowing that she will seek an
opportunity to lecture in Chicago no matter what the
authorities do to prevent her.

March 7-12

Goldman repeatedly barred from speaking at public
lecture halls in Chicago; meets Ben Reitman, a
physician specializing in gynecology and venereal
disease, who offers to arrange a speaking engagement
for Goldman at a storeroom on Dearborn Street, the
meeting place of his Brotherhood Welfare Associa-
tion, otherwise known as the Hobo College.

1908

CHRONOLOGY

March 13

Despite an indication from Chicago authorities that
Goldman will be allowed to speak if she makes no
incendiary remarks against the police or the govern-
ment, Goldman is prevented from speaking at Ben
Reitman’s hall.

March 15

Chicago newspapers report a budding romance
between Goldman and Reitman.

March 16

Police forcibly remove Goldman from Workingmen’s
Hall in Chicago, where she is scheduled to speak on
“Anarchy as It Really Is,” an event organized by the
newly created Freedom of Speech Society.

March 17-19

Goldman unable to secure a hall in Chicago.

March 20-22

Temporarily abandoning attempts to speak in Chi-
cago, Goldman meets success in Milwaukee, where
large crowds, including Milwaukee socialist Victor
Berger, come to hear her.

March 28

Lecturing in Minneapolis, Goldman denies knowl-
edge of those involved in a bomb explosion at a New
York City demonstration of the unemployed in Union
Square. News reports claim that Selig Silverstein, the
bomb-thrower, was a member of Goldman’s Anar-
chistic Federation.

March 31-Apri! 5

Goldman delivers several lectures in Winnipeg,
including discussions encouraging street railway
employees to strike for an eight-hour workday.

April

President Theodore Roosevelt investigates legality of
not only barring anarchist propaganda that advocates
political violence, but also prosecuting those who
produce the material.

April 6

Goldman leaves Winnipeg; temporarily detained and
interrogated at the border by U.S. immigration
officials.

April 7

Goldman enters the United States; itinerary includes
lectures in Minneapolis, Salt Lake City, and Sacra-
mento.

April 17

Accompanied by Ben Reitman, Goldman arrives in
San Francisco, where the police notify her that
anarchist propaganda cannot be circulated.

April 18

Objecting to the notoriety caused by Goldman’s
presence, the management of the St. Francis Hotel in
San Francisco forces Goldman to leave; encounters an
escalated level of surveillance.

April 19

Despite warnings, police do not interfere with
Goldman’s lecture at Walton’s Pavilion in San
Francisco, which is attended by five thousand people.

April 26

Goldman ends her San Francisco lecture series with a
speech on patriotism. In attendance is U.S. soldier
William Buwalda, stationed at the Presidio, who is
witnessed shaking hands with Goldman following her
speech. Buwalda is subsequently court-martialed for
this action.

April 28-May 2

Goldman lectures in Los Angeles; debates socialist
Kaspar Bauer on the question of “Socialism versus
Anarchism.” While in Los Angeles, Goldman visits
George A. Pettibone.

Mid-late May

Goldman delivers five lectures in Portland — including
“Why Emancipation Has Failed to Free Women” and
“Direct Action a Logical Method of Anarchism” —
following initial free-speech battle. Goldman’s
success attributed in part to support received from
Charles Erskine Scott Wood, Portland attorney and
writer.

Local Portland anarchists organize protest against
the court-martial and imprisonment of William
Buwalda.

May 31

Goldman presents two lectures in Spokane: “What
Anarchism Really Stands For” and “The Menace of
Patriotism.”

CHRONOLOGY

1908

June

Marking the last leg of her tour, Goldman travels to
Montana; despite police harassment and lack of press
coverage, Goldman speaks in Butte and Helena.

July

Goldman vacations in Ossining, N.Y.

Goldman captivated by J. W. Fleming’s invita-
tion to make a two-year tour of Australia; tentatively
plans to travel to Australia in February.

July 19

New York World publishes Goldman’s article, “What
I Believe.”

September 7

Ben Reitman delivers speech on the meaning of
Labor Day at Cooper Union. When the audience
learns that the speech was written by Goldman, there
is a tremendous uproar; Berkman and young anarchist
Becky Edelsohn arrested.

September 13

Goldman begins five-week Sunday afternoon Yiddish
lecture series under the sponsorship of the Free
Worker Group in New York City; talks include “Love
and Marriage,” “The Revolutionary Spirit in the
Modem Drama,” and “The Political Circus.”

Late September .

Goldman tormented by revelation of Reitman’s
infidelity.

October 16

On the eve of her departure for her next lecture tour,
Goldman delivers a farewell lecture in New York
City on “The Exoneration of the Devil” (based on a
popular play at the time).

October 17

Goldman begins national lecture tour while the
country is immersed in presidential campaigning;
hopes to wind up her tour on the West Coast and
depart for Australia in the new year. Lecture topics
include “The Political Circus and Its Clowns,”
“Puritanism, the Great Obstacle to Liberty,” and “Life
versus Morality.”

October 18-24

Large audiences attend Goldman’s lectures in
Pittsburgh and Cleveland.

October 27

Goldman prevented from speaking in Indianapolis.

October 30-November 1

Goldman lectures in St. Louis; meets William Marion
Reedy, editor of the St. Louis Mirror , whose article
“The Daughter of the Dream,” published later that
week, praises her.

November 2-6

Goldman lectures in cities throughout Missouri:
Springfield, Liberal, and Kansas City.

November 7-13

Omaha chief of police prevents Goldman from
lecturing in the hall of her choice; crowds gather to
hear Goldman at other sites in the city.

November 15

Goldman’s lectures in Des Moines, Iowa, are
successful.

November 17-23

Lectures in Minneapolis and St. Paul poorly attended.

November 24-30

Goldman in Winnipeg for lectures and a debate with
socialist J. D. Houston.

December 2-1 1

Goldman scheduled to lecture in Fargo, N.Dak.,

Butte, and Spokane.

December 13

Seattle police take Goldman into custody after the
lock on a closed hall is broken to allow Goldman
entry to speak; released when she promises to leave
the city.

December 14

Goldman protests actions of the police authorities in
Everett, Wash., who prevent her from speaking on the
claim that vigilantes will harm her.

Goldman and Reitman arrested in Bellingham,
Wash., in anticipation of Goldman’s scheduled
lecture.

December 15

Goldman released from jail; placed on board a train
bound for Canada.

1908

CHRONOLOGY

December 16-28

Following lectures in Vancouver, Goldman lectures in
Portland and conducts two debates — one with
Democrat John Barnhill, the other with socialist
Walter Thomas Mills.

1909

January 2-6

Goldman lectures in Los Angeles, San Diego, and
Pasadena on such topics as “The Psychology of
Violence” and “Puritanism, the Greatest Obstacle to
Liberty.” Some of Los Angeles’s leading drama
critics attend her lecture “The Drama, the Most
Forcible Disseminator of Radicalism.”

January 13

Goldman lectures on “The Dissolution of Our
Institutions” in San Francisco, followed by a state-
ment by William Buwalda, the soldier court-martialed
the previous year and recently pardoned by President
Roosevelt. Event takes place without police interfer-
ence.

January 14

Goldman and Reitman arrested on charges of con-
spiracy against the government; both held on bail.
Buwalda arrested for disturbing the peace. Supporters
of Goldman and Reitman rally to protest the arrests
on Jan. 15; police forcibly end gatherings.

In jail, Goldman learns about her father’s death.
Goldman released Jan. 1 8; participates in a public
debate on “Anarchism versus Socialism.” Case
dropped Jan. 28.

January 23

Goldman’s anticipated departure for Australia is
postponed.

January 31

Goldman speaks to a crowd of over two thousand
people in San Francisco on “Why I Am an Anar-
chist.”

February

Goldman stays in San Francisco with hopes of
delivering the lectures she was prevented from giving
during the week of her arrest and imprisonment.

March 1-10

Delivers two lectures and participates in one debate in
Los Angeles.

March 12

Goldman lectures in El Paso, Tex.; prevented by city
authorities from holding meeting in Spanish.

March 14-15

Goldman attempts to lecture in San Antonio; unable
to secure a hall.

March 16

Goldman speaks on the outskirts of Houston in a hall
owned by the Single Taxers; remarks that this event is
“the most inspiring meeting of my entire tour.”

Mid-March

Tour ends with two meetings in Forth Worth.

March 27

Goldman in Rochester, N.Y.

April-May

Goldman conducts Sunday lecture series in Yiddish
and English in New York City; topics include “The
Psychology of Violence,” “Minorities versus Majori-
ties,” and the modern drama.

April 8

U.S. Court in Buffalo invalidates the citizenship of
Jacob A. Kersner, Goldman’s legal husband; threat-
ens Goldman’s claim to U.S. citizenship and results in
cancellation of Goldman’s trip to Australia.

May

Goldman’s essay “A Woman Without a Country,”
responding to the threat of deportation, published in
Mother Earth.

With increased public attention on her citizenship
status, Goldman is stopped repeatedly by the police.

May 1

Scheduled to speak at a Mother Earth May Day
concert and dance in New York City.

May 6

Goldman speaks at a convention of the National
Committee for the Relief of the Unemployed in New
York City, encouraging the unemployed to organize.

CHRONOLOGY

1909

May 10 and 13

Goldman scheduled to speak in New York on “Direct
Action as a Logical Tactic of Anarchists” and “How
Parents Should Raise Children” (in Yiddish).

May 14

Goldman scheduled to speak in New Haven on
“Anarchy: What It Stands For”; police admit her into
the lecture hall, but prevent entry to thousands of
people waiting outside.

May 21

Goldman and Berkman invited by civil libertarian
Alden Freeman to lunch at the elite New Jersey
Society of Mayflower Descendants; subsequent
scandal threatens Freeman’s membership in the club.

May 23

Police break up Goldman’s Sunday lecture series,
claiming that she did not follow the subject of her
lecture on “Henrik Ibsen as the Pioneer of Modem
Drama”; two arrests made.

May 24

Goldman speaks at the Sunrise Club in New York
City on “The Hypocrisy of Puritanism,” sharply
criticizing Anthony Comstock, anti-vice crusader.

May 28

Brooklyn chief of police orders cancellation of a
Goldman lecture.

Late May

“A Demand for Free Speech” manifesto signed and
circulated by prominent individuals to protest the
recent suppression of Goldman’s rights. Free Speech
Society is formed.

June 7

Free-speech conference to take place in New York
City.

June 8

Goldman scheduled to speak in East Orange, N.J., at a
meeting organized by Alden Freeman to commemo-
rate the hundredth anniversary of Thomas Paine’s
death; police prevent her from entering the lecture
hall. Crowd relocates to Freeman’s barn, where
Goldman delivers lecture suppressed by police on
May 23.

June 30

Large meeting organized by the Free Speech Society
takes place at Cooper Union to protest harassment of
Goldman and to win back the right of free speech.
Speakers include former congressman Robert Baker,
Alden Freeman, Voltairine de Cleyre, James P.
Morton, and Harry Kelly. Telegrams from Eugene
Debs and others read.

July 2

Goldman tests her free-speech rights by delivering a
lecture before the Harlem Liberal Alliance; standoff
with police, but no interference.

August 1 1

Goldman prevented from speaking in New York City
at a meeting sponsored by Mother Earth to celebrate
the antiwar uprising in Spain. Other speakers include
Voltairine de Cleyre, Harry Kelly, and Max Baginski.

August 24

Reitman secures a lecture hall in Boston despite
police intimidation of hall owners.

September

Goldman, accompanied by Reitman, conducts a short
lecture tour of Massachusetts, Vermont, and Rhode
Island.

While in Worcester, Goldman attends lecture by
Sigmund Freud at Clark University.

September 3

Mayor of Burlington, Vt., prevents Goldman from
speaking anywhere in his city.

September 8

Unable to secure a lecture hall in Worcester,

Goldman is invited to speak on the private property of
Rev. Eliot White.

September 24-October 21

Goldman engaged in free-speech battle in Philadel-
phia. Police chief will let Goldman speak on the
condition that he review her speech prior to the
engagement; Free Speech Association deems pro-
posed review an infringement on Goldman’s free-
speech rights and Goldman refuses to comply.

When Goldman is prevented from entering
lecture hall, Voltairine de Cleyre reads Goldman’s
lecture to the audience.

1909

CHRONOLOGY

Goldman appeals for injunction to restrain the
Philadelphia police from further intimidation; testifies
before the Philadelphia courts.

Philadelphia judge denies injunction, claiming
that the police had the right to prevent both citizens
and aliens from speaking if their words were deemed
likely to cause a public disturbance; in addition,
claims that Goldman is not a citizen and therefore is
not guaranteed constitutional right to free speech.

October 17

Goldman is chief speaker at a New York City mass
meeting called to protest the Oct. 13 execution of
Francisco Ferrer, founder of the modem school
movement, in Spain.

October 23

Goldman marches in a parade of six hundred anar-
chists and socialists in New York City to protest
Ferrer’s execution.

November 5

Prevented from speaking in a Brooklyn lecture hall,
Goldman addresses a crowd of three thousand in an
open-air meeting; Reitman arrested for failing to
obtain a permit.

December 12

Goldman speaks on “Will the Vote Free Woman:
Woman Suffrage” to an audience of three hundred
women, many of whom are suffragettes. A collection
is taken for Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, recently sen-
tenced to a three-month prison term resulting from
her arrest during a free-speech battle in Spokane.

December 26

Goldman scheduled to deliver her last lecture, “White
Slave Traffic,” in New York City before embarking
on her western tour.

1910

January-June

Goldman delivers a total of 120 lectures before forty
thousand people in thirty-seven cities in twenty-five
states; credits her success to the organizing skills of
Ben Reitman.

January

Her tour begins with free-speech battles that thwart
her from speaking in Detroit, Columbus, and Buffalo.

January issue of Mother Earth held by the U.S.
Postmaster on Anthony Comstock’s objection to the
publication of Goldman’s essay “White Slave
Traffic.” Released on Jan. 29 when officials decide
there is nothing legally objectionable in the magazine.

January 9-10

Large audiences attend Goldman’s lectures in
Cleveland.

Mid-January

Goldman holds a successful meeting in Toledo.

In Chicago, Goldman conducts six lectures in
English and three in Yiddish.

January 23-24

Goldman holds three successful meetings in Milwau-
kee.

January 26-27

Goldman’s speaking engagements in Madison, Wis.,
set off a storm of protest from state and university
officials who deny any formal endorsement of
Goldman.

Late January

Press attributes Goldman’s unsuccessful meeting in
Hannibal, Mo., to the intimidation posed by police
when they record the names of everyone who stepped
inside the lecture hall.

February 2-6

Goldman’s lectures in St. Louis include “Ferrer and
the Modem School,” “Leo Tolstoy, the Last Great
Christian, His Life and His Work,” and “Art in
Relation to Life.”

Early February

Police chief of Springfield, 111., attempts to stop
Goldman from lecturing.

February 14-18

Goldman attracts sizable crowds in Detroit.

February 19

Goldman hissed by her Ann Arbor, Mich., audiences.

CHRONOLOGY

1910

Late February

Goldman speaks in Buffalo, despite residues of
Czolgosz-inspired apprehension and disapproval of
anarchism.

Holds three meetings in Rochester.

March 11

Goldman speaks on “The General Strike [of Philadel-
phia]” in Pittsburgh. Press does not announce her
talks in fear that she will prompt a riot.

March 18

A celebration of the fifth anniversary of Mother Earth
takes place in New York City.

Mid-March

Despite an absence of press coverage, Goldman
conducts four lectures in Minneapolis.

Goldman lectures for the first time in Sioux City,
Iowa.

Organized on short notice, Goldman’s lecture in
Omaha is well received.

March 26

Amendment to the Immigration Act of 1907 is
passed, forbidding entrance to the United States of
criminals, paupers, anarchists, and persons carrying
diseases.

Early April

Goldman’s lectures in Denver well attended.

Goldman and Reitman arrested in Cheyenne,
Wyo., while conducting an open-air meeting. Arrests
spur further interest in Goldman.

Mid-April

Goldman lectures in San Francisco and debates a
socialist on “whether collective regulation or free love
will guarantee a healthy race.”

Late April

Goldman visits Jack London and his wife Charmian at
their ranch at Glen Ellen, Calif.

May 1

Goldman lectures on anarchism and “Marriage and
Love” in Reno.

May 6-18

Goldman pleased by the overwhelmingly positive
reception to her lectures and debate in Los Angeles;
claims to have delivered that city’s first-ever Yiddish
lecture.

Late May

Goldman lectures in San Diego, Portland, Seattle, and
Spokane.

May 31

Car in which Goldman and Reitman are riding is
struck by a freight train in Spokane. Goldman thrown
from car and badly bruised.

June

Goldman speaks in Butte, Bismarck, and Fargo;
travels through Milwaukee and Chicago.

June 25

The Mann Act, popularly known as the “white slave
traffic act,” passed by Congress, prohibiting interstate
or international transport of women for “immoral
purposes.”

Summer and Fall

Goldman divides her time between New York City
and the Ossining farm where she prepares Anarchism
and Other Essays for publication; Berkman begins
writing Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist.

October

Canadian subscribers denied receipt of Mother Earth
books on orders of Canadian authorities because of
their “treasonable nature.”

October 1

Bombing of the Los Angeles Times building by James
and John McNamara kills twenty people; anarchist
involvement immediately suspected.

November 1

At a public meeting in New York City, Goldman and
Reitman question Anthony Comstock about his
promotion of laws denying the use of mails for
“obscene” materials.

1910

CHRONOLOGY

November 10

Goldman sets out to organize public protest in
response to the pending execution of Japanese
anarchist Kotoku Shusui (Denjiro), his common-law
wife, Kanno Sugako, and twenty-four others.

November 20

Goldman scheduled to lecture on “The Danger of the
Growing Power of the Church” in New York City.

November-December

Police authorities deny Goldman the right to speak in
Washington, D.C., and Indianapolis. Escapes police
interference in Baltimore where she presents five
lectures.

December

Anarchism and Other Essays published.

December 4

Goldman begins Sunday lecture series in New York
City on anarchism, the drama, “Tolstoy, the Rebel,”
and “The Parody of Philanthropy.”

December 24

Anarchist ball sponsored by Mother Earth in New
York City.

1911

Early January

Mother Earth office moved from 210 East Thirteenth
Street to 55 West 28th Street, New York City.

January 5

Goldman speaks at the inauguration of the new Ferrer
School in New York City.

January 6

Goldman begins her annual “pilgrimage” with a
lecture in Rochester. Over the next six months she
will travel to fifty cities in eighteen states, delivering
150 lectures and debates.

January 8-14

Goldman’s lectures in Buffalo and Pittsburgh poorly
attended.

January 15-16

Successful events in Cleveland, especially the Jewish
meeting.

January 17-20

Goldman has mixed results in Columbus; denied
opportunity to speak on several occasions. Goldman
receives support from many members of the United
Mine Workers, although the leaders of the UMW vote
against inviting Goldman to speak at their convention.

Mid-January

Goldman holds small meetings in Elyria and Dayton,
Ohio.

January 21-23

Speaks in Cincinnati.

January 24

Execution of twelve anarchists in Japan.

January 24-25

After free-speech battle in Indianapolis, Goldman is
offered use of the Pentecost Tabernacle by a preacher;
the next day she speaks at the Universalist Church.

Late January

Goldman holds two meetings in Toledo.

January 31-February 5

Lectures in Detroit disappointing.

Early February

Goldman’s lectures in Ann Arbor received more
favorably than previous year.

Speaking engagement in Grand Rapids, Mich.,
hosted by William Buwalda.

February 10-16

Goldman lectures in Chicago.

February 26-March 3

With the help of William Marion Reedy, Goldman’s
lectures are widely attended in St. Louis. Meets
political artist Robert Minor. Roger Baldwin arranges
two speaking engagements for Goldman at the
exclusive Wednesday Ladies’ Club. Lecture topics
include “The Eternal Spirit of Revolution,” “The
Social Importance of Ferrer’s Modem School,”
“Tolstoy — Artist and Rebel,” and “Galsworthy’s
Justice .”

CHRONOLOGY

1911

March 5

Goldman encounters police interference in Staunton,
111., but manages to speak before members of this
mining town despite arrest of one comrade.

March 6-12

Goldman lectures in Belleville, 111., Milwaukee, and
Madison.

March 13

Ricardo Flores Magon appeals to Goldman for
support of the revolutionary movement in Mexico.

March 13-21

Scheduling problems for Goldman’s lecture series in
St. Paul — holds only one meeting.

March 25

Fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company in New York
City kills 146 people, mostly young women.

Late March

Goldman delivers six lectures in Minneapolis and
three lectures in Omaha.

Early April

Goldman speaks to law students in Lincoln, Nebr.,
and Lawrence, Kans.

Scheduled to participate in a debate and speak
before a Jewish audience in Chicago.

April 6-7

Goldman scheduled to speak in Kansas City, Mo.

April 7

Free Speech League incorporated in Albany, N.Y., by
Leonard D. Abbott, president, and Brand Whitlock,
vice president.

April 14-19

Goldman’s lecture on “Victims of Morality” among
the most well attended in Denver.

April 22-26

Goldman speaks in Salt Lake City.

April 30-May 7

Goldman immensely pleased with success of her tour
in Los Angeles; holds eleven meetings and raises
financial support for the Mexican cause, and likens
the uprising to the Paris Commune.

May

Climax of land revolt in Baja California led by the
Partido Liberal Mexicano; Porfirio Diaz signs a peace
treaty with Francisco Madero in Mexico.

May 9-10

Goldman holds two meetings in San Diego.

May 13

Goldman accused of being an agent provocateur by
the editors of Justice, a publication of the Social-
Democratic Party in London, England. Accusation
prompts anarchists and liberal journalists and lawyers
to rally to Goldman’s defense; statement protesting
charges made by Justice is circulated.

May 14

Goldman lectures twice in Fresno, Calif.

May 16-25

Eight lectures and a debate in San Francisco.

Late May-early June

Goldman lectures in Portland and Seattle.

June

Six-month tour concluded with lectures in Spokane,
Colville, Wash., Boise, and Denver. Collections
made for Mexican comrades.

Summer

Goldman spends time with Alexander Berkman at
their Ossining summer retreat while Berkman
completes Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist.

August 26

Goldman rallies support for the Mexican Revolution
at a mass meeting at Union Square in New York City.
Other speakers include Elizabeth Gurley Flynn and
Max Baginski.

Fall

Unable to secure a mainstream publisher for
Berkman’s book, Goldman seeks financial support
from attorney Gilbert Roe and journalist Lincoln
Steffens for its publication by the Mother Earth
Publishing Association.

October 1

Goldman speaks out about “The Growing Religious
Superstition” at a mass meeting in New York City.

1911

CHRONOLOGY

October 13

Goldman among speakers at a New York City
commemoration of the second anniversary of the
death of Francisco Ferrer. Other speakers include
Leonard Abbott, James P. Morton, and Harry Kelly.
Bayard Boyesen, professor at Columbia University
and a teacher at the Ferrer School, is later fired by
university administrators for having shared the
platform with Goldman at this event.

October 15-December 10

Series of Sunday afternoon and evening lectures in
Yiddish and English to residents of New York City’s
Lower East Side. Lecture topics include “Marriage
and the Lot of Children among the Poor,” “Govern-
ment by Spies: The McNamara Case and Bums,”

“Art and Revolution,” “Communism, the Most
Practical Basis for Society,” “Mary Wollstonecraft,
the Pioneer of Modem Womanhood,” and “Socialism
Caught in Its Political Trap.”

November 18

Mother Earth concert and ball to take place in New
York City.

December 1

John and James McNamara plead guilty to bombing
the Los Angeles Times building; admission of guilt
creates controversy among their supporters who
believed them to be innocent. Goldman defends their
action in Mother Earth editorial.

December 17

Goldman scheduled to present a farewell lecture on
“Sex, the Element of Creative Work,” in New York
City, before departing for annual lecture tour with
Ben Reitman.

1912

January

Paul Orleneff returns to the United States for a brief
series of dramatic performances.

January 12

Lawrence, Mass., textile strike begins.

February

Goldman debates socialist Sol Fieldman twice in New
York on “Direct versus Political Action.” Bill
Haywood and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn take collections
for the striking textile workers.

Mother Earth alerts its readers to a major free-
speech fight in San Diego.

February 3

Goldman a scheduled speaker at a meeting organized
by the Italian Socialist Federation in Union Square to
raise support for the Lawrence strikers.

February 10-18

Goldman’s annual lecture tour begins in Ohio; speaks
in Cleveland, Lorain, Elyria, Columbus, and Dayton;
topics include “Anarchism, the Moving Spirit in the
Labor Struggle” and “ Maternity , a Drama by Eugene
Brieux (Why the Poor Should Not Have Children).”

February 21-29

Lectures in Indianapolis and St. Louis.

March

Aroused by the experience of hearing her lecture,
Almeda Sperry begins a passionate correspondence
with Goldman.

March 3-9

Goldman continues lectures in Chicago; topics
include “The Failure of Christianity” and “Edmond
Rostand’s Chantecler .” Debates Dr. Denslow Lewis
on “Resolved, that the institution of marriage is
detrimental to the best interests of society.”

Meets Russian revolutionary Vladimir Bourtzeff.

March 16- April 13

Speaking engagements in Grand Rapids, Detroit, Ann
Arbor, Milwaukee, Madison, Minneapolis, Omaha,
Kansas City, and Lawrence, Kans.

April 14-27

Goldman’s lectures in Denver positively received;
lecture topics include “Woman’s Inhumanity to Man”
and “The Failure of Charity.” Denver Post features
interviews with and articles by Goldman.

Extends stay in Denver to teach a course on the
modem drama.

CHRONOLOGY

1912

Late April

Goldman in Salt Lake City.

May 1-13

Continuation of lecture tour in Los Angeles; Goldman
responds to growing intensity of free-speech battle in
San Diego. On May 13, she speaks at the Los
Angeles funeral of IWW agitator Joseph Mikolasek,
killed by the San Diego police on May 7.

May 14

Mob of vigilantes waits for Goldman’s arrival at the
San Diego train station; follows her to the Grant Hotel
in an attempt to run her out of town. Reitman is
kidnapped, tarred, and sage-brushed, his buttocks
singed by cigar with the letters “I.W.W.” Goldman
flees from San Diego to Los Angeles.

May 15

U.S. grand jury initiated to investigate the IWW as
“an organization operating contrary to the laws of the
United States.” Proceedings terminated before
Goldman formally called to testify.

May 16

Goldman and Reitman among speakers at two large
protest meetings held in Los Angeles.

May 18-29

Goldman and Reitman in San Francisco; lectures on
anarchism and the San Diego free-speech battle are
widely attended despite condemnation of Goldman in
the press.

Socialists deny Goldman use of their Oakland
auditorium.

May 30

Reitman and Goldman speak in Sacramento about
their recent experience in San Diego.

June 1-6

Goldman continues lecture tour in Portland.

June 9-20

Goldman’s lecture series in Seattle threatened by U.S.
military veterans who protest her right to speak.

Mayor orders a large contingent of police to monitor.

rather than bar, her lectures. Goldman speaks in
public in defiance of anonymous death threat; no
attempts made on her life.

Mid-June

Goldman travels to Spokane, Colville, Wash., and
Butte to lecture.

June 20

Following a long illness, Voltairine de Cleyre dies at
the age of forty-five.

June 26-JuIy 13

Goldman returns to Denver intending to teach classes
on eugenics and on modem drama; eugenics class
canceled for lack of interest. Public lecture topics
include “Patriotism — a Menace to Liberty” and
“Vice, Its Cause and Cure.”

July 16

Her lecture circuit completed, Goldman stops at the
Waldheim cemetery in Chicago to visit Voltairine de
Cleyre’s grave.

July 22

Goldman pleased to return to a well-organized
Mother Earth office in New York.

Summer and Fall

Goldman vacations and writes at the Ossining farm;
grows impatient with Berkman’s difficulties with
revision of Prison Memoirs.

August 1

Goldman impressed by African-American political
theorist W. E. B. Du Bois’ lecture at the Sunrise Club
in New York.

October 6-December 22

Goldman holds a Yiddish and English Sunday lecture
series in New York City; topics include “The Psy-
chology of Anarchism,” “The Dupes of Politics,”
“Sex Sterilization of Criminals,” “The Resurrection
of Alexander Berkman: Prison Memoirs of an
Anarchist ,” “The Failure of Democracy,” “Economic
Efficiency — the Modem Menace,” and “ Damaged
Goods by Eugene Brieux (A Powerful Drama,
Dealing with the Curse of Venereal Disease).”

1912

CHRONOLOGY

November 5

Woodrow Wilson elected president; Socialist candi-
date Eugene Debs receives over 900,000 votes.

November 1 1

Goldman participates in major commemoration of the
twenty-fifth anniversary of the Haymarket martyrs in
New York, sponsored by more than a dozen anarchist
and labor organizations.

November 26-30

Goldman scheduled to speak at a meeting organized
by Almeda Sperry in New Kensington, Pa., followed
by meetings in Pittsburgh, New Castle, and McKees
Rocks.

December 6

Goldman scheduled to lecture on syndicalism in the
Brownsville section of Brooklyn.

December 7

Gala celebration of Peter Kropotkin’s seventieth
birthday in New York City cosponsored by the Freie
Arbeiter Stimme and Mother Earth ; Goldman a
featured speaker.

December 1 1

Berkman and Goldman speak at the Chicago celebra-
tion of Kropotkin’s birthday.

December 20

Goldman scheduled to lecture on Leonid Andreyev’s
King Hunger in Brownsville.

December 24

Mother Earth Grand Ball and Reunion in New York.

1913

January 12-February 16

Goldman delivers six Sunday lectures in New York
City on the modem drama, discussing the plays of
Scandinavian, German, Austrian, French, English,
and Russian dramatists including August Strindberg,
Gerhart Hauptmann, Arthur Schnitzler, Frank
Wedekind, Maurice Maeterlinck, Edmond Rostand,
Octave Mirbeau, Eugene Brieux, George Bernard
Shaw, Arthur Pinero, John Galsworthy, Charles Rann
Kennedy, Leo Tolstoy, Anton Chekhov, Maxim
Gorki, and Leonid Andreyev.

February 12

Lecture in Hartford, Conn.

February 14

Lecture in Newark, N.J.

February 17

The International Exhibition of Modem Art — the
Armory Show — opens at the 69th Regiment Armory
in New York City.

February 20

Benefit event for Mother Earth's eighth anniversary
and for Goldman on the eve of her departure for her
annual lecture tour.

February 22-April 22

Goldman describes her engagements in Cleveland,
Toledo, Detroit, Ann Arbor, Indianapolis, St. Louis,
Chicago, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, Kansas City, Mo.,
Coffeyville, Lawrence, and Topeka, Kans., as
“dreadfully uneventful and dull.” Lecture topics
include “Sex Sterilization of Criminals,” “The
Psychology of Anarchism,” “Woman’s Inhumanity to
Man,” “Syndicalism — the Modem Menace to
Capitalism,” “ Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist ,”
“Syndicalism, the Strongest Weapon of Labor — a
Discussion of Direct Action, Sabotage and the
General Strike,” and the modern drama.

February 25

Paterson, N.J., silk strike begins.

April 25

Goldman opens series of lectures on Nietzsche at the
Woman’s Club in Denver.

May 1-8

Goldman lectures on the modem drama in Denver,
which “brought larger and more representative
audiences than we have ever had in Denver.”

May 11-19

Goldman delivers thirteen lectures in Los Angeles.

May 19

Goldman accompanies Reitman, obsessed with
returning to San Diego, to the place of his abduction
by vigilantes the previous year.

CHRONOLOGY

1913

May 20

Goldman and Reitman arrested on arrival in San
Diego; vigilantes surround the police station. Police
order Goldman and Reitman to board the afternoon
train back to Los Angeles.

May 22

In Los Angeles, Goldman and others speak out
against continued vigilante intimidation in San Diego.

May 25-June 8

Goldman delivers a series of anarchist propaganda
lectures in San Francisco, followed by several talks
on the modern drama, including Stanley Houghton’s
Hindel Wakes, John Galsworthy’s The Wheels of
Justice Crush All, and Charles Rann Kennedy’s The
Dignity of Labor.

June

Arahata Kanson translates Goldman’s essay “The
Tragedy of Woman’s Emancipation” into Japanese.

June 16-July 9

Goldman lectures on anarchism and the modem
drama in Los Angeles. General lecture topics include
“Friedrich Nietzsche, the Anti-Govemmentalist,”
“The Social Evil,” and “The Child and Its Enemies:
The Revolutionary Developments in Modem Educa-
tion.” Dramatists discussed include Henrik Ibsen,
Hermann Sudermann, Otto Hartleben, J. M. Synge,
William Butler Yeats, Lady Isabella Gregory, Lennox
Robinson, Thomas C. Murray, and E. N. Chirikov.

July

Paterson silk strike ends in failure.

July 13-31

Due to her popular success the previous month,
Goldman is welcomed back to San Francisco to
continue her lecture series. Debates socialist
Maynard Shipley, and, in addition to a series on the
modem drama, delivers several talks on general
topics including “The Relation of the Individual to
Society” and, in Yiddish, “Should the Poor Have
Many Children.” Goldman notes that her lecture on
“The Social Evil” attracted the biggest and most
diverse audience.

August 3-9

In Portland, Goldman delivers lectures on the modem
drama, including the works of playwrights Ludwig
Thoma, Stanley Houghton, and Katherine Githa
Sowerby. Other public speaking engagements include
a debate with socialist W. F. Ries and a lecture on the
sterilization laws adopted by the state of Oregon.

August 9

In Seattle, while distributing advance lecture bills for
Goldman, Reitman and another publicist are arrested
on the charge of “peddling bills without a license,”
and released on five dollars bail.

August 10

The Seattle Free Speech League protests the actions
of the president of the University of Washington, who
disallowed the scheduling of Goldman’s lectures at
campus facilities.

August 11-17

Goldman delivers several lectures in Seattle, includ-
ing three in the IWW meeting hall; describes them as
“the most wonderful I have addressed in many years.”

Mid-August

Canadian immigration authorities prevent Goldman
from entering the country.

August 17

Goldman participates in debate on “Anarchism versus
Socialism,” and speaks on “Marriage and Love” in
Everett, Wash., despite the mayor’s intention to bar
her public talks.

Late August

Goldman delivers three lectures in Spokane, including
“The Social and Revolutionary Significance of the
Modern Drama.”

“The Growing Danger of the Power of the
Church” is the most popular of two lectures delivered
by Goldman in Butte, Mont.

September

Back in New York City, Goldman engages in a search
for a large apartment to combine the Mother Earth
office with a household comprised of Reitman and his
mother, Berkman, Mother Earth secretary M. Eleanor
Fitzgerald, and French housekeeper Rhoda Smith. By

1913

CHRONOLOGY

the end of the month, she moves from 210 East 13th
Street, where she has lived since 1903, to 74 West
1 1 9th Street.

Fall-Winter

Settled in her new home, Goldman prepares her
modern drama manuscript for publication.

Goldman organizes political support for IWW
members arrested in connection with strike of
Canadian miners, and for Jesus Rangel, Charles Kline
and twelve members of the Partido Liberal Mexicano
charged with murdering a deputy sheriff in San
Antonio, Tex.

October 12

Goldman among speakers at a Francisco Ferrer
memorial meeting in New York City.

October 18

Annual Mother Earth reunion concert and ball takes
place in New York.

October 26

Goldman delivers two lectures in Trenton, N.J.

November 2-December 28

Goldman conducts Sunday evening lectures series in
New York City; topics include “Our Moral Censors,”
“The Place of Anarchism in Modem Thought,” “The
Strike of Mothers,” “The Intellectual Proletarians,”
and “Why Strikes Are Lost.”

December 15

Goldman hosts a social gathering for British syndical-
ist Tom Mann.

December 16

Despite warnings by the Paterson, N.J., police
forbidding Goldman from speaking, she addresses
members of the IWW on “The Spirit of Anarchism in
the Labor Struggle.” Goldman is forced off the
platform; audience members engage in battle with the
police to release her.

December 24

Annual “Christmas Gathering of the Mother Earth
Family” in New York City.

1914

January

Goldman’s Mother Earth essay “Self-Defense for
Labor” responds to a series of violent labor violations;
in the absence of legal protection against the danger
of exercising their right to organize, Goldman calls on
workers to arm themselves for self-defense.

Joe Hill arrested in Utah; charged with murder
despite lack of evidence.

Goldman’s household arrangement with Reitman
and his mother fails. Goldman’s relationship with
him becomes “unbearable”; Reitman moves back to
Chicago.

Goldman continues to work on the manuscript of
Social Significance of the Modern Drama.

January 4

Philadelphia police expel audience and lock the hall
where Goldman is scheduled to lecture on “The
Awakening of Labor”; event moved to another
location where the lecture proceeds without interrup-
tion.

January 5

Under the auspices of the Free Speech League,
Goldman addresses large meeting in Paterson, N.J., to
protest recent violations of free speech; other speakers
include single-taxer Bolton Hall, Leonard Abbott, and
Lincoln Steffens.

January 1 1-March 8

Goldman delivers extensive lecture series in New
York City on the modem drama; expands her reper-
toire to discuss the works of British poet and drama-
tist John Masefield, and American playwrights Mark
E. Swan, William J. Hurlbut, Joshua Rosett, and
Edwin Davies Schoonmaker. Responding to the
massive unemployment of the time, Goldman
requests contributions for the jobless at each lecture.

March

Goldman offered high-paying speaking engagements
in vaudeville; after brief contemplation of proposition
based on desperate financial need, she turns down
offer.

March 6

Lecture in Newark, N.J.

CHRONOLOGY

1914

March 9

Goldman delivers lecture in Philadelphia; notes free-
speech victory with complete retreat of police
authorities.

March 15

Goldman, in Yiddish, among speakers at an afternoon
celebration of the ninth anniversary of the publication
of Mother Earth and a commemoration of the Paris
Commune; other speakers include Berkman, Eliza-
beth Gurley Flynn, and Harry Kelly.

Goldman delivers farewell lecture in New York
City. American playwright George Middleton and
actresses Fola La Follette and Mary Shaw speak on
“What Drama Means to Me.”

March 21

Goldman addresses demonstration of unemployed
workers at Union Square in New York City; rally is
followed by march along Fifth Avenue. Event
launches city-wide campaign of the unemployed, in
which Berkman takes an active role.

April

The Social Significance of the Modern Drama
published.

April 3

Reunited, Goldman and Reitman open their seventh
annual tour in Chicago with “splendid” Jewish
meetings.

April 5

Goldman lectures on “The Conflict of the Sexes” in
Chicago; attended by at least one thousand people.

April 6-12

Goldman presents expanded afternoon lecture series
on the modem drama in Chicago. Playwrights
analyzed include British dramatist St. John Hankin,
Welsh author John O. Francis, and American drama-
tists Eugene Walter and George Middleton.

Other lectures presented in Chicago during this
period include “Our Moral Censors,” “The Individual
and Society,” “The Hypocrisy of Charity,” “Beyond
Good and Evil,” “Anarchism and Labor” (in Ger-
man), and “The Mother Strike.”

In Chicago, Goldman befriends Margaret
Anderson, editor of the literary magazine Little
Review.

April 19-26

Goldman lectures in Madison, Minneapolis, and Des
Moines.

April 20

Massacre of striking coal miners in Ludlow, Colo., by
armed company guards from John D. Rockefeller’s
Colorado Fuel & Iron Co.; eleven children and two
women among those killed.

April 28-May 9

Goldman delivers seven propaganda lectures and
eleven modem drama talks in Denver.

On May 3, Goldman addresses large meeting
organized by the Anti-Militarist League of Denver to
protest the use of federal troops in the Colorado
mining strike and the war with Mexico.

Goldman attributes Denver IWW free-speech
victory in part to the efforts of Reitman, who helped
secure the release of twenty-seven IWW members
from the county jail.

May 11

Goldman makes brief appearance in Salt Lake City.

May 15-June 11

In Los Angeles, Goldman continues delivering
propaganda and modem drama lectures, which
includes discussion of Irish playwright Seamus
O’ Kelly. Her propaganda lectures include “Revolu-
tion and Reform — Which?” and “The Place of the
Church in the Labor Struggle.” Goldman reports to
birth-control advocate Margaret Sanger that “Not one
of my lectures brings out such a crowd as the one on
the birth strike and it is the same with the W[oman]
R[ebel]. It sells better than anything we have” (May
26, 1914).

June 14-JuIy 10

Goldman reception in San Francisco disappointing
compared to her experience in Los Angeles. Lectures
include “The Intellectual Proletarians,” “The Super-
man in Relation to the Social Revolution,” “The
Mothers’ Strike,” and “Anti-Militarism; The Reply to
War.”

July 4

Accidental bomb explosion at Lexington Avenue in
New York City kills four people, including Arthur

1914

CHRONOLOGY

Caron, Carl Hansen, and Charles Berg, anarchists
who knew Berkman from the protests at John D.
Rockefeller’s estate in Tarrytown, N.Y.

Mid-July

Goldman travels to Eureka and Areata, lumber towns
in Humboldt County, Calif.; delivers first-known
anarchist lectures there to enthusiastic audiences.

On July 1 1 in New York City, a rally and public
funeral of six thousand people mourn the deaths of
those killed in the Lexington Avenue explosion.
Berkman, a key organizer of event, speaks at rally
despite heavy police surveillance. Goldman furious
when she receives the July issue of Mother Earth ,
which, unbeknownst to her, has been filled with
“harangues... of a most violent character.... [including]
prattle about force and dynamite.”

July 19-26

Goldman lectures in Portland, much aided by C. E. S.
Wood. Among the most notable and well attended of
her lectures is “Intellectual Proletarians” at the
Portland Public Library. Other talks presented
include “The Immorality of Prohibition and Conti-
nence,” about the prohibition campaign of Portland,
which Goldman later described as “one of the most
exciting evenings in my public career.” The focus of
her drama criticism expands during this tour to
include the work of Norwegian playwright
Bjomstjeme Bjomson.

July 26-August 3

Goldman reports that her lectures in Seattle are “flat
and uninteresting.”

August

Outbreak of World War I in Europe.

August 4

Goldman speaks at a hastily organized event in
Tacoma, Wash., on “The Birth Strike — Why and
How the Poor Should Not Have Children.” Following
Tacoma, she travels to Home Colony.

August 7-14

Goldman returns to Portland to deliver a series of free
lectures.

August 16-19

Goldman delivers five lectures in Butte, of which the
most popular are her antiwar and birth control talks.

Late August

Goldman makes brief stop in Chicago before return-
ing to New York City, where she finds Mother Earth
in disastrous financial condition as a result of
Berkman’s poor management.

Margaret Sanger indicted for obscenity in
connection with her journal The Woman Rebel. A
few months later, Sanger flees the country until Oct.
1915.

October

To decrease financial burden, Goldman relocates her
residence and the Mother Earth office from West
1 1 9th Street to smaller quarters located at 20 East
125th Street.

Goldman encourages Berkman to embark on an
independent lecture tour; places Max Baginski and
her nephew Saxe Commins in charge of editorial
work of Mother Earth.

November

Part one of Peter Kropotkin’s 1913 essay, “Wars and
Capitalism,” reprinted in Mother Earth , in an effort to
refute Kropotkin’s stance in favor of the war.

October 23-November 15

Goldman returns to Chicago for series of propaganda
and modern drama lectures, delivered in both English
and Yiddish. General lecture topics include “War and
the Sacred Right of Property,” “The Betrayal of the
International,” “The False Pretenses of Culture,” “The
Psychology of War,” “The Tsar and ‘My’ Jews,”

“The War and ‘Our Lord’,” “The Misconceptions of
Free Love,” and “Woman and War.”

Her English series on the drama, titled “The
Modem Drama as a Mirror of Individual, Class and
Social Rebellion Against the Tyranny of the Past,”
takes place in Chicago’s elegant Fine Arts Building,
made possible by the financial backing of a wealthy
supporter. Goldman’s usual focus on European
dramatists is expanded to include for the first time
Swedish dramatist Hjalmar Bergman; French
playwrights Paul Hervieu, (Felix) Henry Bataille, and
Henri Becque; Italian dramatists Gabriele
D’Annunzio and Giuseppe Giacosa; Spanish play-
wright Jose Echegaray; Yiddish dramatists Jacob
Gordin, Sholem Asch, David Pinski, and Max
Nordau; and American playwright Butler Davenport.

CHRONOLOGY

1915

Goldman describes the audience of her Chicago
Press Club luncheon lecture on “The Relationship of
Anarchism to Literature” as “five hundred hard-faced
men.”

November 11

In Chicago, Goldman participates in event to com-
memorate the twenty-seventh anniversary of the death
of the Haymarket martyrs.

November 20-24

Goldman delivers lectures in Detroit and Ann Arbor.

November 26

Goldman delighted with the success of her meetings,
including lecture on “The War and ‘Our Lord,’” in
Grand Rapids, Mich., organized by William Buwalda
of the Analyser Club.

November 29-December 6

In St. Louis, Goldman delivers eight English and two
Yiddish lectures to receptive audiences.

December 7-10

Lectures in Indianapolis and Cincinnati; interaction
with Indianapolis audience at her lecture on “Free
Love” described as “both interesting and funny.”

December 1 1-14

Goldman presents two English and two Yiddish
lectures in Cleveland, and delivers an address before
the Council of Economics.

December 15-18

In Pittsburgh, Goldman holds a meeting organized by
lawyer Jacob Margolis.

December 20

Goldman delivers lecture on the war to an audience of
eighteen hundred people at an event organized by her
niece Miriam Cominsky in Rochester. Days later,
Goldman speaks on “The Birth Strike.”

December 31

Goldman hosts New Year’s eve party at her apart-
ment on East 125th Street; Mabel Dodge among those
invited.

1915

Winter

Goldman helps organize defense of Matthew Schmidt
and David Caplan, arrested for complicity in the 1910
bombing of the Los Angeles Times building.

January-April

Goldman delivers series of lectures on the war and on
sexuality in New York City, Albany, Schenectady,
and Boston. Topics include “Anarchism and Litera-
ture,” “Feminism — A Criticism of Woman’s Struggle
for the Vote and ‘Freedom’,” “Nietzsche, The
Intellectual Storm-Center of the Great War,” “The
Intermediate Sex (A Study of Homosexuality),” and
“Man — Monogamist or Varietist?”

At the end of 1 9 1 5, Reitman reports that Gold-
man has delivered a total of 321 lectures.

January 15

Goldman attends concert of her nephew David
Hochstein, a violinist with exceptional talent.

January 19

William Sanger arrested for circulating a copy of
Margaret Sanger’s pamphlet Family Limitation.

February

Goldman lectures on “Limitation of Offspring” to six
hundred people, one of the liberal New York Sunrise
Club’s largest audiences. Although she details
explicit information about birth control methods,
Goldman is not arrested.

February 20

Mother Earth “Red Revel” Ball takes place in New
York City; attended by close to eight hundred people
of many nationalities.

March

Goldman helps raise money for the defense fund of
Frank Abamo and Carmine Carbone, members of the
Italian anarchist Gruppo Gaetano Bresci, arrested on
March 2 for conspiracy to bomb St. Patrick’s Cathe-
dral. On April 9, Abamo and Carbone are convicted
and sentenced to six to twelve years in prison.

March 11

Goldman disappointed by the poor attendance at the
tenth anniversary of Mother Earth in New York.

1915

CHRONOLOGY

March 18

Goldman shares the platform with Harry Kelly,

Italian anarchist Carlo Tresca, Pedro Esteve, Russian
anarchist William Shatoff, and physician and anar-
chist Michael Cohn for an international celebration of
the anniversary of the Paris Commune. Goldman
attributes poor turnout to the divided stance among
radicals on the war.

March 28

Goldman lectures again on “Limitation of Off-
spring— Why and How Small Families are Prefer-
able” in New York. Although explicit information is
repeated and detectives are present, no arrests are
made.

March 30

Goldman invited by the students of the Union
Theological Seminary in New York to speak on “The
Message of Anarchism,” but administration cancels
the engagement.

April

Writing from exile in Europe, Margaret Sanger
criticizes Goldman for failing to provide adequate
support and coverage of Sanger’s legal battles.
Goldman calls her charge “very unfair” and assures
her that Mother Earth will stand by her.

The Organizing Junta of the Partido Liberal
Mexicano, including the Magon bothers, appeals to
the readers of Mother Earth for solidarity with the
Mexican revolutionary movement.

Goldman poses for a portrait by artist Robert
Henri.

April 7

Goldman debates economist Isaac Hourwich on
“Social Revolution versus Social Reform” in New
York City in a benefit for the Ferrer School; attended
by nearly two thousand people.

April 19

Goldman speaks on “The Failure of Christianity” and
the Billy Sunday movement in Paterson, N.J., after
attending one of Sunday’s revival meetings.

Late April

Motivated primarily by need to pay off debts of
Mother Earth , Goldman embarks on a lecture tour.
One of her first engagements, in Philadelphia, is

delivering “The Limitation of Offspring” in Yiddish
before an audience of twelve hundred.

May

International Anarchist Manifesto on the War issued
from London; Goldman among over thirty anarchist
signatories from the United States, Italy, France,
Spain, the Netherlands, and Russia.

Goldman lectures on the war, drama, birth
control, and sexuality in Washington, D.C., Balti-
more, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Chicago, Milwaukee,
Madison, Minneapolis, St. Paul, and Denver. Topics
include “Jealousy, Its Cause and Possible Cure,” the
Modern School, and feminism. Finds that audiences
are most receptive to her lectures on war and on birth
control, although Catholic socialists harass her in
Washington, D.C.

June

Goldman continues her lecture tour in Los Angeles
and San Diego, raising support for the Caplan-
Schmidt defense fund.

While in Los Angeles, Goldman presents her
critique of feminism to a hostile group of five
hundred members of the Woman’s City Club, who,
according to Goldman, denounce her as “an enemy of
woman’s freedom.”

July

Goldman delivers twenty-four lectures in San
Francisco; topics include “The Psychology of War,”
“The Follies of Feminism (A criticism of the Modem
Woman’s Movement),” “Religion and the War,” and
“The Right of the Child Not to Be Bom.” According
to Reitman, Goldman presents “an inspired address”
on “The Philosophy of Atheism” before the Congress
of Religious Philosophy at the Civic Auditorium.

August

Lectures continue in Portland; on Aug. 6, while
beginning a speech on “Birth Control,” Goldman and
Reitman are arrested for distributing birth control
literature. Goldman released on $500 bail provided
by C. E. S. Wood.

August 7

Goldman and Reitman are fined $100. Despite
proclamation by the chief of police that Goldman will
not be allowed to speak again in Portland, she
presents “The Intermediate Sex” later that night, and
two lectures the following day.

CHRONOLOGY

1916

August 10

Goldman speaks on “The Sham of Culture” at the
Portland Public Library to overflowing crowd.

August 13

Goldman’s case dismissed by Portland Circuit Judge
Gatens who concludes, “There is too much tendency
to prudery nowadays.”

Mid-late August

Goldman lectures in Seattle where she has difficulty
securing halls.

September

Goldman returns to New York.

September 10

William Sanger convicted for illegal distribution of
birth control literature; Sanger serves thirty-day jail
sentence in lieu of paying $150 fine.

September 16

Goldman scheduled to speak at meeting to rally
support for David Caplan and Matthew Schmidt prior
to the opening of their trials. (During the course of
Schmidt’s trial, it is revealed that Donald Vose, the
son of an anarchist friend of Goldman’s, had been
employed since May 1914 by detective William J.
Bums to spy on Goldman in order to locate Schmidt.
Vose resided at Goldman’s apartment and at her farm
in Ossining the previous year, and witnessed Schmidt
visiting Goldman. Schmidt was later arrested.)

October

Reitman, in Chicago, begins work on a book about
venereal disease; Goldman reviews the first chapter.

October 26-30

Goldman delivers five lectures — including “Prepared-
ness, the Road to Universal Slaughter” in Philadel-
phia. Scott Nearing of the University of Pennsylvania
attends one of her lectures.

Late October-mid-November

Goldman lectures in Baltimore, Washington, D.C.,
Pittsburgh, Ann Arbor, Detroit, Akron, and Young-
stown. On Nov. 11, the anniversary of the Haymarket
martyrs, Goldman delivers her “Preparedness” lecture
to three thousand employees of a Westinghouse
defense plant at a street lecture in East Pittsburgh.

November 19

IWW member and songwriter Joe Hill (Joseph
Hillstrom) executed in Utah.

November 19-Deceniber5

Goldman presents sixteen lectures in Chicago,
including six in Yiddish; “Sex, the Great Element of
Creative Art” and “The Right of the Child Not to be
Born” among the topics addressed.

December 8-21

Goldman lectures in St. Louis, Indianapolis, Colum-
bus, Akron, Cleveland, and Youngstown. Goldman
remarks that the Akron newspaper reports on her birth
control lectures were among the most intelligent she
had ever seen.

Late December

Goldman returns to New York ill and exhausted;
seeks better accommodations at the Theresa Hotel in
New York, as the Mother Earth office has no bath.
Hotel management refuses to grant her residence.
Attorney Harry Weinberger protests on Goldman’s
behalf.

1916

January

Goldman lectures in New York, Philadelphia,
Washington, D.C., and Pittsburgh, on sexuality,
modem drama, and the war, including “Preparedness:
A Conspiracy between the Munitions Manufacturers
and Washington.” Also lectures before enthusiastic
members of a prominent women’s club in Brooklyn.

Matthew Schmidt convicted and sentenced to life
imprisonment.

January 15

Berkman announces publication of the first issue of
his San Francisco-based journal The Blast.

February-March

Goldman continues her lectures — including “The Ego
and His Own, a review of Max Stimer’s book,” “The
Family, the Great Obstacle to Development,” and
“Nietzsche and the German Kaiser” — in New York,
Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., and Pittsburgh. Her
lectures on modem drama include Irish playwrights
Synge, Yeats, Thomas Cornelius Murray, Rutherford
Mayne, and Lennox Robinson.

1916

CHRONOLOGY

February 1 1

Goldman arrested in New York City for her birth
control lecture the previous week; released on $500
bail. Preliminary hearing takes place Feb. 28; case
postponed for Special Sessions April 5. Goldman
appeals for support.

February 18

Ricardo and Enrique Flores Magon, editors of the
Mexican anarchist periodical Regeneration, arrested
and jailed on charges of “having used the mails to
incite murder, arson, and treason.” Months later, they
are both convicted and given prison sentences and
fines.

February 20

Celebration in New York City for Margaret Sanger
following the dismissal of all charges against her;
Robert Minor’s motion for Goldman to speak at the
meeting is not supported.

March 10

Mass meeting held in San Francisco to protest
Goldman’s Feb. 1 1 arrest.

April

Goldman prepares for her birth control trial and
continues to lecture in New York; drama critique
includes discussion of British playwright Harley
Granville-Barker.

April 2

Goldman chairs public meeting in New York to
protest imprisonment of Matthew Schmidt.

April 5

Goldman’s courtroom hearing on her birth control
violation takes place amid ruckus between police and
her supporters.

April 19

Benefit banquet for Goldman at the Hotel Brevoort is
attended by notable artists, writers, socialists, and
doctors, including John Cowper Powys, Alexander
Harvey, Robert Henri, George Bellows, Robert
Minor, Boardman Robinson, and Rose Pastor Stokes.

April 20

Goldman defends herself in birth control trial. She is
convicted, and, in lieu of paying $100 fine, serves
fifteen days in the Queens County Penitentiary;
released May 4.

April 27

Reitman arrested in New York for distributing
pamphlets on birth control.

May 5

Large gathering at Carnegie Hall to celebrate
Goldman’s release from jail. Program includes
speeches by Masses editor Max Eastman, Harry
Weinberger, Arturo Giovannitti, and socialist Rose
Pastor Stokes. At the close of the meeting, Rose
Pastor Stokes hands out one hundred typewritten
notices including outlawed information about birth
control.

May 8

Reitman convicted and sentenced to sixty days in
Queens County Jail.

May 20

Goldman speaks from the back of a car at an open-air
demonstration in Union Square to protest Reitman’s
imprisonment for distributing birth control. Ida Rauh
Eastman, Bolton Hall, and Jessie Ashley are arrested
later and charged with illegally distributing birth
control information at the meeting.

Late May- July

Goldman conducts lecture tour in Philadelphia,
Cleveland, Denver, Los Angeles, and San Francisco;
topics include “Free or Forced Motherhood,” “Anar-
chism and Human Nature — Do They Harmonize?,”
“The Family — Its Enslaving Effect upon Parents and
Children,” “Art and Revolution: The Irish Uprising,”
in addition to lectures on the writings of Ralph Waldo
Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Walt Whitman.

Goldman plans meeting with Giovannitti and
others to begin work on an anti-militarist manifesto.

July

During a strike of thirty thousand iron-ore miners of
the Mesabi range in northern Minnesota, Carlo Tresca
and other IWW strike leaders are arrested on charge
of inciting the murder of a deputy.

CHRONOLOGY

1917

July 1

Social dance and benefit for the defense funds of
David Caplan and Enrique and Ricardo Flores Magon
takes place in Los Angeles. Goldman and Berkman
celebrate their success in raising the $10,000 bail
necessary to secure the release of the Magon brothers.

July 22

A bomb is thrown into the crowd at a Preparedness
Day parade in San Francisco, killing ten and wound-
ing forty people. On the same day, Goldman pro-
ceeds as planned with her scheduled talk on “Pre-
paredness, the Road to Universal Slaughter.”

The authorities immediately suspect anarchist
involvement in the bombing. A few days later, they
search and seize material located at the offices of The
Blast, and threaten to arrest Berkman and M. Eleanor
Fitzgerald. Later that week, Warren Billings, Israel
Weinberg, Edward Nolan, Thomas Mooney, and
Rena Mooney are arrested. Goldman and Berkman
begin to organize support for their defense.

August-September

Goldman lectures in Portland, Seattle, and Denver;
Goldman’s lecture “The Gary System” addresses the
topic of public school education. In Denver,
Goldman’s lectures include “The Educational and
Sexual Dwarfing of the Child,” and a course on
“Russian Literature — The Voice of Revolt.”

September 1 1

Trial of Warren Billings begins in San Francisco.

Late September-October

Goldman’s lecture tour concluded, she takes a brief
vacation in Provincetown, R.I., with her niece Stella.
Following the conviction and sentencing of Warren
Billings to life imprisonment, Goldman resumes work
with Berkman in New York in support of the Mooney
case.

October 20

Appearing in court to testify on behalf of Bolton Hall,
Goldman is arrested for having distributed birth
control information on May 20. (Hall is later
acquitted of the charge.) Goldman released on $500
bond; Harry Weinberger serves as her attorney.

October 26

Margaret Sanger is arrested for distributing birth
control information.

November 5

Protesting violations of free speech and vigilante
intimidation, five members of the IWW are killed and
thirty-one wounded by vigilantes in Everett, Wash.;
seventy-four IWW members are later tried for the
murder of a deputy and a lumber company official.

Novem bcr-December

Goldman lectures in Chicago, Milwaukee, Ann
Arbor, Detroit, Cleveland, and Rochester on educa-
tion, Russian literature, birth control, sexuality, and
anarchism.

November 1 1

Bill Haywood, Lucy Parsons, and Goldman speak at a
large memorial meeting in Chicago for the
Haymarket martyrs. Collections are made for, in
Goldman’s words, “the living victims in the social
war,” including Mooney, Tresca, Caplan, Schmidt,
and the IWW members arrested in Everett.

December 2

Goldman speaks at a large meeting in Carnegie Hall
called by the United Hebrew Trades to protest the
arrests and trials of those accused of throwing a bomb
at the San Francisco Preparedness Day parade. Other
speakers include lawyer Frank Walsh, Max Eastman,
United Hebrew Trades leader Max Pine, Giovannitti,
and Berkman.

December 12

Reitman arrested in Cleveland for organizing volun-
teers to distribute birth control information at
Goldman’s lecture “Is Birth Control Harmful — a
Discussion of the Limitation of Offspring.”

December 15

At one of Goldman’s lectures in Rochester, Reitman
is again arrested for distributing illegal birth control
literature.

1917

January-April

Goldman lectures before Yiddish- and English-
speaking audiences in New York, Cleveland, Phila-
delphia, Washington, D.C., Passaic, N.J., Boston,
Springfield, and Brockton, Mass.; topics include
“Obedience, A Social Vice,” “Celibacy or Sex
Expression,” “Vice and Censorship, Twin Sisters —

1917

CHRONOLOGY

How Vice is Not Suppressed,” “Michael Bakunin, His
Life and Work,” “Walt Whitman, the Liberator of
Sex,” “The Speculators in War and Starvation,”
“American Democracy in Relation to the Russian
Revolution,” and a course on Russian literature.

Goldman preoccupied with threat of Berkman’s
extradition to California in connection with the
Mooney case.

Following the February Revolution in Russia,
Goldman supports William Shatoff s return to Russia
with a contingent of Russian exiles and refugees.
Goldman and Berkman entrust Louise Berger with the
delivery of a manifesto they have written to the
people of Russia to protest the imprisonment of
Mooney and Billings. Goldman and Berkman attend
Leon Trotsky’s farewell lecture in New York City.
They contemplate visiting Russia, but decide to
postpone plans when they learn that the British
government has held up the return of several Russian
revolutionaries.

January 8

Goldman acquitted by a New York court on charge of
circulating birth control information at the May 20,
1916, Union Square open-air meeting. Goldman
credits especially Ida Rauh Eastman, who risks self-
incrimination in order to disprove Goldman’s
involvement in distributing literature.

January 17

Reitman is convicted on charges resulting from his
arrest of Dec. 12, 1916, and sentenced to serve six
months in jail and to pay a fine of $1,000 in addition
to court costs. Goldman angry that Margaret Sanger,
in Cleveland at the time, failed to help rally support
for Reitman.

February

Alien Immigration Act passed; allows deportation of
undesirable aliens “any time after their entry.”

February 4-5

In Cleveland, Goldman speaks on “The Message of
Anarchism” before a full assembly of the North
Congregational Church. The following day she
addresses a free-speech meeting; Goldman dismayed
that other speakers have refused to attend event if
birth control included among issues addressed.

February 7

Mooney convicted and sentenced to hang on May 17.
Goldman intensifies organizing efforts to prevent his
execution.

February 28

Following large rally in support of Reitman the prior
evening, Reitman is acquitted on charges from his
Dec. 15, 1916 birth control arrest in Rochester.

March

Mooney’s defense attorney W. Bourke Cockran
speaks at mass meeting at Carnegie Hall organized by
Goldman and Berkman.

April

Goldman speaks at several meetings chaired by John
Sloan of the New York Art Students League.

April 6

The United States enters World War I.

April 7

Political Prisoners Ball, which Goldman has helped
organize, benefits the San Francisco Labor Defense
for Mooney and Billings; features “cell-booth bazaar
and prison garb and military costumes.” Goldman
counts forty-five hundred people in attendance.

May

Goldman lectures in New York, Springfield, Mass.,
and Philadelphia; topics include “Billy Sunday
(Charlatan and Vulgarian),” “The State and its
Powerful Opponents: Friedrich Nietzsche, Max
Stimer, Ralph Waldo Emerson, David Thoreau, and
Others,” “Woman’s Inhumanity to Man,” and Russian
literature.

May 9

Conference to organize a No-Conscription League
held at the Mother Earth office; away lecturing,
Goldman claims that she sent a message that, as a
woman, she felt she could not claim a position on
whether or not the League should urge men against
registering for the military.

May 17

Mooney’s scheduled date of execution is stayed while
case is appealed.

CHRONOLOGY

1917

May 18

On the same day that the Selective Service Act is
passed authorizing federal conscription for the armed
forces and requiring the registration of all men
between the ages of twenty-one and thirty, Goldman
addresses an anti-conscription gathering of close to
ten thousand people chaired by Leonard Abbott in
New York City. Other speakers include Berkman and
Harry Weinberger. No arrests made, but many
detectives present.

May 31

Goldman speaks before a Jewish audience in Phila-
delphia on “Victims of Morality,” addressing morality
as it relates to private ownership, government and
laws, and women. The police warn her against
addressing conscription when she begins to urge
mothers to prevent their sons from fighting in the war.
Event inspires the formation of a No-Conscription
League in Philadelphia.

June

On an order from Washington, D.C., New York
postal authorities hold up June issue of Mother Earth.
Kropotkin returns to Russia.

June 1

At a peace meeting in Madison Square Garden,

Morris Becker, Louis Kramer, and two others are
arrested for circulating leaflets advertising a June 4
mass meeting of the No-Conscription League.
Although Goldman and Berkman attempt to claim full
responsibility for the event, Becker and Kramer are
later found guilty of conspiracy to advise people
against military registration.

June 4

On the eve of the official military registration day,
Goldman, among others, addresses a mass meeting
organized by the No-Conscription League; attended
by ten thousand people. Goldman stops the meeting
when a conflict with uniformed soldiers and sailors
breaks out.

June 14

Ignoring rumors of a death threat, Goldman speaks at
an anti-conscription meeting chaired by Berkman.
Officers arrest all men of draft age who cannot show
proof of registration.

June 15

Goldman and Berkman arrested by U.S. Marshal
Thomas McCarthy; later indicted on charge of
conspiracy to violate the Draft Act.

President Wilson signs the Espionage Act, which
sets penalties of up to twenty years imprisonment and
fines of up to $10,000 for persons aiding the enemy,
interfering with the draft, or encouraging disloyalty of
military members; also declares nonmailable all
written material advocating treason, insurrection, or
forcible resistance to the law.

June 16

Goldman and Berkman plead not guilty on conspiracy
charges; bail set at $25,000 each.

Goldman disappointed by Reitman’s failure to
return to New York to support their pending trial.

June 21

Goldman freed on $25,000 bail; the press spreads
charges that Goldman’s bail was provided by the
German Kaiser. Berkman released on bail June 25.

June 26

Goldman consults with some of her closest associ-
ates— including writer and editor Frank Harris,
journalist and socialist John Reed, Max Eastman, and
Gilbert Roe — about her disbelief in courtroom justice
and her decision to participate minimally in her
pending trial.

First U.S. troops arrive in France.

June 27-July 9

Goldman and Berkman act as independent counsel in
their conspiracy trial; Goldman denies charge that she
stated, “We believe in violence and we will use
violence” at the May 1 8 meeting. After a brief jury
deliberation, they are both found guilty and given the
maximum sentence — two years in prison and $10,000
fine. Judge Julius Mayer recommends their deporta-
tion as undesirable aliens. Goldman’s plea to have
sentencing deferred is denied; Goldman taken to
Jefferson City, Mo., and Berkman to Atlanta, Ga., to
begin their sentences.

Mid-July

Federal authorities demand removal of Mother Earth
office from its location at 20 East 125th Street; M.
Eleanor Fitzgerald relocates office to 226 Lafayette
Street.

1917

CHRONOLOGY

Vigilantes forcibly gather and ship over twelve
hundred striking members of the IWW in cattle cars
from Jerome and Bisbee, Arizona, to California and
New Mexico, where they are guarded by federal
military authorities.

July 17

Berkman indicted in absentia in San Francisco for
complicity in three murders stemming from the
bombing at the 1916 Preparedness Day parade.

July 25

Goldman released from Jefferson City, Mo., prison to
New York’s Tombs prison; later released on $25,000
bail pending the appeal of her case before the U.S.
Supreme Court. Berkman not released on bail until
Sept. 10.

August

August issue of Mother Earth is held up by Post
Office authorities (it proves to be the final issue
published).

Goldman steps up efforts to prevent Berkman ’s
extradition to California — solicits support from the
United Hebrew Trades, the Amalgamated Clothing
Workers of America, the Freie Arbeiter Stimme, the
Forward , prominent individuals including Max
Eastman, social worker and nurse Lillian Wald,
Bolton Hall, publisher Benjamin Huebsch, and
Sholem Asch, and many other unions and organiza-
tions.

August 1

In Butte, Mont., while assisting striking miners, IWW
General Executive Board member Frank Little is
brutally murdered.

August 23-25

Accompanied by Reitman, Goldman speaks about the
status of her case, Berkman’s threatened extradition,
and conscription at several meetings in Chicago.

September

Mother Earth denied second-class mailing privileges
by Post Office authorities.

September 1

The People’s Council in Minneapolis convenes;
although elected by various anarchist groups to serve
as a delegate, Goldman refuses, objecting to its
implicit pro- war stance.

September 5

In response to growing IWW opposition to the war,
federal authorities raid IWW headquarters in twenty-
four cities. Raids precede arrests later that month of
over one hundred IWW members, including Bill
Haywood, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Arturo
Giovannitti, and Carlo Tresca.

September 9

Anarchist Antonio Fomasier is killed by Milwaukee
police after heckling a priest. His comrade Augusta
Marinelli, wounded on the same occasion, dies five
days later. Ten men and a woman are arrested for
inciting the riot; later linked to Nov. 24 bomb
explosion that occurred while they were still impris-
oned; each found guilty and sentenced to between
eleven and twenty-five years imprisonment.

Goldman will later protest the injustice of their case,
claiming a frame-up.

September 10

Upon Berkman’s release from prison on $25,000 bail,
he is arrested for murder in connection with the
Preparedness Day bombing in San Francisco.
Prompted by demonstrations in Russia, President
Wilson later orders a federal investigation of the case.

September 1 1

Police authorities prevent Goldman from speaking
publicly at a meeting at the Kessler Theater in New
York; to protest and dramatize police suppression of
her address, she nonetheless appears on stage, a gag
over her mouth.

September 30

Labor delegation organized by Goldman calls on New
York Governor Whitman to protest Berkman’s
threatened extradition to California.

October

Goldman, her niece Stella, and M. Eleanor Fitzgerald
begin publication of Mother Earth Bulletin. Reitman
returns to Chicago, in sharp disagreement with
Goldman over the direction of the Bulletin.

Bolshevik Revolution in Russia. Goldman
defends Bolshevism against attacks by the American
press and liberals.

CHRONOLOGY

1918

November

Federal agents begin to investigate Goldman for her
suspected role in “the Guillotine Plot”; implicated in
masterminding the organization of “Committees of
Five” to assassinate simultaneously the president and
other state officials. Investigation continued through
early 1918, when inconclusive evidence forces its
abandonment.

November 13

California District Attorney Charles Fickert tempo-
rarily withdraws demand for Berkman’s extradition.
Berkman released from prison the following day.

November 16

Goldman speaks at New York’s Hunt’s Point Palace
on “The Russian Revolution: Its Promise and Fulfill-
ment” before two thousand people; describes it as a
“most inspiring event.”

December

Goldman meets Helen Keller at a benefit ball for The
Masses.

Anarchist and feminist poet Louise Olivereau
convicted for antiwar activities; sentenced to ten years
in Colorado prison.

December 13-14

Weinberger presents Goldman’s and Berkman’s
appeals before the U.S. Supreme Court; argues that
the Draft Act is unconstitutional.

December 14

Police authorities prevent Goldman and Berkman
from speaking at a meeting at the Harlem River
Casino in New York organized by labor for the San
Francisco defense.

1918

January

Prior to imprisonment, Goldman delivers her last
public lectures in Chicago, Detroit, and Rochester (in
Yiddish and English); topics include “The
Bolsheviki — Their True Nature and Aim,” “The
Russian Revolution and its Forerunners,” “Maxim
Gorki,” “Leonid Andreyeff,” “America and the
Russian Revolution,” “The Spiritual and Intellectual
Development of Russia,” “The Spiritual Awakening
of Russia,” and “Women Martyrs of Russia.”

The mayor of Ann Arbor, responding to pressure
from the Daughters of the American Revolution,
cancels Goldman’s public engagements. Plans to
speak in St. Louis, Minneapolis, Denver, Kansas City,
and Cleveland are abandoned in light of difficulty
securing halls and her pending imprisonment.

January 7

U.S. Supreme Court upholds constitutionality of the
selective service law; on Jan. 14, affirms all criminal
charges arising from non-compliance with the draft.

January 8

President Wilson presents his Fourteen Points peace
program to Congress.

January 28

Supreme Court mandates return of Goldman and
Berkman to begin their prison sentences.

January 30

From Petrograd, the U.S. ambassador notifies the
State Department of the Russian anarchists’ threat to
hold him personally responsible for Goldman’s and
Berkman’s safety in prison.

February

Goldman’s niece Stella Ballantine establishes the
Mother Earth Book Shop in Greenwich Village.

February 1

Goldman and Berkman are honored in New York at
the first United Russian Convention in America,
attended by over 160 delegates from Russian organi-
zations in the United States.

February 2

Prior to surrendering to federal authorities, Goldman
meets with representatives of the newly formed
League for the Amnesty of Political Prisoners,
including the chairman, educator Prince Hopkins,
treasurer Leonard Abbott, and secretary M. Eleanor
Fitzgerald.

Goldman held in the Tombs prison in New York
until Feb. 4, when she is transported to the federal
penitentiary in Jefferson City, Mo.

February 6

Goldman begins serving her prison sentence in
Jefferson City, Mo., one of about ninety women
federal prisoners. She is assigned the task of sewing

1918

CHRONOLOGY

jackets and other items for the state of Missouri,
which in turn sells the clothing to private firms
throughout the United States. Her prescribed daily
quota causes intense strain and contributes to her
ongoing physical decline.

Goldman is initially allowed to write only one
two-page letter every week; soon granted the right to
send an additional weekly letter to her attorney, Harry
Weinberger. Allowed one monthly visit, with some
exceptions. Goldman denied outside recreation on
Sunday afternoons when she refuses to attend
morning church services. Throughout Goldman’s
incarceration, she receives weekly deliveries of fresh
groceries from St. Louis anarchists.

February 22

Birth of Brutus, Ben Reitman’s son with Anna
Martindale.

February 25

Newspapers report on government charges that
Goldman and Berkman had worked with German
spies in foreign countries, an allegation based on
correspondence from Indian nationalist Har Dayal to
Berkman found among the papers seized from the
Mother Earth office.

March 1

Goldman receives visit from Prince Hopkins, who
reports on the activities of the League for the Am-
nesty of Political Prisoners.

March 3

Germany and its allies sign the Treaty of Brest-
Litovsk with the Soviet Republic.

March 4

The Bureau of Investigation of the Department of
Justice orders copies of all correspondence to and
from Goldman sent to its office in Washington, D.C.

March 7

Harry Weinberger submits motion to the U.S. District
Court, Southern District of New York, that the bail
money provided for Goldman and Berkman should
not be used to pay their fines. Motion granted by
Judge Augustus N. Hand on Mar. 11.

March 18

Reitman begins his six-month prison sentence in
Cleveland for his Jan. 1917 conviction for distributing
birth control information.

March 21

Ricardo Flores Magon arrested in Los Angeles,
placed under $25,000 bail. Later convicted under the
Espionage Act for obstructing the war effort; sen-
tenced to twenty years imprisonment.

April

Final issue of Mother Earth Bulletin produced; future
publication made impossible by ongoing government
seizures.

Ferrer Center in New York closes.

In reaction to growing protests of Russian
anarchists to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Cheka —
the Soviet secret police — raids anarchist centers in
Moscow. Approximately forty anarchists are killed
or wounded, more than five hundred taken prisoners.

April 1

Weinberger meets with the assistant superintendent of
prisons in Washington, D.C., to complain about
government tampering and confiscation of Goldman’s
mail.

April 16

Prince Hopkins arrested, indicted by federal grand
jury in Los Angeles for violating the Espionage Act;
released on $25,000 bail. On Aug. 30, he pleads
guilty, fined $27,000.

May 16

The Sedition Act is passed, penalizing anyone judged
to be hindering the war effort by making false
statements, obstructing enlistment, or speaking
against production of war materials, the American
government, its constitution, or flag. Signed into law
by President Wilson on May 2 1 .

June

Goldman granted permission to write two letters
every week, in addition to her letters to Weinberger.

Contemplates writing about the situation of
women in prison. Receives news that William
Marion Reedy and attorney Clarence Darrow are
interested in the League for the Amnesty of Political

CHRONOLOGY

1919

Prisoners, but believe that nothing can be done until
after the war. Anticipating orders for her deportation,
Goldman begins to investigate her citizenship status.

Following suspension of the Mother Earth
Bulletin, Stella Ballantine publishes a mimeographed
newsletter. Instead of a Magazine.

June 27

Goldman spends her birthday in agonizing pain,
induced by strain from her prison work.

June 29

Federal agents raid the apartment of Goldman’s
associate M. Eleanor Fitzgerald, seizing mailing lists
and other relevant material. Goldman’s associates
Carl Newlander and William Bales arrested for draft
evasion following the raid of their apartment.

July

U.S. intelligence agencies begin to circulate the
names and addresses of over eight thousand Mother
Earth subscribers, targeting them for investigation.

Goldman reluctantly concurs with Stella
Ballantine ’s decision to close the Mother Earth
Bookshop.

July 23

Roger Baldwin visits Goldman in prison.

July 28

National Mooney Day; Governor Stephens grants
Mooney a reprieve until December.

September

Goldman is disturbed by Catherine Breshkovskaya’s
condemnation of the Bolsheviks.

Reitman is released from prison.

Goldman impressed by Eugene Debs’s coura-
geous stand during his trial and conviction for
violation of the Espionage Act.

U.S. Committee on Public Information promotes
widespread publication of alleged Russian documents
that prove Bolshevik leaders are German agents.

October

With the spread of a deathly strain of influenza, a
quarantine is established at the penitentiary in
Jefferson City, Mo., where Goldman is imprisoned;
all outside visits are suspended.

Goldman congratulates her lawyer Harry
Weinberger for his brave defense in the Abrams case.
Jacob Abrams, Samuel Lipman, and Hyman
Lachowsky are convicted on charges of violating the
Espionage Act and sentenced to twenty years in
federal prison; Mollie Steimer sentenced to fifteen
years.

Roger Baldwin tried before U.S. District Judge
Julius Mayer for failure to register for the draft;
sentenced to a year in prison.

October 15

Goldman’s nephew David Hochstein, the talented
violinist, dies in battle; news about his death does not
reach family members until Jan. 1919.

October 16

Anti-Anarchist Act passed by Congress, granting the
government authority to deport aliens living in the
United States.

November

Mooney’s death sentence commuted to life imprison-
ment.

Gabriella Segata Antolini, a nineteen-year-old
anarchist arrested and convicted for transporting
dynamite in Chicago, is imprisoned in the Jefferson
City, Mo., penitentiary; she and Goldman become
good friends.

November II

End of World War I.

December

Goldman granted the privilege of writing three letters
each week in addition to her weekly communication
with Harry Weinberger.

1919

January

Prison quarantine lifted; influenza outbreak under
control. Goldman visited by M. Eleanor Fitzgerald,
who brings her a smuggled communication from
Berkman.

1919

CHRONOLOGY

Goldman reads and responds to Louise Bryant’s
book Six Red Months in Russia: An Observer ’s
Account of Russia before and during the Proletarian
Dictatorship ; Goldman is critical of Bryant’s por-
trayal of the Russian anarchists.

January 15

Revolutionaries Rosa Luxemburg and Karl
Liebknecht arrested and murdered in Berlin.

January 21

New York City Police Inspector Thomas J. Tunney
testifies before a Senate subcommittee chaired by
Senator Overman investigating links between German
agents and the U.S. Brewers’ Association and allied
liquor interests; recounts his investigation of Goldman
and Berkman in connection with the Hindu revolu-
tionary Har Dayal. Claims that Goldman and
Berkman are close associates of Leon Trotsky.
Describes Goldman as “a very able and intelligent
woman and a very fine speaker.”

February

Goldman receives a brief visit from Kate Richards
O’Hare, who is anticipating her incarceration for
violation of the Espionage Act.

Goldman notes that her mail is being monitored
by federal authorities.

Suffering from intense pain from the physical
hardship of her prison work, Goldman resorts to
paying her fellow inmates to help her reach the daily
quota.

February 14

Catherine Breshkovskaya testifies before the
Overman Subcommittee on Bolshevik propaganda.
Louise Bryant testifies on Feb. 20: states her belief
that Breshkovskaya is being manipulated by Russian
counter-revolutionists; remarks on Goldman’s
imprisonment.

March

Harry Weinberger appeals to the U.S. assistant
superintendent of prisons in Washington, D.C., to
assign Goldman to less physically demanding work.
Prison authorities agree to investigate the conditions.

Goldman responds to an anonymous editorial
published in the Liberator attacking the Russian
anarchists.

Goldman urges Harry Weinberger to embark on a
national speaking tour to promote amnesty for all
political prisoners; Weinberger feels unable to comply
because of lack of financial and human resources.

March 31

Goldman interviewed by Winthrop Lane for an
independent investigation of federal prisons slated for
publication in the research magazine Survey.

April

Eugene Debs incarcerated.

Immigration officer interrogates Goldman in
prison. Following visit, the Bureau of Immigration
privately concludes that there are no legal barriers to
Goldman’s deportation. Anthony Caminetti, Com-
missioner General of the Bureau of Immigration,
pursues policy for allowing her deportation.

Socialist Kate Richards O’Hare joins Goldman in
prison at the Jefferson City, Mo., penitentiary.

April 12

Benefit concert at Carnegie Hall for the League for
the Amnesty of Political Prisoners organized by
M. Eleanor Fitzgerald, Stella Ballantine, and Harry
Weinberger.

May

German anarchist Gustav Landauer killed following
his arrest by a unit of the anti-revolutionary Freikorps.

Goldman emphatically rejects Reitman’s request
to visit her in prison.

May 9

Socialist Ella Reeve Bloor visits Goldman in prison.

May-June

Mail bombs purportedly sent to Attorney General A.
Mitchell Palmer and other prominent officials gain
media attention. Government agents wrongly
implicate Goldman and Berkman in the conspiracy.

June

Goldman laments that “nothing vital” is being done to
promote amnesty.

Goldman notes Kate Richard O’Hare’s ability to
influence much-needed prison reforms at the
Jefferson City penitentiary.

CHRONOLOGY

1919

Goldman and other prisoners allowed for the first
time weekend picnics in the city park.

Frank Harris assists Goldman with planning a
public celebration to welcome her home.

June 27

Goldman celebrates her fiftieth birthday in prison.
Especially touched that William Shatoff sends her a
bouquet of flowers from Russia.

July

Much to Goldman’s disappointment, an amnesty
conference scheduled to take place in Chicago
July 2-4 is canceled.

Kate Richards O’ Hare begins to type Goldman’s
weekly dictated letters.

August 29

Goldman’s prison sentence for her primary conviction
ends; one-month sentence in lieu of paying her fine
begins.

September 12

Still in prison, Goldman is served a warrant for her
arrest and deportation; bond set at $1 5,000.

September 25

Underground anarchists bomb Communist headquar-
ters in Moscow.

September 27

Goldman’s term of imprisonment at Jefferson City
penitentiary expires; released on bail with orders for
deportation pending. Greeted in Jefferson City by
mobs of reporters, friends, and niece Stella
Ballantine, who accompanies her to Rochester.
Berkman released from Atlanta penitentiary on
Oct. 1.

Stops in Chicago to visit Reitman; meets his wife
and child.

October 8

General strike called to demand Mooney’s release
and amnesty for all political prisoners.

Bureau of Investigation Director J. Edgar
Hoover, in New York to review evidence collected
for Goldman’s deportation, monitors protest rally that
night. In search of further evidence. Hoover person-
ally inspects storage room leased by M. Eleanor
Fitzgerald and Reitman.

Mid-October

Goldman and Berkman spend a few days in the
country to recuperate from harsh prison conditions
before they begin work to oppose their deportations.

October 27

Goldman appears before immigration authorities at
Ellis Island to appeal her deportation order.

Dinner in honor of Goldman and Berkman is
sponsored by the Ferrer School and a committee of
supporters at the Hotel Brevoort in New York City.
Margaret Scully, who will hold a job as Goldman’s
secretary for a week, acts as a spy for the Lusk
Committee, submitting her first report detailing
events at the Hotel Brevoort celebration.

October 28

Immigration officials question Goldman to determine
her citizenship status; Goldman claims U.S. citizen-
ship from her marriage to Jacob A. Kersner.

October 31

Benefit theater performance in New York City raises
$500 for Goldman and Berkman’s deportation fight.

Early November

Violent raids of the homes of hundreds of suspected
radicals take place in New York City.

November 1

Goldman and Berkman send out a three-thousand-
piece solicitation to raise support for political
prisoners, the fight against deportation of aliens, and
to announce their proposed lecture tour scheduled to
begin at the end of the month.

November 17

Goldman speaks at a New York dinner organized by
friends of Kate Richards O’Hare.

November 23-26

Goldman and Berkman begin a short lecture tour in
Detroit; Nov. 23 event attended by fifteen hundred
people; Goldman claims that two thousand people had
to be turned away for lack of space. Large Jewish
audience attends a meeting on Nov. 25.

November 25

Department of Labor orders Berkman’s deportation to
Russia. Goldman’s deportation order follows on
Nov. 29.

1919

CHRONOLOGY

Weinberger meets in Washington, D.C., with
immigration officials, including Anthony Caminetti
and Assistant Secretary of Labor Louis F. Post.

November 29

Goldman and Berkman address an audience of forty-
five hundred people in Chicago about their prison
experiences. The following day they address another
large crowd. Large benefit banquet takes place at the
Hotel Morrison in Chicago on Dec. 1. Goldman
describes the Detroit and Chicago meetings as
“among the most inspiring in our public career.”

December 5

Goldman and Berkman detained at Ellis Island.

December 8

Goldman and Berkman appear in federal court before
Judge Julius M. Mayer, who declares that as aliens,
they have no constitutional rights. They remain in
detention at Ellis Island.

December 9

Goldman and Berkman send a mass appeal for
political and financial support.

December 10

U.S. Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis declines
to overrule the lower court’s decision in Goldman and
Berkman’s case.

December 15

Soviet representative Ludwig C. A. K. Martens writes
to Goldman and Berkman at Ellis Island, assuring
them of their right to travel and speak freely in
Russia.

December 19

Goldman and Berkman send a farewell letter to their
supporters.

December 21

At dawn, Goldman, Berkman, and 247 radical aliens
set sail on the S.S. Buford , bound for Russia.

1920

January 2 and 6

U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, in
coordination with Justice Department agent J. Edgar
Hoover and immigration commissioner Anthony
Caminetti, orders the arrest of approximately ten
thousand alien radicals.

January 17

S.S. Buford lands at Hango, Finland. On Jan. 19, the
deportees are met at the Russo-Finnish border by
Russian representatives and received warmly at a
mass meeting of soldiers and peasants in Belo-Ostrov.

February

Goldman and Berkman settle in Petrograd where they
renew their friendships with William Shatoff, now
working as Commissar of Railroads, and John Reed.
Meet with Grigory Zinoviev, director of the Soviet
Executive Committee, and briefly with Maxim Gorki
at his home in Petrograd.

Attend a conference of anarchists, including
Baltic factory workers and Kronstadt sailors, who
echo criticisms of the Bolsheviks voiced by Left
Social Revolutionaries and others who have paid
visits to Goldman and Berkman in this period.

February 7

Death of Goldman’s sister Helena Zodikow
Hochstein.

March

Goldman and Berkman travel to Moscow where they
meet with Bolshevik leaders, including Alexandra
Kollontai, Commissar for Public Welfare; Anatoly
Lunacharsky, Commissar for Education; Angelica
Balabanoff, Secretary of the Third International; and
Grigory Chicherin, Assistant Commissar for Foreign
Affairs.

After attending a conference of Moscow anar-
chists, Goldman and Berkman are granted a meeting
with Lenin on March 8 where they express concern
about the suppression of dissent and the lack of press
freedom and propose the establishment of a Russian
society for American freedom independent of the
Third International. Protests of the arrest and

CHRONOLOGY

1920

Trotsky’s threatened execution of anarchist V. M.
Eikhenbaum (Volin) lead to his transfer to Butyrki
prison in Moscow and later his release.

Goldman and Berkman travel to Dmitrov to meet
with Peter Kropotkin.

Mid-March

Goldman and Berkman return to Petrograd to secure
work in support of the revolution.

Ninth Congress of the All-Russian Communist
party is held in Moscow; militarization of labor stirs
much debate.

April

Goldman and Berkman, frustrated with the Bolshevik
leaders’ pettiness and gross mismanagement, express
dissatisfaction with their work assignments.

Goldman tours Soviet factories in Petrograd with
journalist John Clayton of the Chicago Tribune , who
previously interviewed her upon her arrival in
Finland. Learns firsthand of the poor conditions and
dissatisfaction among the workers.

May

Goldman and Berkman meet with members of the
first British Labor Mission; dine with British philoso-
pher Bertrand Russell, an unofficial member of the
delegation. Through Russell, they meet American
journalist Henry Alsberg.

Two Ukrainian anarchists, recently released from
a Bolshevik prison, meet with Goldman and Berkman
to inform them about the persecution of the revolu-
tionary peasants movement led by anarchist Nestor
Makhno.

As she learns more about Bolshevik misdeeds,
Goldman becomes reluctant to obtain a position
directly accountable to the Bolshevik regime. She
and Berkman finally agree to work for the Petrograd
Museum of the Revolution because the extensive
traveling will give them an opportunity to study
Russian conditions with the least interference from
the Bolsheviks.

Goldman protests the unjust imprisonment of two
teenage anarchist girls to the chief of the Petrograd
Cheka.

Following a period of unsuccessful peace
negotiations with Russia and buoyed by support from
France and the United States, the Polish army
occupies Kiev, eliciting a military response from the
Soviets through June and July.

May 5

Italian anarchists Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo
Vanzetti are arrested in Brockton, Mass., in connec-
tion with a payroll robbery and the murder of two
payroll employees.

May 10

U.S. immigration act passed, authorizing the deporta-
tion of all radical aliens convicted under the war
statutes and certified as “undesirable residents.”

June

Goldman nurses John Reed, in poor health following
his release from a two-month prison term in Finland
for unauthorized travel.

Goldman tours two legendary Czarist prisons;
shocked to discover that many members of the
intelligentsia had been routinely executed following
the October Revolution.

John Clayton’s interview with Goldman is
published in several American newspapers, attributing
to her a blunt criticism of the Bolshevik regime and a
longing to return to the United States. To refute the
claim that Goldman and Berkman oppose the Soviet
government, Stella Ballantine releases a letter written
by Goldman the previous month to demonstrate their
support for the Bolsheviks.

June 30

Goldman and Berkman travel to Moscow to collect
permits necessary for their museum expedition
through Russia to gather historical material.

July

Goldman and Berkman meet with many foreign
delegates, including European and Scandinavian
anarcho-syndicalists, in Moscow for the Second
Congress of the Third International; they inform the
delegates about Bolshevik imprisonment of anarchists
and other revolutionaries.

Meet Maria Spiridonova, leader of the Left
Social Revolutionaries and former political prisoner
under the Czar. They find Spiridonova, critical of the
Bolshevik regime, living in disguise to avoid further
imprisonment.

Meet again with Kropotkin.

July 15-August 6

Eight-member museum expedition, including Henry
Alsberg, travels through the Ukraine. Goldman given
responsibility for collecting materials from education,

1920

CHRONOLOGY

health, social welfare, and labor bureaus. Though
they discover alarming poverty and overt criticism of
the Bolshevik regime, they are hesitant to condemn
publicly the Soviet experiment until they have the
opportunity to gather more evidence.

Travel to Kursk, a large industrial center. In
Kharkov they meet a number of anarchists they had
worked with in the United States, including Aaron
and Fanya Baron, Mark Mratchny, and Senya Fleshin.
Tour factories, a concentration camp, and a prison,
where they meet an anarchist political prisoner.
Receive plea to aid Nestor Makhno’s movement, but
are reluctant to discontinue their work with the
museum.

Mid-August

In Poltava they meet with the leader of the
Revkom, a non-soviet ruling body. Meet the Russian
writer Vladimir Korolenko who speaks to them about
his disenchantment with the Bolsheviks. Also meet
with local Zionists who, although critical of anti-
Semitism of the Bolsheviks, report no evidence of
Bolshevik pogroms against the Jews.

In Fastov they collect historical materials on
pogroms, including the Sept. 1919 pogroms led by
General Denikin of the White Army.

During this period the Polish army gains strength,
beginning a counteroffensive against the Bolsheviks.

Late August

Visit Kiev, where the majority of the population is
Jewish. Find valuable material on the Denikin
pogroms; interview local Jews whose views on
Bolshevik anti-Semitism differ.

Goldman tours local health facilities, including
the Jewish hospital and the hospital for disabled
children; also visits the local anarchist center.

With other members of the museum expedition,
Goldman attends lavish functions held in honor of a
visiting Italian and French delegation; meets two
French anarcho-syndicalists one of whom is preparing
a manuscript exposing Bolshevik wrongdoings. Later
they are reported to have drowned off the coast of
Finland; manuscript never published.

Goldman and Berkman visited by two women
representing Makhno, who requests again that they
aid him by circulating his call to the international
community. They determine it is too risky to meet
with him in person as he has proposed.

August 30

Henry Alsberg is arrested traveling from Kiev to
Odessa with the museum expedition; authorities claim
he is traveling without permission. Goldman and
Berkman protest the arrest by immediately sending
telegrams to Lenin and Chicherin; no response
received. Alsberg is temporarily detained while the
expedition travels on.

September

Expedition stops in Odessa; advancement of Polish
troops prevents them from traveling further.

In Odessa, Goldman meets with local officials
and again polls members of the Jewish community
about their experience with and views about anti-
Semitism. Meets the famous Jewish poet Hayyim
Nahman Bialik.

Attends a gathering of anarchists in Odessa.

Late September

On the way to Kiev, Berkman is robbed of a large
amount of his and Goldman’s savings.

Expedition spends a few days in panic-stricken
Kiev as residents brace for a potential attack by Polish
forces.

October

Reports in the United States and Europe continue to
attribute to Goldman a negative view of the Bolshe-
viks; though she privately acknowledges Bolshevik
wrongdoings, she denies all published accounts and
refuses to grant any interviews.

Makhno’s defeat of Baron Peter Wrangel, the last
of the White Army generals, wins him temporary
good favor from the Bolsheviks.

Russia’s armistice with Poland concedes substan-
tial territory to Poland.

Kropotkin and Gorki protest Soviet plan to halt
all private publishing establishments.

Maria Spiridonova arrested.

October 17

Death of John Reed.

When Goldman arrives in Moscow a few days
later, she consoles Reed’s wife, Louise Bryant.
Goldman postpones her return trip to Petrograd to
attend Reed’s funeral in Moscow on Oct. 23.

Late October

Goldman returns to Petrograd with museum expedi-
tion to deposit the historical material they collected.

CHRONOLOGY

1921

November

Following the Red Army’s killing of Makhno’s
commanders in the Crimea, Trotsky orders an attack
on Makhno’s headquarters; Makhno manages to
escape, eventually reaching Paris where he lives in
exile. Trotsky orders the arrest and imprisonment of
Russian anarchist Volin.

November 7

Goldman attends the third anniversary of the October
Revolution in Petrograd, in her estimation “more like
the funeral than the birth of the Revolution.”

November 28

Goldman travels north with Berkman and another
member of the museum expedition to Archangel.

The San Francisco Examiner publishes an
unauthorized account of Goldman’s experience in
Russia, quoting from a series of letters it claims were
written by Goldman to John Reed; the letters were in
actuality written by Goldman to her niece Stella
Ballantine.

December

In Archangel the expedition collects leftist and
anarchist underground publications produced during
the rule of the Czar. Also obtains letters written by
Nicholas Chaikovsky from the period of his provi-
sional government leadership.

Goldman favorably impressed with the efficiency
and integrity of Bolshevik operations in Archangel.

Late December

Museum expedition returns to Petrograd.

1921

January 20

Goldman and Berkman leave Petrograd for Moscow
to prepare for second journey with the museum
expedition; they stay with Angelica Balabanoff, head
of the Russo-Italian bureau. Goldman offers to nurse
Peter Kropotkin when she learns he is very ill.

February

During an especially harsh winter, workers from
several Petrograd factories strike to protest unbear-
able shortages of food, fuel, and clothing; Soviet
authorities suppress street demonstrations.

Ludwig C. A. K. Martens, the Soviet
government’s representative in the United States, is
deported; Goldman expresses no interest in seeing
him in Russia.

Goldman returns to Petrograd. When alerted to
Kropotkin’s deteriorating condition, she promptly
returns to Moscow.

February 8

Goldman arrives in Dmitrov shortly after Kropotkin’s
death.

On Feb. 13, Goldman, among others, delivers a
public remembrance at Kropotkin’s funeral in
Moscow. Soviet leaders release only a handful of
anarchist political prisoners following an appeal to
allow all incarcerated anarchists to attend the cer-
emony.

Later, Goldman and Berkman decide to discon-
tinue their work with the Petrograd Museum of the
Revolution in order to accept an invitation to partici-
pate in the organizing committee of a museum
honoring Kropotkin, independent of Soviet financing
and oversight.

Mid-February

Goldman receives permission to visit anarchist
prisoners at Butyrki prison; among others, sees Fanya
and Aaron Baron and Volin.

Goldman and Berkman return to Petrograd.
Goldman prepares articles about Kropotkin’s
death for the Nation and the Manchester Guardian ;
rejects offer to write about Soviet Russia for the New
York World.

March 1-17

Krondstadt uprising in support of striking Petrograd
factory workers; sailors demand democratic election
of Soviet representatives. Goldman attends March 4
meeting of the Petrograd Soviet, which votes to
accept Zinoviev’s proposal to force the surrender of
Krondstadt sailors upon penalty of death.

March 5

Goldman, Berkman, and several others send a letter
of protest to Zinoviev, proposing a commission to
settle the dispute with the Krondstadt sailors peace-
fully; no response received.

March 7

Trotsky orders the artillery bombardment of
Krondstadt.

1921

CHRONOLOGY

Feeling that their last tie to the Bolsheviks has
been broken, Goldman and Berkman decide to leave
Russia and alert the world to what they have wit-
nessed.

April

Goldman and Berkman return to Moscow determined
to cut off all relations with the Bolshevik government.
Plan to request permission to leave the country;
prepared to exit secretly if necessary.

Agree to appeal to anarchists in the United States
for funds to support the Kropotkin Museum.

Goldman accompanies Louise Bryant to meet
Stanislavsky, “the father of the modem Russian
theater.”

April 17

New York Times publishes excerpts from a letter from
Goldman to her niece Stella Ballantine disclaiming
Dec. 1920 reports by American businessman Wash-
ington B. Vanderlip that Goldman had requested he
use his influence to gain her return to the United
States.

Late April

Goldman and Berkman alerted about the April 25
Soviet night raid of the Butyrki prison intended to
break prisoner solidarity; Fanya Baron is among those
relocated. Soviets attempt to repress all political
protests of the raid. Goldman helps collect food
provisions for the starving anarchist prisoners.

In light of Soviet constraints on independent
political expression, Goldman and Berkman postpone
efforts to organize support for the Kropotkin Mu-
seum.

May

Goldman and Berkman begin to receive visits from
many foreign delegates in Russia for the International
Congress of the Third International; visitors include
Americans Bill Haywood, Agnes Smedley, Bob
Robins, Mary Heaton Vorse, Ella Reeve Bloor,
William Z. Foster, and Robert Minor. Goldman
disparaging of Haywood’s flight from the United
States; compares his action to a “captain leaving the
ship,” abandoning fellow IWW members who remain
imprisoned.

June

Berkman sustains a foot injury, delaying their
departure from Russia.

Goldman and Berkman meet regularly with the
European and Scandinavian anarcho-syndicalists,
delegates to the international congresses.

The Cheka raids Goldman’s Moscow apartment.
Goldman and Berkman renew their friendship
with Vera Figner, a leader of the Narodnaya Volya
(“People’s Will”) movement.

July

Goldman and Berkman persuade some of the foreign
delegates, including Tom Mann, to protest the
imprisonment of Volin, G. P. Maksimov, and other
anarchists who have begun a hunger strike. A
delegation meets with Lenin on July 9; Lenin is only
willing to deport the anarchists, upon penalty of death
if they return to Russia. Offer is accepted and hunger
strike is terminated on July 13. Goldman notes that
the American Communists remain silent on the issue
and distance themselves from association with the
anarchists.

Goldman attempts also to convince delegates to
pressure the Soviet authorities to allow Maria
Spiridonova to obtain medical treatment overseas.
Meets with German socialist Clara Zetkin.
Spiridonova is eventually released from prison.

August

Lenin’s New Economic Policy begins, a pragmatic
retreat from communist economic principles in favor
of market mechanisms to stave off discontent.

September

Goldman visits briefly with the “millionaire Ameri-
can hobo” James Eads How, who, she believes, does
not have the ability to make a worthwhile assessment
of the situation in Russia. Goldman disappointed by
most published accounts of events in Russia, includ-
ing reports by Louise Bryant.

September 29

Fanya Baron and nine other anarchist prisoners,
including the poet Lev Tcherny, are shot to death by
the Cheka.

November

Isadora Duncan, sympathetic to the Soviets, attempts
to meet with Goldman.

CHRONOLOGY

1923

December 1

Under the pretext of representing the Kropotkin
Museum at an anarchist conference in Berlin,
Goldman, Berkman, and Alexander Schapiro are
authorized to leave Russia.

Early December

Goldman and Berkman settle in Riga, Latvia. Write
to Harry Weinberger about chances of getting back
into the United States. Allowed only a temporary visa
in Latvia, they seek entry to either Germany or
Sweden.

Goldman distressed that she and Berkman depart
Russia just days before the arrival of Mollie Steimer,
Jacob Abrams, Samuel Lipman, and Hyman
Lachowsky, deported from the United States on
Nov. 24.

December 14

Goldman and Berkman granted Swedish visas.

December 22

On the train to Reval, Estonia, Goldman and Berkman
are arrested by the Latvian secret service; accused of
being Bolshevik agents. Detained for several days,
preventing them from attending the anarchist congress
in Berlin.

1922

January

Goldman, Berkman, and Alexander Schapiro arrive in
Stockholm, Sweden, and are met by birth-control
advocates Albert and Elise Jensen; Goldman becomes
lover with thirty-year-old Swedish anarchist Arthur
Svensson shortly after arrival.

Volin, Maksimov, and other hunger strikers are
deported from Russia; resettle in Berlin.

March

Goldman and Svensson fail in their attempt to
surreptitiously enter Denmark.

March 26-April 4

The New York World publishes a series of controver-
sial articles by Goldman exposing the harsh political
and economic conditions in Russia.

April

Finally obtaining temporary German visas, Goldman
and Berkman travel to Berlin.

May-June

Arthur Svensson joins Goldman and Berkman in
Berlin. Later, her niece Stella Ballantine visits with
six-year-old son Ian.

Develops friendship with anarchist theorist
Rudolf Rocker and his wife, Milly, with whom she
had begun to correspond while in Russia.

Goldman begins work on book-length manuscript
with the intended title My Two Years in Russia.

July-Deceniber

Goldman completes her manuscript and sells the
rights to her book to Clinton P. Brainard; receives
$1750 in advance against royalties and 50 percent for
serial rights.

Ends relationship with Arthur Svensson.

November 21

Ricardo Flores Magon dies in Leavenworth Peniten-
tiary.

1923

January-February

Visits Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld at the Institute for Sex
Psychology in Berlin.

March-May

Goldman travels to cities throughout Germany,
including Stuttgart, Frankfurt, and Bremerhaven.

Anti-German sentiment in the United States
makes it difficult for Goldman to earn a living writing
topical articles for the American press.

June-August

Travels to Bad Leibenstein in Thuringen for niece
Stella Ballantine’s eye treatment with Dr. Graf M.
Wiser; Goldman writes an article about the doctor’s
unorthodox therapy, which is later published in a
Calcutta magazine.

Goldman notified that her manuscript on Russia
has been sold to Doubleday, Page and Company.

Receives visits from many American friends,
including M. Eleanor Fitzgerald, Ellen Kennan,
Michael Cohn, Henry Alsberg, and Agnes Smedley.

1923

CHRONOLOGY

July 9

Mollie Steimer and Senya Fleshin are arrested in
Russia for propagating anarchism; released soon after
they begin a hunger strike.

July 24

Goldman’s mother, Taube, dies in Rochester, N.Y.

Mid-August

Goldman and her niece Stella are arrested by the
Bavarian police following their arrival in Munich.
Police allege that Goldman conducted a secret
mission in 1893 (during the period when she was
imprisoned at Blackwell’s Island). Both are ordered
to leave Bavaria. Stella later returns to the United
States.

September-October

Following their deportation from Russia, Mollie
Steimer and Senya Fleshin join Goldman and
Berkman in Berlin.

November

Goldman’s manuscript published under the title My
Disillusionment in Russia ; the last twelve chapters
have been cut without her permission. Weinberger
negotiates the dispute on Goldman’s behalf; wins
agreement from publisher to print the remaining
chapters in a separate volume with the stipulation that
Goldman pay for the printing costs, for which she
secures a loan from Michael Cohn.

1924

January 15-16

Goldman travels to Hamburg.

January 21

Lenin dies.

February

Goldman travels to Dresden before returning to
Berlin.

April

Goldman is unable to solicit writing contracts with
European and American magazines; finds that
mainstream magazines are interested only in her
experience in Russia, thus thwarting her attempts to
earn a living.

April 24

Goldman howled down during a meeting of five
thousand workers in Berlin when she criticizes the
Soviet government. Goldman warned about the
consequences of expressing further criticism of the
Soviet Republic.

June

Following her expulsion from Moscow, Angelica
Balabanoff initiates correspondence with Goldman.

July 26-27

Leaving Berkman in Berlin, Goldman travels to the
Netherlands; speaks at the celebration organized by
Dutch anti-militarist Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis
for the twentieth anniversary of the International
Anti-Militarist Association.

August

Enters France from Germany under the name E. G.
Kersner; visits a number of friends in Paris, including
Harry Weinberger and Frank and Nellie Harris.

Meets Arthur Leonard Ross who she later hires as her
attorney. Meets Ernest Hemingway at a party given
by English novelist Ford Madox Ford.

September

Leaves Paris for London where she hopes to find it
easier to earn a living. Resides at the home of Doris
Zhook.

Goldman’s closest associates in London include
John Turner, Thomas H. Keell, and William C.

Owen.

October

Meets with British author Rebecca West.

November

The twelve chapters omitted from Goldman’s book on
Russia are published separately with a new preface as
My Further Disillusionment in Russia.

Among Goldman’s speaking engagements is a
talk before the American Students Club at Oxford
University.

November 12

In London, a reception for Goldman is sponsored by
Bertrand Russell, Rebecca West, and socialist and
sexual theorist Edward Carpenter; presided over by
Col. Josiah Wedgewood, M.P. Her views on Russia
are met with vocal protests.

CHRONOLOGY

1925

December

Writes an article on Russia for the New York Herald-
New York Tribune Sunday edition.

1925

January

In London, Goldman continues her efforts to expose
the Bolsheviks as betrayers of the revolution and
violators of civil liberties, a task made more difficult
and more urgent by the return of a British trade union
delegation that reports favorably on conditions in the
Soviet Union.

January 29

Goldman lectures on “The Bolshevik Myth and the
Condition of the Political Prisoners” at South Place
Institute, London, her first public meeting in England
at which she denounces the Bolsheviks, prompting
vocal protests from some members of the audience.

February

Goldman and her political associates organize the
British Committee for the Defence of Political
Prisoners in Russia. The committee solicits support
from celebrities and organizes a conference of trade
union branch secretaries to discuss conditions in the
Soviet Union. Many political figures and intellectuals
are alienated by Goldman’s stand, though novelist
Rebecca West and publisher C. W. Daniel remain her
stalwart supporters.

Goldman lectures on the Soviet Union at a
meeting in the East End of London on Feb. 26.

March

Goldman’s lectures on conditions in the Soviet Union
include two in London — in Islington on March 6 and
the East End on March 17 — and one at Northampton
Town Hall.

At the end of the month she gives three lectures
on “Heroic Women of the Russian Revolution,” and
“The Bolshevik Myth” in the Amman Valley, a series
organized by the South Wales Freedom Group.

March 4

Goldman convenes an informal meeting in London of
branch secretaries of trade unions to discuss condi-
tions in Russia.

April

Boni and Liveright publishes Berkman’s The
Bolshevik Myth in New York.

In an attempt to refute the report of the British
trade union delegation, Goldman and her comrades —
as the British Committee for the Defence of Political
Prisoners in Russia — publish a pamphlet, Russia and
the British Labour Delegation 's Report: A Reply.

Goldman continues speaking on conditions in the
Soviet Union with a lecture at South Place Institute on
April 16, “An Exposure of the Trade Union
Delegation’s Report on Russia”; she delivers a second
lecture in London on April 27.

April 19-29

Goldman fdls speaking engagements in Norwich,
Leeds, and Manchester with lectures on Soviet
Russia.

May

In Bristol, Goldman lectures on “Labour under the
Dictatorship in Russia” at the YMCA on May 1 , and
on “Heroic Women of the Russian Revolution” at the
Folk House on May 4.

At the end of the month she meets in the same
week with Edward Carpenter and Havelock Ellis, two
writers she admires for their pioneering work on
sexuality.

Time and Tide (London) publishes her article,
“Women of the Russian Revolution.”

June

Discouraged by the public response to her lectures on
Russia and with little enthusiasm left among the
active members of the committee, Goldman focuses
on her own precarious financial situation. During the
summer she writes lectures on drama, hoping to reach
British drama societies, and, at the same time, tries to
interest London producers in American plays.

June 27

On her birthday, Goldman marries James Colton, an
elderly anarchist friend and trade unionist from
Wales, in order to obtain British citizenship and the
right to travel and speak more widely.

July

Time and Tide publishes Goldman’s article, “The
Tragedy of the Russian Intelligentsia.”

1925

CHRONOLOGY

Goldman spends two weeks vacationing in
Bristol, where friends propose that she deliver a series
of lectures on Russian drama in the fall and offer to
raise the initial expenses.

August

Goldman spends most of the month in the British
Museum reading Russian dramatists in preparation
for her upcoming lectures.

M. Eleanor Fitzgerald, Goldman’s close associate
from New York, visits at the end of the month and
through her Goldman meets African-American singer
and actor Paul Robeson, who is starring in Eugene
O’Neill’s The Emperor Jones in London.

Prompted by a publisher’s fleeting interest in a
book of reminiscences, Goldman begins asking her
correspondents to send her the letters she had written
them over the years.

September

The one-volume English edition of My Disillusion-
ment in Russia , with an introduction by Rebecca
West, is published by C. W. Daniel of London;
Goldman has borrowed $250 from Michael Cohn to
underwrite its publication.

Through the British Drama League Goldman
solicits lecture dates from 250 affiliated local playgo-
ers societies.

Continues her reading of Russian dramatists in
the British Museum.

October

In the middle of the month Goldman travels to Bristol
for a lecture series; she also delivers individual
lectures, including one at exiled American pastor
Gustav Beck’s church on “Trends in Modem Educa-
tion.”

October 19-November 5

Goldman teaches a six-lecture course on Russian
drama ac Oakfield Road Church, Bristol.

October 30-31

Attends British Drama League conference in Bir-
mingham.

November 1-9

Goldman lectures on drama in Birmingham, Bath, and
Birkenhead, and in Manchester delivers her first
lecture on Eugene O’Neill.

November 12-December 17

Goldman repeats her lecture series on Russian drama
at Keats House, Hampstead, London; despite excel-
lent publicity, her lectures draw only a small audience
and receipts barely cover her expenses. Publisher C.
W. Daniel, however, considers issuing a book of her
lectures on Russian dramatists and supplies a stenog-
rapher to record them.

In East London, Goldman repeats the lecture
series on Russian drama in Yiddish.

November 21-22

Goldman speaks twice — once on birth control — under
the auspices of the Trades and Labour Council in
Neath, South Wales.

December 20

After the lecture series ends, Goldman leaves for
France where she spends the holidays in Nice at the
home of Frank and Nellie Harris.

1926

January

Goldman remains in Nice for most of the month,
finishing a prospectus for “Foremost Russian Drama-
tists,” a book based on her lectures, for which she
hopes to receive an advance from Doubleday, Page
and Company. Berkman is also in Nice, helping
Isadora Duncan edit her autobiography.

Goldman leaves for Paris Jan. 25.

February

Goldman works at the Bibliotheque Nationale
researching lectures on Ibsen; at the same time she
writes a character sketch of Johann Most for the June
issue of American Mercury. She returns to England
Feb. 27.

Berkman receives temporary permission to stay
in France.

March

After returning to England, Goldman delivers a
number of lectures in Bristol on drama, especially
Ibsen’s plays; she also travels to Liverpool in mid-
March to lecture on drama.

CHRONOLOGY

1927

March 25-April 29

Goldman returns to London for a series of six lectures
on dramatists, including O’Neill, Ibsen, Susan
Glaspell, and the German expressionists; she also
delivers the same lectures in Yiddish as well as
lecturing on Yiddish drama, and on political topics,
such as “The Menace of Dictatorship: Bolshevist or
Fascist,” with British feminist Sylvia Pankhurst and
William C. Owen at Essex Hall on April 14.

April

Goldman continues her work for political prisoners in
Russia, focusing her efforts on imprisoned women;
enlists the support of influential women politicians
like Lady Astor.

Ben Reitman and his family visit Goldman in
London.

Goldman lectures in Norwich on April 8.

May

The British general strike is called off by the Trades
Union Congress after nine days, though the coal
miners remain out through the summer.

May-September

Goldman returns to France and with Berkman rents a
cottage in St. Tropez, where she finishes her manu-
script on “Foremost Russian Dramatists” and writes a
sketch of Voltairine de Cleyre.

Friends and political associates in the United
States raise money for Goldman to visit Canada to
lecture.

During the summer American visitors, including
authors Howard Young and Theodore Dreiser and
philanthropist Peggy Guggenheim, encourage
Goldman to write her autobiography.

October

Goldman sails for Canada, where she arrives Oct. 15,
to lecture; proximity rekindles her hope for readmis-
sion to the United States.

Shortly after Goldman’s arrival, Leon Maimed,
her longtime friend from Albany, N.Y., visits and
they become lovers.

October 20

Eugene Debs dies.

October 31

Goldman gives her first lecture in Montreal before an
audience of seven hundred at His Majesty’s Theatre
on “The Present Crisis in Russia.”

November

Most of the remaining lectures in Montreal are in
Yiddish; Goldman focuses on raising funds for
political prisoners in Russia, an impassioned appeal at
one banquet yields $300.

Travels to Toronto on Nov. 26, where she finds
the anarchists more numerous and better organized
than in Montreal.

November 29

Goldman lectures on Ibsen to an audience of five
hundred at Hygeia Hall; the interest shown persuades
her to initiate a series on drama.

December

Goldman’s lectures on Russian drama cover
Griboyedev, Gogol, and Ostrovsky, though the
attendance is disappointing.

More successful are her three lectures to the
Arbeiter Ring: six hundred attend her Dec. 12 lecture
in Yiddish on Gorki. In addition, she lectures twice at
Hygeia Hall, on modem education on Dec. 3 and on
the dictatorships of Bolshevik Russia and Fascist Italy
on Dec. 5.

Among her visitors are her brother Morris, her
sister Lena, and Lena’s children, Saxe Commins and
Stella Ballantine.

1927

January

Goldman concludes her lecture series in Toronto on
Russian dramatists with talks on Turgenev, Tolstoy,
Chekhov, and Andreyev; she also goes to London,
Ontario, to lecture on Communist and Fascist
dictatorships on Jan. 7. After Leon Maimed visits
briefly, at the end of the month she travels to
Winnipeg to lecture.

January 27-30

Goldman’s first two lectures in Winnipeg draw large
audiences: a Yiddish lecture attracts four hundred,
and a thousand attend an English lecture on “The
Labor Situation in Europe.”

1927

CHRONOLOGY

February

Goldman discovers that Communist influence is
stronger and opposition to her is more organized in
Winnipeg than in other cities. Nonetheless, she
speaks nearly twenty times to large and varied
audiences during her month in the city, including
Yiddish groups, a group of college women, even the
local Kiwanis Club (on “Ideals in Life”); among her
topics are drama, anarchism, birth control, and
women and the Russian revolution.

March 3-1 1

In Edmonton, where Goldman expects to give just
two lectures, she addresses fifteen meetings in a
week, speaking on trends in modern education, Ibsen,
birth control, women’s emancipation (to the Women’s
Press Club); she speaks to factory girls during their
lunch hour and to large Jewish audiences under the
auspices of the Jewish Council of Women, the
Arbeiter Ring, Hadassah, and Poale Zion, as well as
to professors at the University of Alberta and a
Sunday audience of fifteen hundred.

March 18

Goldman returns to Toronto.

March 24-April 26

Goldman’s English-language lecture series in Toronto
covers social topics as well as drama, including plays
of Susan Glaspell, Eugene O’Neill, and Russian
drama. She also researches a new lecture on “The
Awakening in China,” which draws eight hundred
people. After protests from the Catholic community,
Goldman delivers the final lecture of the series, on
birth control, to a packed hall.

She also lectures in Yiddish on the history of
anarchism and on art and revolution.

May

Goldman gives a May Day lecture in Toronto on “The
Spirit of Destruction and Construction.”

Her drama lecture course covers Russian theater,
Strindberg, and the German expressionists.

Also lectures on China in London, Ontario.

Leon Maimed ’s wife discovers his correspon-
dence with Goldman, revealing their relationship, and
the intensity of Goldman’s tie to him wanes.

A fund is established to support Goldman while
she writes her autobiography; Peggy Guggenheim and
Howard Young are among the first contributors, and
W. S. Van Valkenburgh coordinates an appeal to raise
funds.

June-September

Goldman spends much of the summer researching and
writing new lectures for her fall series. She is greatly
distracted, however, by the impending execution of
Sacco and Vanzetti. She addresses a meeting on the
case in Toronto on Aug. 1 8, a few days before their
execution on Aug. 23. Goldman speaks at a memorial
meeting on Sept. 1 .

October 11-December 8

Goldman’s ambitious lecture series at Hygeia Hall,
Toronto, consists of eighteen lectures and covers
drama as well as social and literary topics, including
the plays of Shaw, Galsworthy, and Ibsen, Walt
Whitman, “Crime and Punishment,” “The Menace of
Military Preparedness,” “Evolution versus Religious
Bigotry,” “The Child and Its Enemies,” “Sex — A
Dominant Element in Life and Art,” and “Has
Feminism Achieved Its Aim?”

The audiences for her lectures are disappointing,
and Goldman determines to return to Europe in the
new year and begin writing her autobiography.

1928

January

Family members visit Canada from the United States
to see Goldman before she departs for France; a
farewell banquet is held in her honor on Jan. 29.

As she anticipates writing the autobiography,
Goldman asks a wider circle of friends to loan her her
past correspondence to refresh her memory.

February

On Feb. 7, in her final appearance in Toronto,
Goldman lectures on two books by Judge Ben
Lindsey, The Revolt of Youth and Companionate
Marriage.

On Feb. 9, Goldman travels to Montreal, where
she gives two lectures in Yiddish — on birth control
and on art and revolution — and one on Walt Whitman
delivered in a private home. She leaves Montreal on
Feb. 18 for Halifax, Nova Scotia, where she embarks
for France on Feb. 20.

CHRONOLOGY

1930

March-May

In Paris, Goldman is reunited with old friends and
comrades, including Berkman, Mollie Steimer, and
Senya Fleshin. She arranges to rent the same cottage
in St. Tropez that she had in the summer of 1926, and
makes a brief excursion to London in May to pick up
material she had left two years earlier.

Goldman tries to organize a small gathering of
anarchist writers and theoreticians in Paris in May to
discuss the future of anarchism and especially its
propaganda, circulating an agenda and soliciting
comments. Though the meeting does not occur as
planned, Goldman is gratified that the effort generates
ideas and discussion.

June-December

Goldman settles in St. Tropez to write her autobiogra-
phy; a young American writer Emily Holmes
Coleman, “Demi,” acts as her secretary.

Rudolf and Milly Rocker spend much of the
summer with Goldman in St. Tropez.

By October she has written 100,000 words.

December 14-30

Goldman, accompanied by Henry Alsberg and Otto
Kleinberg, vacations in Spain; in Barcelona, she
meets anarchist intellectuals Federico Urales and
Soledad Gustavo, and their daughter Federica
Montseny.

1929

Jamuary-February

After two weeks in Paris, Goldman returns to St.
Tropez, where she learns that friends, principally
Peggy Guggenheim and Mark Dix, have contributed
enough money to help her purchase the cottage and
ensure her a place to live and write.

Goldman returns to working full-time on her
autobiography, interrupted only by the visit in
February of her nephew Saxe Commins and his wife
Dorothy.

March-July

Goldman is completely absorbed in writing her book,
though the departure in May of Emily Holmes
Coleman, whose assistance and companionship have
been invaluable, is disruptive; eventually her friend’s
daughter Miriam Lemer serves as secretary through
the summer.

Goldman takes time out of her busy writing
schedule to celebrate her sixtieth birthday on June 27
with Berkman and visiting American friends Ben and
Ida Capes.

American publishers express interest in
Goldman’s autobiography; eight of them make offers.

July-Septeniber

Lawyer Arthur Leonard Ross and Saxe Commins act
as Goldman’s representatives in New York, negotiat-
ing the terms of the book contract with publisher
Alfred A. Knopf.

As Goldman writes, she continues to ask friends
to corroborate her memory of events and furnish
details of personalities; some of her former acquain-
tances, however, request to be omitted from her book.

September 30

Goldman’s representatives sign a book contract with
Knopf; she receives an advance of $7,000.

October

A slow decline in stock prices accelerates dramati-
cally; on Oct. 29 — Black Tuesday — the stock market
crashes, precipitating the Great Depression.

By mid-month Goldman has reached 1915 in the
narrative of her life.

At the end of the month Goldman moves to Paris
for the winter to continue work on her autobiography;
British friend Doris Zhook acts as her secretary.

S930

January

In Paris for the winter, Goldman continues writing;
Berkman, who lives nearby in St. Cloud, helps edit
her manuscript.

Goldman mails the first installment of her
autobiography to Knopf.

American journalist and editor H. L. Mencken
visits Goldman.

March

Presented with an expulsion order dating from March
1901, Goldman is taken immediately to police
headquarters. She demands and receives a stay of ten
days; lawyer Henri Torres ultimately succeeds in
overturning the expulsion order.

1930

CHRONOLOGY

Mencken petitions the U.S. Department of State
to revoke Goldman’s deportation and grant her a
visitor’s visa, and requests that the Department of
Justice return her personal papers seized in the 1917
raid on the Mother Earth office.

April-May

Goldman sends the publisher what she assumes is the
last installment of her autobiography — concluding
with her deportation from the United States aboard
the Buford — but Knopf insists on additional chapters
covering her years in Russia and Europe.

May 1

Berkman is arrested and expelled from France the
same day; spends next three weeks in Antwerp and
Brussels, applying for a new French visa. Both
French attorney Torres and French deputy Pierre
Renaudel work for Berkman’s readmission.

By the end of the month Berkman’s expulsion is
revoked, and he is promised a three-month renewable
visa for France.

June

Goldman travels to Bad Eilsen, Germany, for
treatment of her eyes by Dr. Graf M. Wiser; she is
visited by Danish novelist Karin Michaelis. Goldman
then vacations in Berlin.

July

Returns to St. Tropez; pleased with the editor’s
revisions of her manuscript, she begins work on the
two final chapters.

November

Knopf postpones publication of Goldman’s autobiog-
raphy until the fall of 1 93 1 .

Eunice M. Schuster, writing a Master’s thesis on
anarchism, asks Goldman for information and
assistance; Goldman encourages comrades — W. S.
Van Valkenburgh, Hippolyte Havel, MaxNettlau, and
anarchist publisher Joseph Ishill — to assist Schuster;
her thesis is published in 1932 as Native American
Anarchism , one of the earliest studies of American
anarchism.

November 8

Berkman, denied renewal of his visa once again, is
given fifteen days to leave France; by mid-month he
receives another three-month extension.

On Nov. 21, 450 people attend a fund-raising
banquet for Berkman in New York City to celebrate
his sixtieth birthday.

December

Stella Ballantine and her son David join Goldman in
St. Tropez.

1931

January

Goldman finishes her autobiography, Living My Life ,
having written 100,000 words since she began the last
two chapters in July 1930.

February

Ben Reitman’s The Second Oldest Profession , a study
of pimps, is published.

February-April

Goldman, Stella Ballantine, and her son David
vacation in Nice; Goldman catches up on her much
delayed correspondence. Berkman, now living in
Nice, contemplates opening a typing and translation
bureau.

April

Fall of the monarchy in Spain. Many anarchists,
including some of Goldman’s closest associates, are
enthusiastic about the prospects for anarchism there,
while Goldman remains skeptical.

May

Goldman learns that, despite the dreadful economic
situation, Knopf intends to publish Living My Life in
two volumes at what she considers an exorbitant
price.

May 17

Goldman is included in John Haynes Holmes’s
sermon in New York on “The Ten Greatest Fiving
Women.”

May 18

Together in St. Tropez, Goldman and Berkman
celebrate the twenty-filth anniversary of his release
from prison.

CHRONOLOGY

1932

May 30

The Forward , a Yiddish socialist daily in New York,
begins serialization of Goldman’s autobiography;
Goldman is dissatisfied with both the translation and
editor Abraham Cahan’s introductory reminiscence of
her.

June

Goldman continues to catch up on her correspon-
dence, returning all the material — correspondence,
clippings, etc. — she borrowed from friends to write
her autobiography.

The Ballantines leave after nearly six months
with Goldman.

June 1 1

National Congress of the Confederation Nacional del
Trabajo (CNT) begins in Madrid.

June 28

Berkman is presented with another expulsion order,
the third in fifteen months; he rushes to Paris to try to
get an extension of his papers.

July

The Buford episode from Goldman’s autobiography
appears in the American Mercury.

Goldman contributes an essay to an anthology
being compiled by Peter Neagoe, published as
Americans Abroad ( 1 932).

Modest Stein and German anarcho-syndicalists
Augustin and Therese Souchy visit Goldman at Bon
Esprit, the name of her St. Tropez cottage.

August-September

Goldman is preoccupied throughout the summer with
the urgency of Berkman’s need to secure new papers
and with Mollie Steimer and Senya Fleshin’s precari-
ous financial situation in Berlin, and consumed by
mounting disappointment over the prospects for
Living My Life.

Among the visitors to St. Tropez are Harry Kelly,
Anna Strunsky Walling and her three daughters,
American sculptor Jo Davidson, and Peggy
Guggenheim.

Writer and editor Frank Harris dies in Nice on
Aug. 26; Goldman hurries there to be with Nellie
Harris, Frank’s widow, and to help arrange his
funeral; spends the last week of September in Nice
helping Nellie Harris sort out her affairs.

At the end of September, Berkman gets an
extension of his papers to Dec. 21.

October

Unable to bear the thought of being alone at Bon
Esprit, Goldman begins considering where she will
spend the winter and what she will do after the
publication of her autobiography. She hopes to
arrange a lecture tour. Dutch anarchist Albert de Jong
assures her that lectures could be arranged in the
Netherlands, the German Civil Liberties League
expresses interest in Berlin lectures, and other
engagements elsewhere in Germany are possible.

Goldman travels to Nice to visit Berkman on Oct.
12, and to Paris with Nellie Harris on Oct. 15.

Living My Life is published; a laudatory review
appears on the front page of the New York Times Book
Review.

November

Inscribes copies of her autobiography slated for
friends as she awaits book reviews from the United
States.

December

Earlier prospects for lectures in Germany, Holland,
and Norway dim.

Growing interest in dramatizing Living My Life
prompts Goldman to grant lawyer Arthur Leonard
Ross full charge of negotiations over dramatic, radio,
and cinema rights to her life.

John Haynes Holmes lectures on Living My Life
to an overflow audience at Temple Emanu-El in New
York City on Dec. 3 1 .

1932

January

The Nation includes Living My Life among its list of
most notable books of 1 93 1 .

The Rand School in New York City holds a
symposium on Living My Life on Jan. 15.

February 13

Goldman lectures at Copenhagen University on
“Dictatorship, a World Menace” to an audience of
one thousand after lectures scheduled there earlier in
the month are canceled for fear of Communist
demonstrations.

1932

CHRONOLOGY

February 16-20

Goldman’s tour of Germany, organized by the Freie
Arbeiter-Union Deutschlands (FAUD), begins with a
meeting in Hamburg followed by meetings in
Bremen, Braunschweig, and Magdeburg. While the
meetings of the Gilde freiheitlicher Bucherfreunde
book club are open to the public, the FAUD meetings
are open to members only, which accounts in part for
the meager attendances.

February 22-March 10

In addition to lecturing, in Berlin Goldman is preoc-
cupied with schemes to earn money — a CBS radio
broadcast to America, for which Berkman works up
themes; a German translation of her autobiography;
and German translation projects for Berkman.

Goldman speaks to a well-attended meeting of
the League for Human Rights on “Crime and Punish-
ment in America,” confining herself to political and
labor cases; to the Gilde freiheitlicher Bucherfreunde
on “The Drama as a Social and Educational Factor”;
to the Anarcho-Syndikalistischer Frauenbund on “The
Child and Its Enemy”; and to a FAUD meeting on “Is
the Spirit of Destruction a Constructive Spirit?” She
also speaks in Oberschoneweide and Potsdam.

March 11-12

The second leg of Goldman’s tour begins with two
successful meetings in Breslau (now Wroclaw,
Poland) — a lecture to FAUD members on the
American labor movement and a public meeting of
the Gilde freiheitlicher Bucherfreunde.

March 14-23

The tour continues with two meetings in Dresden and
Leipzig, and further engagements in Naumburg,
Zella-Mehlis, Erfurt, and Sommerda.

March 24-April 10

Back in Berlin, Goldman continues to solicit the
interest of American publishing houses in translations
of German and Russian works for Berkman.

Lectures to the Women’s International League
for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) on “Woman’s
Achievement in the United States”; and to the women
of the FAUD.

April 11-13

In Denmark, Goldman lectures in German at the
student union in Copenhagen under the auspices of
the Society for the Defense of Personal Liberty on

“Social Problems in a Contemporary Light”; in
Odense; and in Aarhus to a large and enthusiastic
audience on the effects of prohibition in the United
States.

April 16-18

Goldman in Oslo, her first visit to Norway, where she
has “three wonderful meetings.” One lecture is
canceled by the Communist-controlled student
association, which objects to her criticism of the
Soviet Union.

April 20

In Stockholm, Sweden, Goldman lectures on the
Mooney-Billings case.

April 22

Arrives back in Berlin, where she learns that CBS has
canceled her planned radio broadcast, fearing that it
will be interpreted as an effort on her part to reenter
the United States.

April 25-May 15

On the last leg of her German tour — through Bavaria,
Baden-Wurttemberg, and Hessen— all meetings are
sponsored by the FAUD. She lectures in Schweinfurt,
Fiirth, Nuremberg, Stuttgart, Heilbronn, Goppingen,
Ulm, Offenbach, Darmstadt, Mannheim, and
Ludwigshafen. Among her lecture topics are “Birth
Control,” “The American Labor Movement,” “Art
and Revolution,” and “Women’s Role in the Russian
Revolution.”

May 17-Deceinber

Goldman returns to St. Tropez on May 17, exhausted
from her lecture tour, which earned her little income;
spends much of the rest of the summer trying unsuc-
cessfully to interest American publishers in transla-
tions of three Malik Verlag books, and German and
Swedish publishers in translating her autobiography.
She is assisted financially by her brothers Morris and
Henman, the latter contacting her for the first time in
years.

Among Goldman’s visitors in St. Tropez are
Modest Stein, who contributes to Goldman and
Berkman’s economic survival; Henry Alsberg; Harry
T. Moore, biographer of D. H. Lawrence; and artists
Edmund and Alice Kinzinger.

Goldman starts making plans for the coming
winter; she considers a visit to Spain to collect
material for articles and possibly for a book, and

CHRONOLOGY

1933

writes Federica Montseny in Barcelona, asking her
advice; Montseny encourages her to come. She also
considers another lecture tour, for which initially
German and Dutch comrades express enthusiasm. In
November she determines to lecture in Holland in the
new year, but the German comrades discourage a tour
due to lack of funds — only the Berlin and Dresden
branches of W1LPF offer definite bookings.

July 22

Errico Malatesta dies.

October 20

Living My Life published by Duckworth in London;
Goldman is appalled at the high price of two guineas.
Because of low sales, within a month the price is
reduced in hopes that good reviews will spur library
sales.

November 8

Franklin D. Roosevelt elected president of the United
States.

December 17

Goldman leaves St. Tropez, arriving the following
day in Paris, which she finds the perfect antidote to
the loneliness and drudgery of her last seven months.

1933

January 10-13

Goldman travels from Paris to the Netherlands via
Reims, Brussels, and Antwerp.

January 13-23

Goldman’s lecture tour of the Netherlands takes her
to The Hague, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Utrecht, and
Hengelo; she speaks on “Dictatorship, the Modern
Religious Hysteria.”

January 24

In London, Goldman begins her stay with a dizzying
week of welcome meetings and dinners with political
associates and old friends, including Paul Robeson
and Emily Holmes Coleman; prepares her British
lecture series.

January 30

Hitler becomes chancellor of Germany.

February-March

Goldman tries to interest London publishers in
Berkman’s proposed translations of German and
Russian books.

February 4-16

Goldman’s vacation in Bristol at the home of English
friends Thomas and Nell Lavers includes informal
meetings with local anarchists.

February 16-22

Delivers four well-received lectures in South Wales,
including “Crime and Punishment” and “The Spirit of
Destruction and Construction.”

February 24

Lectures in London on “Constructive Revolution.”

March

After fire destroys the Reichstag building in Berlin on
Feb. 27, the Nazis move to consolidate their power;
Communist deputies are arrested, opposition meetings
broken up, speakers assaulted, and newspapers
suppressed.

Goldman’s attempts to organize a mass meeting
in London to protest the Nazi takeover ultimately fail
because she insists on denouncing dictatorship in the
Soviet Union as well, a position that alienates many
on the British Left.

At the end of the month Rudolf and Milly Rocker
arrive in London, exiles from Hitler’s Germany.

March 1

“An Anarchist Looks at Life” is Goldman’s subject at
Foyle’s literary luncheon attended by six hundred;
Paul Robeson sings and proposes a vote of thanks,
seconded by Rebecca West.

March 4-5

Goldman acts as a delegate to the International Anti-
War Congress, London; finds the congress dominated
by Communists.

April 3-10

Gives three lectures in Bristol, including “Modern
Trends in Education” and “Dictatorship — A Modern
Religious Hysteria.”

1933

CHRONOLOGY

May-June

Before returning to St. Tropez for the summer,
Goldman is reunited in Paris with Mollie Steimer,
Senya Fleshin, and Alexander Schapiro, who have
escaped from Berlin. Visitors at Bon Esprit include
American liberal Mabel Carver Crouch and Rudolf
and Milly Rocker.

Goldman begins considering a tour of Canada in
early 1934, after Rocker has completed his projected
tour of Canada and the United States.

July-August

Goldman solicits fall lecture dates in both Canada and
England.

October

Mabel Carver Crouch works furiously for Goldman’s
readmission to the United States, organizing a
committee and soliciting the help of lawyers and
others with contacts in the new administration in
Washington, D.C.

Toronto anarchists pledge funds to pay for
Goldman’s passage to Canada.

November 1-16

In Paris, at a Yiddish meeting she addresses on Nov.

1 1 , she learns from German refugees about the
growing horrors in Nazi Germany.

November 17-24

Lecture tour of the Netherlands meets with mixed
success: Goldman lectures in Hilversum and
Amsterdam on Living My Life, but her lecture in
Rotterdam on dictatorship is prohibited. Under
surveillance throughout the trip, she is arrested at
Appeldom on Nov. 23 and expelled from the country
the following day.

December

Roger Baldwin works with the U.S. immigration
authorities, attempting to secure a visa for Goldman,
while the committee organized by Mabel Carver
Crouch issues a formal invitation to Goldman to visit
the United States. Commissioner of Immigration
Daniel W. MacCormack advises Baldwin that it is
Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins who has the legal
right to admit Goldman.

Goldman leaves France for Canada; she arrives
in Toronto on Dec. 1 5, where she applies for a visa at
the U.S. consulate for a proposed three-month lecture
tour.

Goldman is offered, but declines, a large sum to
appear in vaudeville theaters in the United States.

1934

January

U.S. Department of Labor approves a three-month
visa, effective Feb. 1, for Goldman to lecture on
nonpolitical subjects, which may include Living My
Life under the category of literature. Once word of
her tour leaks out, many lecture agencies in the
United States offer their services.

Goldman’s brother Morris suffers a mild heart
attack.

January 15-31

Goldman gives a well-attended series of lectures at
Hygeia Hall in Toronto; her topics include
“Germany’s Tragedy and the Forces That Brought It
About,” “Hitler and His Cohorts,” “The Collapse of
German Culture,” and “Dictatorship Right and Left —
a Religious Hysteria.” A talk to a Jewish meeting
also raises money for anarchists forced to flee
repression in Nazi Germany.

February

Goldman stops to visit relatives in Rochester, N.Y.,
before arriving Feb. 2 in New York City, where she is
mobbed by reporters and photographers at Pennsylva-
nia Station and the Hotel Astor. Overwhelmed by the
demands on her time, she is nevertheless pleased and
surprised by the warmth of the reception. The major
exception is the hostility of the Communists toward
her.

February 6

“Welcome home” dinner meeting at Town Hall, New
York City, is oversubscribed: a thousand people apply
for the 350 tickets.

February 10

Goldman speaks at a Yiddish meeting at the Cooper
Union organized by the Jewish Anarchist Federation,
the Arbeiter Ring, and several unions.

February 1 1

Goldman speaks on Kropotkin’s life and work at John
Haynes Holmes’s Community Church services at
Town Hall; the lecture draws a huge audience, and
more than a thousand people are turned away.

100

CHRONOLOGY

1934

February 13-28

Goldman’s lectures on Living My Life under the
auspices of the Pond lecture bureau draw disappoint-
ingly small crowds; she chafes under the Labor
Department’s restrictions on the subjects she may
address, especially as questions from the audience are
almost invariably about the current world situation,
which she is forbidden to discuss; grows critical of
Pond’s management of her tour.

She speaks three times in New York, and in
Boston, Washington, D.C., and Philadelphia.

At the end of the month Goldman’s attorney
appeals to the secretary of labor to lift the restriction
on her public utterances and allow her to address
contemporary affairs.

March

Generally dismal response to Goldman’s lectures
outside New York continues in Newark, N.J., where
she lectures to the Essex County Socialist party on
“The Menace of Reaction” on March 1 and in
Baltimore on “The Collapse of German Culture” on
March 4 where she also attends the “War and the
Student” conference at Johns Hopkins University.
Only the meetings organized by Goldman’s anarchist
associates are successful— a luncheon and lecture
organized by the Jewish anarchists in Philadelphia on
March 2 and a lecture on “The Drama of Europe” at
Webster Hall, New York City, on March 5 that draws
an audience of twelve hundred. The money Goldman
raises at the latter function she pledges to the Van-
guard and Freedom groups to publish a pamphlet on
the CNT in Spain.

Goldman grows increasingly frustrated with the
efforts of the Pond Bureau, complaining that the
theaters booked for her lectures are too large, that
ticket prices are too high, and that advertising is
misdirected. By contrast, publicist Ann Lord’s
advance work for Goldman’s lectures, directed
especially to Goldman’s anarchist associates and the
Yiddish Left, improves the overall audience turnout.

Goldman pins her hopes for a successful tour on
obtaining an extension of her visa, which Roger
Baldwin pursues in Washington, D.C.

March 10

Goldman’s lecture in New Haven on Living My Life
and “Today’s International Problems” attracts only a
small audience.

March 15-20

On a whirlwind visit to her former home town,
Rochester, N.Y., on March 17, Goldman addresses
members of the City Club, one of her most successful
meetings since the opening week of the tour.

The first part of Goldman’s tour of the Midwest
meets with mixed success: disappointing turnouts in
Toledo on March 19 and Cleveland on March 20,
though eight hundred attend her March 1 8 lecture in
Detroit.

March 21-April 2

Goldman’s five lectures in Chicago, organized by her
political associates, are the most successful of her
tour; sixteen hundred attend the lecture under the
auspices of the Free Society Forum on March 22,
twelve hundred at the University of Chicago on
March 23, and a thousand at Northwestern University
on March 26. Fifteen hundred attend a banquet in her
honor at the Medinah Hotel on March 28. The
warmth of the reception boosts her morale and
convinces her that her ideas still have an audience.

In Chicago she meets new comrades who become
valued friends, especially Jeanne and Jay Levey, and
Frank Heiner, a blind sociology graduate student at
the University of Chicago, who impresses Goldman
as a promising anarchist leader.

Goldman also lectures twice in Wisconsin, on
March 24 in Milwaukee, an afternoon meeting that
draws only a small audience, and at the University of
Wisconsin at Madison on March 27.

April 3-9

Goldman visits St. Louis, where the receipts for her
April 5 lecture on “The Collapse of German Culture”
fail to cover the rental expenses for the large hall.

Her brother Morris and his wife Babsie visit
Goldman in St. Louis.

April 10-20

Goldman’s lectures on the last leg of her tour con-
tinue to meet with mixed success despite the advance
work of Ann Lord.

In Pittsburgh on April 1 1 she draws eight
hundred people; in Rochester, seven hundred, where
she lectures under the auspices of the Rochester
branch of the National Council of Jewish Women on
April 15; the turnouts in Buffalo on April 16 and
Albany on April 1 8, by contrast, are disappointing,
though the Yiddish meetings in those cities are
comparatively successful.

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April 21-30

Goldman’s last days in New York are occupied by
visits with friends, families, and political associates.

On April 25 she speaks at Dana College in
Newark, N.J.

Farewell gatherings include one at Webster Hall
on April 26 and a luncheon sponsored by the Freie
Arbeiter Stimme on April 29.

Goldman leaves New York for Canada on April
30. Though her lecture tour brings her little financial
reward, in the course of it she raises over $ 1 ,000 for
the political prisoners in and refugees from Russia
and Germany.

May

Fatigued from her tour of the Unites States but with
the continuing assistance of Ann Lord, Goldman
spends the first three weeks of the month in Montreal
organizing and delivering lectures. Despite her
disappointment over the failure of her tour, Goldman
feels more acutely than ever the pain of her exile from
the United States.

FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover writes to the
attorney general asserting that Goldman violated the
agreement on which she entered the country, thus
jeopardizing her chances of return.

Following on the heels of Rudolf Rocker’s U.S.
and Canadian lecture tour, Goldman continues her
efforts to find an American publisher for his manu-
script “Nationalism and Culture”; Berkman begins
translating it, after he finishes drafting ideas for the
articles that the American Mercury, Harper ’s, the
Nation, and Redbook have commissioned Goldman to
write.

Through correspondence with her new protege
Frank Heiner about anarchism and its prospects, their
relationship grows more intimate.

May 14-21

Goldman’s lectures in Montreal draw audiences of
three to four hundred: she speaks on Hitler and
Nazism, “The Collapse of German Culture,” and
Living My Life , as well as lecturing in Yiddish on
May 2 1 .

May 22-31

Back in Toronto, Goldman finds an apartment; after a
disappointing lecture on the New Deal on May 28 she
determines to curtail her public speaking and concen-
trate on writing.

June

Goldman has difficulty settling down to write
especially without Berkman’s editorial assistance;
Redbook rejects the article she submits about her
impressions of the United States.

Goldman finds Toronto dull and feels starved for
intellectual companionship; she urges her American
friends and comrades to visit over the summer.

Goldman’s affection for Heiner grows as does
her anticipation of his visit; she expects him to
become an important force in the American anarchist
movement.

June 27

Goldman celebrates her sixty-fifth birthday in
Toronto with a party attended by forty friends.

June 30

Erich Mtihsam, German anarchist poet, dies in a Nazi
concentration camp.

July

The American Mercury accepts Goldman’s article,
“Communism: Bolshevist and Anarchist, A Compari-
son,” which it publishes — to Goldman’s disgust — in a
truncated form as “There is No Communism in
Russia” in April 1935, violating the spirit of the
original article. Harper’s rejects her article “The
Individual, Society, and the State”; unwilling to revise
it, she submits instead the article about her U.S. visit
that Redbook rejected. She finishes writing “The
Tragedy of the Political Exiles,” which the Nation
accepts.

Goldman hosts a gathering of young people with
the aim of starting an anarchist group in Toronto and
meets with them weekly throughout the summer.

Among her visitors are Jeanne and Jay Levey
from Chicago and her brother Herman and his son
Allan.

Berkman’s health and mental state decline while
translating Rocker’s manuscript.

July 16

San Francisco general strike, the first general strike in
U.S. history, begins in support of twelve thousand
striking International Longshoremen’s Association
members.

July 25

Nestor Makhno, Ukrainian anarchist leader, dies in
exile in Paris.

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1934

August

Goldman’s sister Lena and her family visit.

The weekly gatherings of young people at her
apartment continue; Goldman finds it hard to disabuse
them of their attachment to the state or dictatorship
and is pessimistic about making any new converts.

Goldman hatches a scheme to get Berkman a
Lithuanian passport so he can at least travel to
Canada.

August 10-11

Anarchist conference at Stelton, N.J., organized to
discuss the creation of an English-language anarchist
weekly; Goldman contributes in writing her ideas on
anarchists building alliances with other groups.

August 18

Frank Heiner arrives and stays with Goldman until the
beginning of September; they become lovers.

August 23

Goldman presides over a poorly attended meeting at
Hygeia Hall organized by the Libertarian Groups of
Toronto to commemorate the seventh anniversary of
the executions of Sacco and Vanzetti; Heiner also
speaks at the meeting.

September

Goldman misses Heiner after he returns to the United
States, and hopes that Roger Baldwin will be success-
ful in his efforts in Washington to gain a U.S. visa for
her.

Works hard writing the lectures for the following
month.

Submits “Was My Life Worth Living?” to
Harper ’s; later it was accepted for publication.

September 25

Lectures to a Jewish women’s organization in
Toronto on “The New Approach to the Child.”

October

Goldman delivers a series of eight lectures at
Forester’s Hall, Toronto, on literary and political
topics, including George Bernard Shaw, munitions
manufacturers, Russian literature since the revolution,
and German literature and the Nazi book-burnings.
Attendance is very disappointing, and Goldman
worries about financial survival if refused permission
to reenter the United States; considers the possibility
of dramatizing Living My Life for theater or film.

She is concerned about her brother Morris who
suffers repeated heart attacks.

Of five other meetings during the month, only a
lecture to a mostly unemployed workers’ organization
on “The American Labor Movement and the General
Strike” on Oct. 2 gives her much satisfaction; even a
free anarchist meeting on Oct. 3 1 fails to draw a good
crowd.

Roger Baldwin discusses Goldman’s application
for a new U.S. visa — and Rudolf Rocker’s application
for an extension of his stay — with the authorities in
Washington, who advise him that at present they
would deny Goldman’s request; only Rocker’s
application is approved.

October 5-18

The uprising in the mining districts of Asturias, Spain,
is followed by severe repression; thousands of miners
are executed, thousands more tortured, and thirty to
forty thousand are imprisoned.

November

Goldman decides to stay in Canada until the spring in
the hope of reentering the United States and seeing
Heiner again.

Goldman is more sanguine about her work in
Toronto: she sees promise in the small group of
comrades — especially Dorothy Rogers and Ahme
Thomberg [as Ahme Thome, later the editor of the
Freie Arbeiter Stimme ] — and is gratified by the
circular against war and fascism they publish at the
end of the month.

After farewell parties in Toronto, Goldman
travels to Montreal, where she discovers little
preparatory work has been done for her lectures.

Jeanne Levey informs Goldman that she is
discreetly raising a fund to support her and, if
necessary, pay her passage back to Europe.

November 12-December 1 1

Goldman’s lectures at the Windsor Hotel and the
YMCA in Montreal include topics such as George
Bernard Shaw, the individual in society, and a
comparison of Bolshevik and anarchist communism.
Again the lectures are not well attended; furthermore,
a Quebec law prohibits Goldman from selling or
distributing literature at her meetings unless it is first
submitted to the police, a condition she refuses to
accept.

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1934

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After a promising start, neither the Yiddish
meetings nor the English meetings Goldman ad-
dresses are well attended, so she determines to
organize a series for the new year on a subscription
basis instead.

December

Harper’s publishes Goldman’s “Was My Life Worth
Living?”

Roger Baldwin advises Goldman that in the
current atmosphere of hostility toward alien radicals
she is unlikely to be granted a U.S. visa.

December 12

Goldman’s brother Herman dies.

1935

January

In Canada, Goldman is absorbed writing lectures with
the hope that a new lecture series and published
articles will provide a meager livelihood, as well as
spread anarchist ideas. She considers writing a book
of portraits of famous people she has known, an idea
first suggested by Frank Heiner. She suggests that the
sustaining fund Jeanne Levey is helping to raise might
be designated to support its writing.

After a disappointing turnout for her Jan. 1 7
lecture on moral censorship of current films Goldman
cancels further lectures; by contrast, talks to Jewish
audiences — the Temple Emanu-El adult school on
Jan. 7, the second meeting arranged by Rabbi Harry
Stem, and the women’s branch of the Arbeiter Ring
on Jan. 1 2 — are well received and buoy her spirits.

January 9-March 13

Goldman’s ten-week lecture series on drama and
literature at the Central YMCA in Montreal includes
lectures on Russian and Soviet drama, German
literary works destroyed by the Nazis, and American
drama, especially Eugene O’Neill. Only fifty people
subscribe for the series, and few others attend.

February

Goldman’s four lectures in Yiddish this month
continue to be her most successful in Montreal,
drawing an audience of two hundred when she speaks
on “the element of sex in unmarried people” on Feb. 1

and raising some money for the first time in Montreal
when she speaks again to the women’s branch of the
Arbeiter Ring on Feb. 17.

Goldman decides to return to France in the spring
after receiving further discouraging reports from
friends who have met with Labor Department
officials in Washington, D.C., about chances for
readmission.

As other possibilities close, Goldman looks
increasingly to her proposed book venture as a means
of support; she also pursues the idea of a sustaining
fund as she inquires about receiving an advance from
a publisher.

March

Two further lectures to Jewish groups — on “Crime
and Punishment” on March 4 and birth control on
March 1 5 — and the last in her drama series conclude
Goldman’s lectures in Montreal; she returns to
Toronto on March 17.

Goldman speaks at two Yiddish meetings in
Toronto at the end of the month, one a lecture, the
other a seventieth birthday celebration for Chaim
Zhitlovsky, the exiled Russian revolutionary.

By the end of the month a formal committee to
raise a “Sustaining Fund for Emma Goldman” is
organized in New York by her niece Stella Ballantine
and Roger Baldwin, and three hundred fund-raising
letters solicit $3,000 in contributions to support
Goldman while she is writing a book; Jeanne Levey
helps with the appeal from Chicago.

Goldman grows increasingly concerned about
Berkman’s financial condition and raises emergency
funds for him and Emmy Eckstein.

March I9-April 9

Goldman delivers a series of four lectures at
Toronto’s Hygeia Hall organized by a group of young
anarchists; she speaks on “The Element of Sex in
Life,” “Youth in Revolt,” “The Tragedy of the
Modem Woman,” and “Crime and Punishment.”

April

In her last month in Canada Goldman speaks in
Hamilton, Ontario, under the auspices of the National
Council of Jewish Women on April 11, and twice in
Toronto, on “Youth in Revolt” to a branch of the
Arbeiter Ring on April 14, and on birth control at
Hygeia Hall on April 16, after meeting with the head
of a Toronto birth control clinic.

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1935

Harper’s rejects Goldman’s suggestion that she
write a monthly column about the European situation.

The effort to aid Berkman is formalized with the
creation in New York of the Alexander Berkman
Provisional Committee which plans fund-raising
events to celebrate the anniversary of his release from
prison and his upcoming sixty-fifth birthday.

April 15

Goldman attends a farewell dinner in her honor in
Toronto that raises $95 toward her sustaining fund.

April 22

Goldman returns to Montreal where her niece Stella
Ballantine visits her on April 26.

May 2

Telegrams of tribute greet Goldman at a farewell
event hosted by Rabbi Stern of Montreal.

May 4-14

Goldman sails from Canada to Le Havre, France; she
reaches Paris on May 15.

May 18

Goldman arrives back in St. Tropez in time to
celebrate the anniversary of Berkman’s release from
prison in 1906; she finds him in better health than she
expected.

June

Relations between Goldman, Berkman, and his
companion Emmy Eckstein are surprisingly harmoni-
ous given that the three are living in close proximity
at Goldman’s cottage in St. Tropez.

The serenity is disrupted by the news of Rudolf
Rocker’s dissatisfaction with Berkman’s translation
and editing of Rocker’s book and his decision to
abandon the project.

Goldman receives reports of the progress of the
fund-raising appeal that ultimately brings over
$1,000.

Begins mobilizing anarchist writers and editors
of the movement’s press — for example. Rocker,
Nettlau, and Albert de Jong — to publish articles to
mark Berkman’s sixty-fifth birthday in November.

July

As the weeks pass, Goldman grows restless without
an outlet for political activity and wonders whether
returning to France was wise, especially as she is

even further away from Frank Heiner. She weighs
her options for the fall and winter, and considers
returning to Canada or lecturing in England.

Relations between Goldman and Eckstein
deteriorate to the point that they can no longer live in
the same place; at the end of the month Goldman goes
to Nice with Berkman and visits Nellie Harris; on
Goldman’s return Eckstein leaves St. Tropez.

August

Among Goldman’s visitors this month in St. Tropez
are Ben Reitman’s son Brutus and Dutch friends Dien
and Tom Meelis from Toronto.

In the middle of the month Berkman returns to
Eckstein in Nice; once apart, Goldman and Berkman
are able to discuss their differences and their disap-
pointment with each other’s attitude after a long
separation.

September

Mollie Steimer and Senya Fleshin from Paris and
Modest Stein from New York visit Bon Esprit.

At the end of the month Goldman begins
organizing her papers, manuscripts, lecture notes, and
letters before she leaves Bon Esprit for the winter.

Emmy Eckstein reports that Berkman is weak
and tires quickly, though he edits Goldman’s “Two
Communisms: Bolshevist and Anarchist.”

October

Berkman helps Goldman to organize her papers and
writes letters to publishers on her behalf asking for
review copies of books to use in her upcoming lecture
tour of England.

October 3

Italian troops invade Ethiopia, prompting League of
Nations sanctions against Italy.

October 19-November 14

Goldman stays in Paris, visiting friends and political
associates, including Jacob Abrams, who encourages
her to lecture in Mexico. While there she learns that
Berkman’s weakness may be attributable to prostate
trouble.

November 14-27

After traveling to London, where she plans to make
her home for the winter, Goldman begins a series of
lectures on Nov. 21 with “Traders in Death” to an

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1935

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audience of about one hundred at the National Trade
Union Club. She follows this with “Mussolini, Hitler
and Stalin” at a packed meeting at Workers’ Circle
House, where she is heckled by Communists, and
“Fallacies of Political Action” at Broadway Congre-
gational Hall, Hammersmith.

December

In Leeds on Dec. 1 Goldman gives such a highly
successful lecture on German literature to the
Workers’ Circle that the members ask for other dates.

In Plymouth Goldman speaks to the Tamaritans
on Dec. 7 on “The Soviet Theatre.” The success of
her lectures on political topics surprises her. Six
hundred people — the largest meeting she has ever had
in England— attend her lecture on “Mussolini, Hitler,
and Stalin” on Dec. 9, though two subsequent lectures
draw smaller crowds.

1936

January

Goldman begins a lecture tour, hopeful that she can
establish a lecture base in London for six to eight
months a year and spend the summers in St. Tropez.
The death of King George V on Jan. 20, however,
plunges the country into mourning, resulting in poor
attendance at her lectures.

Deaths of Louise Bryant, journalist and compan-
ion of the late John Reed, and Dr. William Robinson,
early birth control advocate in the United States.

January 5

Lectures to the Leicester Secular Society on “Traders
in Death (The International Munitions Clique).”

January 19

Lectures to the Southend Labour League of Youth on
“Youth in Revolt.”

January 20-30

Goldman gives three lectures in London. The first, at
the Workers Circle House on “The Two
Communisms (Bolshevist and Anarchist — A
Parallel),” is disrupted by Communists. She also
lectures on “Russian Literature” at the National Trade
Union Club, and on “Mussolini, Hitler and Stalin
(How Far Do Their Common Methods Lead To
Similar Results?)” in Hammersmith.

February

Goldman considers publishing a new book of essays
drawn from her recent lectures, not only as a source
of income but also to appease contributors to the
Emma Goldman Publication Fund established to
enable her to write another book.

Jeanne Levey organizes the publication of twelve
thousand copies of “The Place of the Individual in the
Society” in pamphlet form to raise additional funds.

Berkman has a prostate operation in Nice,
unbeknownst to Goldman. Later in the month, Emmy
Eckstein enters the hospital for gastrointestinal
observation. Berkman has a second prostate opera-
tion the following month. Goldman learns of their
condition while completing her scheduled lectures.

February 17-23

Goldman’s three lectures in Plymouth draw enthusi-
astic audiences, though at the last she is heckled by
local Communists.

February 28

Goldman lectures again to the Workers Circle in
London.

March

Goldman’s friendship with Eslanda and Paul Robeson
deepens, as does her friendship with her new admirer
and benefactor, Shloime Sutton. Garden City
Publishing Company prints a cheaper edition of
Living My Life after purchasing the rights from
Knopf.

March 7

Germany remilitarizes the Rhineland in direct
contravention of the Treaty of Versailles.

March 8

Goldman lectures again to the Leicester Secular
Society.

March 15

Speaks on “The Russian Theatre” to a thousand
members of the Coventry Repertory Circle, one of the
most successful meetings she has ever had in En-
gland.

March 19

Goldman’s lecture in Hammersmith, London, on
“Anarchism (What It Really Stands For)” is sparsely
attended.

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1936

March 25-27

Goldman delivers three lectures to miners in South
Wales — at Mountain Ash, Ystradgynlais, and
Aberdare — sponsored by the National Council of
Labour Colleges. Her lectures on “Mussolini and
Hitler” and on “The Two Communisms” are surpris-
ingly well received, as it is the first time that the
Labour Colleges had provided a hearing for anar-
chism and a critique of Soviet Russia.

March 31

Goldman lectures on Living My Life at Conway Hall,
London.

April

Goldman leaves London, arriving in Nice on April 6.
Berkman is still hospitalized; in spite of Emmy
Eckstein’s worsening health, the two women visit him
daily.

Goldman writes to drama organizations in Britain
and places advertisements in drama publications,
soliciting lecture dates for the fall: she offers to speak
on Eugene O’Neill, Clifford Odets, and other contem-
porary playwrights, as well as on “Soviet Literature,
Its Struggle and Its Promise.”

May 27

Berkman is released from the hospital and returns to
his domestic life with Emmy Eckstein and Goldman
in Nice.

June

Goldman returns to St. Tropez for the summer, unable
to bear the building tension between her and Emmy
Eckstein; she determines to sell Bon Esprit and
advertises it for rent with an option to purchase.

Berkman — whose recovery is slow — discovers
that, for the first time, his residency papers have been
renewed for a whole year.

June 27

Goldman celebrates her sixty-seventh birthday with
visiting American anarchist and benefactor Michael
Cohn and his family. Too ill to celebrate with her,
Berkman telephones in the afternoon.

June 28

In the early hours, unable to endure the physical pain,
Berkman shoots himself; the bullet lodges in his
spinal column, paralyzing him. Goldman rushes to
Nice to be at his side. He sinks into a coma in the
afternoon and dies at 10 p.m.

June 30

Berkman is buried in Nice.

July

Grief-stricken, Goldman tries to fulfill Berkman’s
charge that she take care of Emmy, who is impaired
by her continuing illness.

Memorial meetings for Berkman are held in New
York City, organized by the Freie Arbeiter Stimme; at
Mohegan Colony, N.Y.; and in Paris.

July 19

Spanish civil war begins.

August

Mollie Steimer and Senya Fleshin arrive in St. Tropez
to comfort Goldman during her worst period of grief
and psychological depression. Her spirits are lifted
by Augustin Souchy’s invitation to Barcelona to work
for the foreign-language press office of the
Confederation Nacional del Trabajo-Federacion
Anarquista Iberica (CNT-FAI).

Convicted of high treason in the first of the
Moscow show trials, the old Bolsheviks Kamenev and
Zinoviev are executed.

August 5

James Colton, the man Goldman married in 1925 to
establish British citizenship, dies of cancer.

September 15

Goldman leaves St. Tropez for Spain.

September 16-December 10

Based in Barcelona, the anarchist stronghold in
Catalonia, Goldman helps to write the English-
language edition of the CNT-FAI’s information
bulletin, visits collectivized farms and factories, and
travels to the Aragon front, Valencia, and Madrid.

She spends the first weeks working closely with
Russian-born anarchist Martin Gudell of the CNT-
FAI’ s Foreign Propaganda Department and broad-

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1936

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casts two English-language radio addresses; Goldman
hopes to conduct publicity from Barcelona, as she
does not want to leave Spain.

October

Visits the Aragon front for two days where she is
honored to meet Buenaventura Durruti, a leading FAI
activist and militia commander.

October 18

Goldman addresses a mass meeting of sixteen
thousand people organized by the FAI youth in
Barcelona.

October 20-26

In Valencia, with German exiles Anita and Hanns-
Erich Kaminski, Goldman tours collectivized villages
and farms.

November

Increasingly aware of how her inability to speak
Spanish hinders her work in Spain, Goldman plans to
shift to publicity work and fund raising in Great
Britain or the United States, where she could make a
greater contribution.

The threat of Nationalist forces to Madrid
prompts the government to relocate to Valencia on
November 7.

November 3

The CNT joins the Largo Caballero government,
accepting four ministries. While recognizing the
paramount need to fight the fascists, Goldman is
troubled by the CNT-FAI’s direction, especially its
decision to join the government and effectively align
itself with pro-Soviet forces. In her correspondence
with close friends, Goldman is highly critical of the
collaborative direction of the CNT, while publicly she
remains supportive.

November 19

Durruti is shot by an unknown gunman during the
defense of Madrid; his funeral in Barcelona on Nov.
22 draws hundreds of thousands of mourners.

December

Goldman is named official representative in London
of the CNT-FAI and of the Generalitat of Catalonia.

December 10

Leaves Barcelona for Paris with the Kaminskis,
arriving on Dec. 14.

December 23

Goldman arrives in London and finds the propaganda
bureau of the Generalitat in a shambles. Vernon
Richards’s twice-monthly Spain and the World
appears to be Goldman’s most reliable vehicle for
communicating about the conditions and aspirations
of the Spanish anarchists.

1937

January

Begins organizing publicity campaign about the
Spanish revolution, including planning mass meetings
in London and the provinces, but is hampered by poor
communication with and lack of urgency among key
anarchist leaders in Barcelona.

Aside from the London anarchists, Goldman
finds allies among leading members of the Indepen-
dent Labour Party (ILP), including Fenner Brockway
and especially writer Ethel Mannin, who becomes a
close friend. The first fruit of this alliance is
Goldman’s joining forces with a broad English
coalition sympathetic to the Republican cause to
mount an exhibition in February of photographs,
cartoons, posters, and pamphlets from Spain.

The death on Jan. 1 of Commissioner of Immi-
gration Daniel W. MacCormack threatens to weaken
the confidence built up in the Department of Labor
and delay any chance of Goldman’s return to the
United States.

January 18

Goldman speaks on “The Spanish Revolution and the
CNT-FAI” at a large meeting chaired by Ethel
Mannin in London.

January 31

Lectures on Spain in Plymouth.

February 8

Malaga falls to Franco’s forces.

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1937

February 13-14

In Glasgow, Goldman meets with local anarchists at
the home of Frank Leech, secretary of the Anti-
Parliamentary Communist Federation. On Feb. 14
she speaks in Glasgow to an audience of six hundred
on “The Part of the CNT-FAI in the Spanish Revolu-
tion” in the afternoon; and in Paisley on “The CNT-
FAI and Collectivisation” in the evening.

February 19

Goldman and Ethel Mannin speak on “The Relation
of the Church in Spain with Fascism,” at Friends
House, London, under joint auspices of the CNT-FAI
London Committee and the ILP.

February 28

With Ethel Mannin, Goldman speaks on Spain in
Bristol.

March

Disappointed by the financial failure of the Spanish
exhibition that opened Feb. 20, Goldman begins
organizing a benefit performance in London for the
refugee women and children in Spain.

March 1 1

Gudell notifies Goldman of the establishment of a
new committee composed of members from the CNT
and the FAI to handle all foreign propaganda matters,
in order to alleviate inefficiency caused by the
personal and political rivalry between Souchy and
Rudiger over propaganda.

March 31

Goldman lectures on Spain at a meeting in East
London.

April

In her correspondence with the Spanish comrades
Goldman criticizes the CNT for collaborating with the
Communists and accepting Soviet support; publicly
she remains an unwavering supporter.

April 4

In Bristol Goldman speaks in the afternoon to a
conference of ILP delegates and in the evening on
“The Relation of the Church in Spain with Fascism”
at a meeting arranged by the local ILP.

April 25

The benefit concert for the Spanish refugees, which
Goldman has worked frantically to produce, takes
place at Victoria Palace. With Paul Robeson’s
performance, it is an artistic success but raises less
money than Goldman had hoped.

April 28

Manchester Guardian publishes Goldman’s letter
criticizing its report that Catalonia had contributed
little to the defense of Madrid.

May I

Sixty thousand people take part in a May Day
demonstration and march that includes anarchists for
the first time in thirty years. Under the auspices of
the London Committee of the CNT-FAI, Goldman
speaks at the conclusion of the march in Hyde Park.

May 3-7

The “May events” in Barcelona pit rank-and-file
anarchists and members of Partido Obrero de
Unificacion Marxista (POUM) against Catalan
government troops in armed clashes after assault
guards attempt to take over the CNT-controlled
telephone exchange; anarchist workers interpret this
action as the beginning of an attempt by Moscow-
aligned forces to suppress the anarchists and destroy
the social revolution in Spain; CNT-FAI leaders, by
contrast, are less alarmed by the actions and, rather
than fight, call for a cease-fire. The Republican
government dispatches troops from Valencia, but by
their arrival on May 7, resistance has virtually
collapsed.

May 17

The Largo Caballero government is replaced by a
government led by Juan Negrin that excludes the
CNT and reflects an increase in Communist influ-
ence.

May 23

Goldman speaks on the Spanish revolution in Nor-
wich at a well-attended meeting sponsored by the
Norwich Freedom Group, the ILP, and the Labour
League of Youth.

June 4

Goldman and Fenner Brockway speak on “Conditions
in Spain” in London.

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July

Goldman writes the introduction to a new commemo-
rative edition of Berkman’s/lZ?C of Anarchism to be
published by the Freie Arbeit er Stimme.

Views “Fury Over Spain,” a film by American
Louis Frank; considers organizing a public showing
of the film to raise funds for Mujeres Litres.

August

In Paris, Goldman is troubled by the violent opposi-
tion among her closest anarchist comrades to the
CNT-FAFs unwillingness to confront the Commu-
nists’ assault on its opponents on the Left and its
undermining of the revolution. Obtains Spanish and
French visas that will enable her to travel to Spain
after all.

On Aug. 21, she travels to Nice and later in the
month to St. Tropez for her final stay at Bon Esprit,
which is sold shortly after her departure for Spain the
following month, temporarily freeing Goldman from
financial worries and allowing her to continue her
work for Spain.

September 15

Goldman leaves Marseille for Valencia.

September 16-November 5

Goldman in Spain, primarily Barcelona: finds the
agricultural and industrial collectives in Catalonia in
better condition than a year before, though overall
conditions in Barcelona are discouraging compared to
Madrid and Valencia, especially for refugee women
and children.

Alarmed by the number of political prisoners
being held by the Republican government, especially
anarchists and POUM members.

Receives promises of support for a more inten-
sive campaign on behalf of the CNT-FAI in England,
including funds for an office and for the publication
of Spain and the World.

September 20-24

Visits Madrid and the front.

September 28

With Souchy, Goldman leaves Valencia for
Barcelona, which comes under bombardment by
Franco’s forces a few days later.

October

Pedro Herrera confirms Goldman’s new role as the
London representative of the SI A (International
Antifascist Solidarity), which was formed during the
summer to provide relief to Spanish refugees and to
promote international solidarity for the Spanish
anarchists.

Goldman’s chances of receiving a U.S. visa are
slim, the commissioner of immigration informs Roger
Baldwin, due to pending legislation and the potential
for adverse publicity.

October 31

Republican government begins move from Valencia
to Barcelona.

November 6-15

Goldman meets and consults with many anarchists in
Paris.

November 16

Returns to London; begins searching for premises for
an S1A office and reading room.

December

Goldman continues her campaign against the impris-
onment of anti-Stalinist leftists and anarchists in
Spain, writing an article on the subject for Spain and
the World and trying to enlist the assistance of
sympathetic members of parliament.

December 8-17

In Paris for the International Working Men’s Associa-
tion (IWMA) Congress at Vazquez’s request: French
comrades, knowing that publicly she is sympathetic to
the CNT-FAI’s policies, try to prevent Goldman from
addressing the Congress because she is not an official
delegate. The Spanish and Swedish delegates prevail
in their attempt to have her speak, and she defends the
CNT-FAI’s actions and the difficult decisions it has
made against criticism from comrades outside Spain.

1938

January

Moves into new offices for the CNT-FAI, SIA, and
Spain and the World in central London, but finds little
enthusiasm for the SIA venture, as numerous anti-
fascist organizations and Spanish aid committees
already exist.

110

CHRONOLOGY

1938

Having read Goldman’s article in December’s
Spain and the World , Vazquez and Herrera warn her
that frequent publicity about political persecution by
the Negrin government and the Communists only
undermines enthusiasm among the international
proletariat for the cause of anti-fascism; Goldman
replies by noting widespread distrust of the Commu-
nists and concern that CNT-FAI tactics have damp-
ened the workers’ general enthusiasm for the revolu-
tion.

Goldman acknowledges that Paul Robeson and
his wife are distancing themselves from her as a result
of their close association with the Communists.

U.S. labor leader Rose Pesotta meets with
Goldman in London; promises to help organize a
committee to obtain a U.S. visa for Goldman.

January 14

Goldman and Ethel Mannin speak on “The Betrayal
of the Spanish People” at a CNT-FAI program in
London; the audience turns against the Communists
when they attempt to break up the meeting.

February

Goldman plans a spring benefit for the SIA; feels
more confident about its prospects when more
individuals agree to serve as sponsors, including art
critic Sir Herbert Read, Laurence Housman, Havelock
Ellis, John Cowper Powys, George Orwell, and
Rebecca West, among others.

Exhibition of drawings by children in Barcelona
schools and lace work by women refugees opens at
the SIA office but draws only a handful of visitors
despite extensive publicity.

First issue of the S.I.A. bulletin is published.

February 20

Goldman speaks at a small meeting arranged by the
ILP in Eastbourne at which Communists in the
audience attack her.

March

Goldman determines to go to Canada in the fall
regardless of the chances of getting a U.S. visa,
convinced that she could do more good for Spain
there than in England.

Goldman writes the preface for a collection of
writings by Camillo Bemeri, the exiled Italian
anarchist intellectual kidnapped and murdered in
Barcelona during the 1937 “May events,” which the
Italian comrades are publishing in his memory.

March 6-13

In Scotland, Goldman lectures on Spain three times in
Glasgow and once in Edinburgh; her topics include
“The Betrayal of the Spanish People” and “The
Constructive Achievements of the CNT-FAI,” but the
meetings are not well attended.

March 9

Franco’s forces, with overwhelming air superiority,
launch a major assault on the Aragon front; the
Republican forces, torn by internal disputes, collapse;
and by Apr. 15 the Nationalists reach the coast,
splitting Republican territory in two.

March 12

German troops occupy Austria; the following day the
Anschluss is proclaimed.

March 19-20

Goldman speaks at a well-attended fund-raising
meeting in Leicester for the SIA; also shows the
Louis Frank film, “Fury over Spain.”

March 24

Large meeting and showing of the Louis Frank film in
Peckham, East London.

April

Herrera calls on Goldman to do all in her power to
prevent the repatriation of the refugee Basque
children (most of their parents are supporters of
Loyalist Spain) from England to Nationalist Spain.

Goldman suffers from shortness of breath,
fainting spells, and general fatigue.

April 10-11

In Liverpool, Goldman speaks on Spain at two
meetings: on the first day to a thousand people at an
ILP-sponsored event; on the second, to a small
gathering of the Workmen’s Circle. Both meetings
are disrupted by Communists.

April 13

“Fascism Is Destroying European Civilisation” is the
theme of a protest meeting in London sponsored by
the CNT-FAI; Goldman makes an appeal for money
for arms — illegal under the terms of the Non-
Intervention Pact.

Ill

1938

CHRONOLOGY

April 23

As a delegate, Goldman attends an all-day National
Conference on Spain in London, which she is
convinced is contrived by the Communist party.

April 29

Literary and musical evening in London for the SIA
draws a small audience and is a financial flop;
Mannin finds Goldman’s militant speech inappropri-
ate to the occasion, organized to promote humanitar-
ian ends.

May

At the beginning of the month, Goldman is reading
Orwell’s Homage to Catalonia and writing “Trotsky
Protests Too Much,” a reply to two articles on the
Kronstadt rebellion that appeared in the New York
Trotskyist journal New International.

Herrera announces his intention to leave his
position as secretary of the General Council of the
SIA; his replacement will be Lucia Sanchez Saomil.

May 1

Large demonstration ends at Hyde Park where the
CNT-FAI platform speakers — Goldman, British
anarchist Ralph Barr, and veteran activist Matt
Kavanagh — attract an enthusiastic crowd.

May 22

W. S. Van Valkenburgh, American anarchist editor
and devoted friend and correspondent of Goldman’s,
dies of a heart attack.

June

Goldman asks anarchist friends in the United States
and Canada to begin again to raise funds for a trip to
Canada; encourages Carlo Tresca and Margaret De
Silver to help her get a U.S. visa through their
contacts in Washington, D.C.

Advises Vazquez that the CNT-FAI bureau
should continue its operation while she is in Canada
and urges him to support Spain and the World.

Herrera, in his new capacity at the anarchist
Tierra y Libertad publishing company, expresses
interest in publishing Spanish translations of Living
My Life and Berkman’s Prison Memoirs.

The International Institute of Social History
(IISH) contacts Goldman about depositing her and
Berkman’s correspondence at their archive in
Amsterdam.

June 8

Goldman attends a Writers against Fascism meeting
organized by the Association of Writers for Intellec-
tual Liberty; Goldman describes it as “almost entirely
C.P.”

June 26

Thomas H. Keell, British anarchist and one-time
editor of Freedom, dies.

July 17

Goldman is one of several speakers at a Hyde Park
demonstration to celebrate the second anniversary of
the Spanish revolution; it draws a small crowd,
largely because the Communists and their allies hold
a rally in Trafalgar Square at the same time.

July 30-31

At the anarchist Whiteway Colony in Gloucestershire,
Goldman examines the late Thomas H. Keell’s papers
on behalf of IISH, which hopes to acquire part of his
collection.

August

Goldman offers IISH her unpublished sketches and
large collection of newspaper clippings as well as
Berkman’s diary. She agrees to help IISH obtain
other collections of personal papers from her circle of
anarchist friends.

Goldman receives several hundred dollars from
anarchists in New York and Chicago to pay for her
travel expenses.

She is disturbed by reports of her niece Stella
Ballantine’s depression and awaits news about her
condition.

August 25

Leaves London for Paris, having secured a British
visa for Spain at the last moment.

September

The war scare over events in Czechoslovakia trans-
fixes Goldman as it does all other Europeans.

She learns that her niece has been hospitalized
after suffering a nervous breakdown; though the long-
term prognosis is good, Ballantine’s recovery is very
slow.

September 14

Leaves Paris for Toulouse, and from there flies to
Spain the following morning.

112

CHRONOLOGY

1938

September 15-October 29

In Spain, many leading anarchists express to Goldman
their strong opposition to the policies of the CNT’s
National Committee and its conciliation of the Negrin
government. They are especially critical of Vazquez,
who now acknowledges the destructive actions of the
Communists but still wants them treated gently.
Goldman complains to him, for example, that all the
money raised in other countries for antifascist women
goes to Communist organizations and none to the
anarchist organization Mujeres Libres. The FAI by
contrast is anxious to begin a campaign abroad
exposing the activities of the Communists in Spain.

Goldman is shocked by the number of anarchists
and other leftists held in prison, among them
Jeannette Kiffel, a Polish anarchist and acquaintance
of Goldman’s, who has been held incommunicado
three months but is released after Vazquez and
Goldman appeal to Segundo Blanco, CNT minister of
education in the Negrin government.

Goldman visits the metal, transport, and milk
syndicates; schools modeled on libertarian principles;
and the SIA colonies for refugee children. Notes that
many collectives have been destroyed.

Goldman witnesses the continuing bombardment
of Barcelona from the air and the chronic shortage of
food and electricity.

Attends the CNT-FAI plenum (Oct. 16-30) and
the trial of POUM militants charged with espionage
and desertion (Oct. 1 1-22), charges on which they are
found innocent; they are found guilty, however, of
rebellious acts during the “May events” of 1937.

September 25-26

Accompanied by Gudell and Herrera, Goldman visits
the 28th division headed by Gregorio Jover and the
26th division headed by Ricardo Sanz at the battle-
front.

September 30

Munich agreement signed by Great Britain, France,
Germany, and Italy, ceding the Sudetenland of
Czechoslovakia to Germany.

October 30

Goldman arrives in Paris from Barcelona for the SIA
congress, which meets at the same time as the
IWMA; Goldman joins delegates from Sweden,

Spain, and France.

November

Ethel Mannin successfully assumes Goldman’s role
as SIA representative in London; raises significantly
more financial support for the SIA than Goldman had.

Goldman advises Gudell that the next propa-
ganda campaign undertaken by the CNT-FAI should
be aimed at the release of the political prisoners in
Spain.

November 9

Kristallnacht in Germany: This episode, coming on
the heels of the Munich crisis, causes outrage in the
Western democracies and diverts attention from
developments in Spain.

December

Goldman spends much of the month in London
completing a report on her visit to Spain for publica-
tion in the anarchist press.

CNT decides to close its offices in London and
North America for economic reasons. Saomil
pledges to continue relations with Goldman and Ethel
Mannin and hopes that, despite the closure of the
CNT-FAI London bureau, the propaganda for the SIA
will continue.

Goldman sends five hundred pounds of clothing
to Spanish refugees through the SIA in Perpignan.

Goldman learns that Emmy Eckstein’s health is
in serious jeopardy and that she must undergo surgery
again.

December 12

Goldman and John McNair of the ILP speak at a
poorly attended meeting in London on the crisis in
Spain.

December 22

Goldman travels to Amsterdam to organize
Berkman’s and her papers at the International
Institute of Social History.

December 23

Franco’s forces launch an offensive in Catalonia.

113

1939

CHRONOLOGY

1939

January

Working every day since late December at the
International Institute of Social History in
Amsterdam, Goldman finds it impossible to arrange
Berkman’s papers without also organizing her own;
she finally finishes the work on Jan. 14.

Learns that Emmy Eckstein’s entire large
intestine must be removed.

January 7

Tom Mooney, wrongly convicted of murder in the
San Francisco Preparedness Day bombing in July
1916, is granted an unconditional pardon and released
by Governor Culbert Olson.

January 19

Goldman arrives back in London.

January 26

Barcelona falls to Franco’s forces.

February

Goldman is frantic with worry until she receives firm
news of the whereabouts of anarchists who have
escaped from Catalonia after the collapse of the
resistance in Spain. Most find sanctuary in France but
face harsh conditions in internment camps; others
reach Paris without permits.

Vazquez’s account for the suddenness of the
collapse in Catalonia names exhaustion among the
armies after the counterattack by Franco’s forces on
the Ebro front, shortages of military personnel, war-
weariness and declining morale among the civilian
population exacerbated by food shortages, and the
hurried and open removal of the government from
Barcelona that led to panic among the population.

IISH informs Goldman that her archive has been
sent to England in case the Nazis invade the Nether-
lands.

February 7

Goldman’s letter protesting Zenzl Miihsam’s second
disappearance in the Soviet Union appears in the
Manchester Guardian.

February 24

Vazquez and Herrera’s circular letter announces that
the, CNT-FAI will cease activities abroad and thanks
the international community for its efforts on behalf
of the Spanish anarchists.

February 27

Great Britain and France extend diplomatic recogni-
tion to Franco’s government.

March 5-6

The Negrin government is overthrown in an overnight
coup in Madrid; CNT members in the south-central
zone are involved in the coup and occupy posts in the
new National Council of Defense.

March 15

Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia.

March 26

Goldman travels to Paris to meet refugee Spanish
anarchists who are demoralized and fraught with
misery and internal recriminations and suspicion.

April 1

Franco declares the Spanish civil war at an end.

April 3

Goldman returns to London: on the trip she meets a
group of fifty refugees from Madrid and Valencia and
in her final days in London organizes a committee to
support them.

April 8

Goldman sails for Canada, arriving in Toronto on
April 21, where she establishes residence.

April-May

Beginning April 27, Goldman lectures in English and
Yiddish in Toronto and Windsor on “Who Betrayed
Spain?” to raise money for Spanish refugees.

June 8

Emmy Eckstein, Berkman’s longtime companion,
dies.

June 27

Goldman’s seventieth birthday is marked in Toronto
with a celebration that elicits cables from friends,
comrades, and labor organizations around the world.

114

CHRONOLOGY

1940

August 15

Marks the fiftieth anniversary of Goldman’s entry
into anarchist ranks; she organizes a celebration for
September to mark the occasion and to create a long-
term Spanish Relief Fund.

August 23

Nazi-Soviet Pact is signed.

September 1

Hitler invades Poland; two days later Great Britain
and France declare war on Germany, and World War
II begins.

September 19

Goldman delivers a lecture in Toronto on the Nazi-
Soviet Pact to an audience of eight hundred.

September 27-30

Goldman addresses two long-promised though poorly
attended meetings in Windsor.

September 30

Dinner to honor Goldman and to launch the Emma
Goldman Spanish Refugee Rescue Fund features
labor leader Rose Pesotta as guest speaker and attracts
the attendance and financial support of many of
Goldman’s closest friends and family.

October

On Oct. 4, under the provisions of Canada’s War
Measures Act, three Italian immigrant anarchists,
Arthur Bortolotti, Ruggero Benvenuti, Ernest Gava,
and a Cuban, Marco Joachim, are arrested for
possession of antifascist “subversive literature,”
including anarchist classics. Bortolotti is also found
in possession of a handgun and faces deportation to
Mussolini’s Italy if convicted. Goldman works
tirelessly over the succeeding months for Bortolotti’ s
defense, organizing a committee, hiring counsel, and
raising funds from sympathizers in Canada and the
United States.

Goldman postpones her proposed lecture tour to
western Canada in order to give her full attention to
the defense of the Italian comrades.

Goldman contacts Viking Press with a proposal
to write a book about her experiences in Spain.

Ben Reitman suffers a mild stroke.

The sentence of Warren Billings, convicted in the
1916 San Francisco Preparedness Day bombing, is
reduced to time served and he is released from
Folsom Prison.

November

Fortieth anniversary of the New York anarchist
newspaper, the Freie Arbeiter Stimme.

On Nov. 2, Arthur Bortolotti’s trial begins.

December

Goldman spends the first two weeks in Winnipeg and
speaks five times, reaching fourteen hundred people
in two weeks: once in Yiddish to a women’s organi-
zation on Living My Life\ to a large audience on the
Nazi-Soviet Pact; a lecture on Hitler and Stalin; a talk
to the IWW; and a lecture on “The Jew in Literature
in England until the End of the Nineteenth Century”
to the Jewish Woman’s Cultural Club.

Goldman attempts to raise $5,000 bail for
Bortolotti’s release, with the help of Dorothy Rogers.

1940

January

Goldman’s mail is intercepted by Canadian censors,
their suspicion raised by the many letters containing
money pouring into her address for the defense of
Bortolotti, whose case attracts further attention in the
United States through articles in the Nation and the
New Republic solicited by Goldman.

Bortolotti is released on bail, charged now with
immigration violations rather than a breach of the
War Measures Act.

By mid-January, Goldman returns to raising
funds for the Spanish anarchists and continues to raise
funds and awareness about Bortolotti’s case.

Goldman’s niece Stella Ballantine recovers from
a nervous breakdown after almost two years.

February 17

Goldman suffers a stroke that leaves her paralyzed on
the right side and unable to speak; she is rushed to the
hospital where she remains for six weeks.

April

Goldman returns home to her Toronto apartment on
April 1 after regaining consciousness but not the
ability to speak.

115

1940

CHRONOLOGY

May

Stella Ballantine and Goldman’s brother Morris and
his wife Babsie travel to Toronto to join Dorothy
Rogers and Arthur Bortolotti at Goldman’s bedside
after she suffers a second hemorrhage on May 6.

May 14

Goldman dies at the age of seventy; tributes and
messages of condolence stream in from around the
world; her body is taken to the Labor Lyceum in
Toronto to allow friends and comrades to pay their
last respects; Rev. Salem Bland delivers a eulogy.

May 17

Goldman is buried in Waldheim Cemetery, Chicago,
close to the Haymarket martyrs, her casket covered
by an SIA-FAI flag and bouquets of flowers sent by
friends and organizations across the nation.

May 31

A memorial meeting is held at New York’s Town
Hall, presided over by Leonard Abbott; films of
Goldman in Spain, Canada, and of her funeral are
shown; and speakers include Norman Thomas, Rudolf
Rocker, Roger Baldwin, Harry Kelly, Carlo Tresca,
Eliot White, Rose Pesotta, Martin Gudell, Dorothy
Rogers, and Harry Weinberger.

Sally Thomas
Stephen Cole
Candace Falk

116

Illustrations

Goldman included this photograph of herself at the age of The young immigrant anarchist educated herself and drew

seventeen in her autobiography, Living My Life. inspiration from a vast array of literary and political writ-

ings.

Goldman family portrait, taken in St. Petersburg, shows Emma, her half-sister Helena (from her mother’s
first marriage), brother Morris in Helena’s lap, mother Taube, brother Herman, and father Abraham (ca.

1883).

118

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In the early years of her career Goldman lec-
tured almost exclusively in German and Yid-
dish; this announcement of a New York lecture
is from Johann Most’s Freiheit, Feb. 15, 1890.

AN ELOQUENT WOMAN.

Talk* to tb* For®lgnnr« In Oerrnin of The! r
Condition and How to Itemed v It.

Miss Emma Goldman, of Now Ynrk.de.
livered two addresses toworkincm^n Jn.thi?
city on Sunday last. The tlm one was at
Industrial Hall, where she a poke to tb#
International Workingmen In the afternoon,
and at night apoke before the Workingmen’*
Educational Society at Canmakera’ Hall.

Miss Goldman fa a young woman of per-

apeaker. Site was born In Germany, bat at
an early age left her native country to go
with her parents to Russia, where she began
to notice the oppression of'tbe poor, and,
like many others, she immediately set to
work to study out some mean# to alleviate
their oondition. At the Canmakera’ Hall
meeting she said, among other things, that
when she came to this country and saw the
magnificent buildings, and then a®w the
wretched squalor of the tenement bouaee,
she wondered and cried "Oh! how did It
come to pass that such grand and magnifi-
cent things can exist so close to sach
wretched misery.” And she wa« of tb#
opinidn that conditions in this country wcr#
almost as had aa in Europe. .

8he said that wages war® comparatively
less in this country than in Russia, since in
-the latter country everything is so much
-cheaper. Another thing was that lit Rusal*
they know that there exiats-n tyrantr bi&fcin
Anjyrlefl .all were supposed^ be free; yet
men .are hanged for free speech, while others'
wertrTent to Blackwell’s Island. Yet there
are |»eop!e to teach vou how to throw ftffthe
yoke. The same general conditions exist in
all countries, and the authorities and those
to whom w® arc accustomed to look for
advice appear to l>e in league against ns.
Michael Gohn and William Harvey also
made addresses.

Goldman quickly gained a reputation as a talented
speaker, earning praise in English-language news-
papers like the Baltimore Critic , which reports her
observations about inequality in one of the earliest
accounts (Oct. 25, 1890) of a Goldman lecture.

Goldman’s growing reputation also brought her to the attention of
local authorities. This police mug shot dates from her Aug. 31,
1893, arrest on a charge of incitement to riot at a Union Square
demonstration of the unemployed in New York.

119

Goldman (ca. 1890, left) and Voltairine de Cleyre, the most prominent American-bom woman anarchist (1897, right), placed
women’s equality at the center of their anarchist vision of freedom. Goldman’s views on free love and the sanctity of marriage
are the focus of this interview in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch (below).

120

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SPEECH THAT PROMPTED MURDEROUS ASSAULT ON THE PRESIDENT.

EMMA GOLDMAN, HIGH PRIESTESS OF ANARCHY,

WHOSE SPEECHES INSPIRED CZOLGOSZ TO HIS CRIME.

IHETM.0F BLOOD OVER MARCH

OF THE ANARCHISTS

- . « • CO

- |j -1 •»■*.-
Il'LS~£r^.

Newspaper revilement of Goldman reached a peak in 1901 (repre-
sented by this Sept. 8, 1901, article from the Chicago Daily Tribune,
left) in the wake of the assassination of President William McKinley
by Leon Czolgosz. Police, trying to implicate Goldman, arrested and
photographed her. Goldman and other anarchists contended with press
caricatures and stereotypes such as this lurid feature from the Chi-
cago Inter Ocean (above), April 5, 1908, following a series of at-
tempted assassinations and bombings linked to anarchists.

121

From 1 906 to 1917, Goldman’s annual lecture tours for Mother Earth were often banned by local authorities or disrupted by the
police. She describes one such event in Detroit in this March, 17, 1907, letter (bottom left) to her editor and lifelong comrade
Alexander Berkman (pictured ca. 1914, bottom right).

EMMA GOLDMAN

MOTHER E

:1rth /?(

WILLIAM HALPER

SOCIAL SCIENCE AND LITERATURE
3GS — SAST—27~ STR E ET-

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122

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police Service.: ,-'

Chief's Office.

New Haven, Conn., yay x5,1909»— 1^0

H**.Gsorge W.Wickersham,Eeq. ,

United States Attorney General,

Washington D.C.

Dear Sir: r

I beg leare to call your attention to
articles printed in The Hew Haven Palladium, of May 13 and 14, marked
copies of which I am sending under seperate cover.

Referring to statements and utterances of Dr.Reitman, who is man-
ager and press agent of Emma Goldman, an avov/ed anarchist,

My reason in sending this communication to you is that I was un-
der the impression that immediately after the death of our late lam-
ented President McKinley, Congress enacted a law making it a crime for
anyone to speak agaifldt the government in a derogatory manner, and
also "because I am very much interested in this matter, as Dr.Reitman
and Tfrnma Goldman have "been in this city, and she has attempted to
speak in one of our local halls on three occasions, her advertised
subject "being, Anarchy And What It Stands Por. ^

I absolutely refused to allow her to speak here on this or any-
other subject, and have prevented her from doing so, as she is an un-
desirable person, and one whom the good and respectable people of this
City do not care to have speak on any subject.

I wish to say further that I am surprised that the United States
Authorities would allow anyone to go about and make such inflammatory
and incendiary remarks in regard to the murder of our late President

/33Mf.-jS ,

Ben Reitman, Goldman's manager and lover from 1908 to 1916, at the Mother Earth office with the magazine’s typist and secretary
Anna Baron (ca. 1916, below). His advance work and flair for publicity enabled Goldman to reach large audiences, causing alarm
among local officials like the New Haven chief of police (top right, 1909). And — as indicated by this letter (ca. 1914, top left) written
late at night after delivering a lecture — Goldman longed for the intimacy of Reitman’s presence and agonized over the distracting effect
of her passion on her political work.

123

Modern ides on W.k Labor and the Sea Question are revo-
luUonixine thought. If you believe in learning things yourself, it
will pay you to hear

oltamn

Who will deliver a Series of Lectures in
Portland on Vital Subjects at

Portland, Subject and Dates:

Sunday, August 1st, 3 P. M.

THE PHILOSOPHY OF ANARCHISM

Sunday, August 1st, 8 P. M.

THE "POWER” OF BILLY SUNDAY

Monday, August 2nd, 8 P. M.

MISCONCEPTIONS OF FREE LOVE

Tuesday, August 3rd, 8 P. M.

FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE-The Intel-
lectual Storm Center of Europe

Wednesday, August 4th, 8 P. M.

JEALOUSY— Its Cause and Possible Cure

Thursday, August 5th, 8 P. M,

ANARCHISM AND LITERATURE

Friday, August 6th, 8 P. M.

THE BIRTH CONTROL (Why and
How Small Families Are Desirable)

Saturday, August 7th, 8 P. M.

THE INTERMEDIATE SEX (A Dis-
cussion of Homosexuality )

Sunday, August 8th, 3 P. M.

WAR AND THE SACRED RIGHT OF
PROPERTY

Sunday, August 8th, 8 P. M.

VARIETY OR MONOGAMY-WHICH?

ADMISSION 25 CENTS

8 Lectures With MOTHER EARTH, Subscription *2.50

S^8§&*30° OVER

Surinam Socialist Hall, »«««

Cleveland, Ohio
June 4th 1916

Miss Helen Keller,
Wranthan, Mass.

My dearest Comrade:

I am terribly asham9d of myself to have kept
you waiting so long for a reply to your wonderful
letter and the enclosed contribution, which you
so generously sent. It is only due to the fact
that I was left with a lot of urgent work owing
to the imprisonment of my comrade, Ben. L. Eeitmann.
He has carried the brunt of the office and all of
its details for 8 years on his back. I was almost
beside myself with a thousand and one details con-
nected with our office and the general propaganda,
and as I had to prepare a number of lectures for
my tour besides, you can readily imagine how much
time there was left for anything else.

As I wrote you on a previous occasion, I could
not, if I tried, express what your coming into my
life has already meant or what it is going to mean.

I have had all sorts of people in my life; some
have remained during my entire life and others have
dropped out but somehow I was nover so deeply moved as
by your friendship and generosity. I think, perhaps,
it is because I know what a terrible struggle you
must have. had. Yes indeed, it is a breach of

X-tt '• 'fT- on the part of those who call themselves
radicals, not to join hands in a fight, especially
if that fight is for Free Speech and Free Press,
but then I have come across such things so often
in my 36 years of experience, that -I- am no-Nlonger
surprised. Most people tfe«% call themseTvesT;

radicals and socialists are so, only by name and not
in their innermost beings. After all, no -one can
give more than he is capable and no one ought Jto
expect mere. Yes you are quite right, /only those
are dangerous to the present sooiety who propogate
" direct action agains t Xrl'ij -Vy/, .'/yOf .the industrial
conflict" and if anyone doubted that they had ample
opportunity to convince themselwes from the action
of the authorities of New Yorki^tecause Rose Pastor
Stokes through her husband, is connected with the
upper strata, the authorities did not proceed against
her. Neither did they proceed against Ida Rauh
Eastman and Jessie Ashley, although the two latter
and with myself and others, stodd up in an automo-
bile in Union Square, Saturday May 20th and distrib-
uted 30,000 Birth Control circulars.

Goldman typically addressed a broad range of subjects — as suggested by this 1915 handbill (top left) — though her birth control
lectures drew the largest crowds. Goldman is pictured speaking (below) from a car in Union Square, New York, on May 20, 1916,
to protest Ben Reitman’s arrest for advocating birth control; in defiance of the law, twenty thousand birth control leaflets were
distributed to the crowd, an event Goldman recounts in her letter to Helen Keller (top right).

124

Convicted in July 1917 of conspiracy to obstruct
the draft, Goldman and Berkman — pictured here
during their trial (left) — each were sentenced to two
years in prison. Goldman served her sentence in
Jefferson City, Mo., where, restricted in the num-
ber and length of letters she was allowed to write,
she used every inch of space on a page. In this Feb.
27, 1918, letter (below) Goldman reports to her
niece Stella Ballantine that the prison matron, who
regularly monitored her mail, was having trouble
deciphering her handwriting.

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125

JJE-3P0

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,

WB3HIN8T0N, D. C.

/^Gv3? _/ 3

August 23, 191‘j,

H&JORASDUil j'OH HR. CF.SI3

I an attaching hereto a copy of a report received from
the lew York office relative to the oases of Alexander
Eerkran and Bams Goldman who are at present sojourning in the1-'
custody of the federal authorities but who will shortly be
released , their sentences about to expire. Berkman by his
own admission is an alien, while Erma Goldman has claimed at
various times to be an American citizen through the natural-
ization of her father and again through the naturalization
of her husband, but it appears that the immigration author-

ities who personally examined her claim reached the conclusion j
that she was not a citizen of the United States. Upon com- j

municating with the Department of Labor this morning, I was i

informally advised that Smms Goldman’s case had on several i

occasions been before the Department of labor for consideration |
but that the Assistant Secretary, Hr. Post, had refused to 1

sustain the recommendation of the immigration inspector, stat- J
ins that there was not sufficient facts to warrant the issuance
of the warrant for deportation. I have requested Hr. McClelland

Hemo. for Hr. Creighton, -2- 8/23/19 JAH-GPO

Re Berkman and Goldman.

of the Bureau of Immigration to have a searoh made of their
files and to submit the same to me for consideration relative
to these two oases.

Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman are, beyond doubt,
two of the most dangerous anarchists in this country and if
permitted to return to the community will result in undue harm.

Respectfully,

As a special assistant to the attorney general assigned to the Bureau of Investigation in 1919, J. Edgar Hoover — later FBI director for
almost a half-century — took a personal interest in the supervision of the deportation cases against Goldman and Berkman.

Accompanied by her attorney Harry Weinberger, Goldman surrenders to federal officials at Ellis Island prior to
her deportation from the United States on Dec. 21, 1919.

126

QUESTIONS

L/\

1" What Is the present official attitude of the Soviet Government
to the Anarchists?

a) Persecution of Anarchists, as such, especially In
the Provinces .

b) Denial of free speech and free press.

c) Literature legalized In Moscow confiscated In the
Provinces .

d) Arrests and Imprisonment of Anarchists without

specific accusation Indeterminate stay In the

prisons, exposed to disease and death -- liberated
without explanation or redress — deprived of their
positions, contrary to Soviet law, as for Instance

In the City of Soozdal, Vladimirskaya Goobemla, etc.

2. Will the 2 Resolutions presented by the Federation of
Anarohlsts-Communlsts to the Central Committee, per
Krestlnsky (on March 3, 1920) be acted upon, and how?

a) Release of the Anarchists now confined In prisons
and concentration camps .

b) Legalization of Anarchists and Anarchist Groups
that accept the platform of the Federation of
Anarchlsts-CommuntBtS ±b the effect that only
work of a cultural oharaoter be carried on by
Anarchists within Soviet Russia.

3. What is, to be the definite attitude of the Soviet (Jowmment
toward the Anarchists?

a) Guarantees for the safety of the person.

b) No arrests or "oblava" without specific acousatlon.

c) No search of person or premises without warrant
olearly defining the forbidden objects sought.

d) Full freedom of speech and press throughout Soviet
territory .

e) Courtd of Appeal.

4. In re Bnma Goldman and Alexander Berkman:

a) General Pass for Travel, to enable them to study
the conditions and become acquainted with the life
of the country .

b) The establishment of an American Political Deportees
Immigration Bureau, to receive, aid, distribute, etc.,
the coming groups of exiles from America.

c) The founding of the Russian Friends of American
Freedom, to aid the cause of Liberty In America.

On March 8, 1 920 — less than two months af-
ter their arrival in Soviet Russia — Goldman
and Berkman challenged Soviet leader
Vladimir Lenin with questions about the per-
secution of anarchists and the denial of free
speech and a free press.

Goldman addresses a crowd of mourners on Feb. 13, 1921, at the funeral of leading anarchist theorist
Peter Kropotkin — the occasion of the last great demonstration of anarchists in Moscow. Immediately in
front of her stands Alexander Berkman.

127

In Europe after leaving Russia in 1921, Goldman reveled in visits
with old friends and wrote her autobiography. With Goldman at
Versailles in 1924 are lawyers Arthur Leonard Ross and Harry
Weinberger and friend (top left); “Fitzi” (M. Eleanor Fitzgerald) and
Pauline Turkel (top right, right to left) en route to Europe in 1923;
Goldman and her secretary “Demi” (Emily Holmes Coleman) work-
ing on the terrace of “Bon Esprit,” Goldman’s St. Tropez cottage
(ca. 1928, bottom left).

128

Rudolf Rocker (left), a German-bom anarchist
and close friend of Goldman, and Max Nettlau
(above), a prolific chronicler of the movement,
were among Goldman’s most significant corre-
spondents during her exile years.

Pictured together for the last time in September 1935 are
old friends Modest Stein (“Fedya”), Goldman, and
Berkman. Mollie Steimer (right) was expelled from Rus-
sia with her companion Senya Fleshin in 1923 for anar-
chist activity; they cemented their friendship with Gold-
man and Berkman in the 1920s and 1930s when they lived
in exile in Berlin and Paris.

129

After a prolonged campaign by her friends and associates, the U.S. govern-
ment granted Goldman a three-month visa and she returned on Feb. 1, 1934,
to begin a lecture tour. She is pictured at New York’s Penn Station with her
niece Stella Ballantine (above) and at the Hotel Astor (below) where she
held a spirited press conference. To her left is her friend Roger Baldwin,
director of the American Civil Liberties Union; immediately behind him stands
her nephew Ian Ballantine.

BROADWOOD HOTEL AUDITORIUM

BROAD AT WOOD STREETS PHILADELPHIA, PA.

Wednesday Feb, 28

WELCOME HOME

TOUR

HEYWOOD
BROUN,

Chairman

Emma

Goldman

A/to Id \ cars who will lecture

Enforced Exile on her fomous

autobiography

LIVING MY LIFE

RESERVED SEATS SOC, 75C. St, SI 50: $2 (plus lOS TAX'

ON SALE

Emos Goldman Committee 310 n Broad st

130

A. I. T.

C. N. T.

F. A. I.

Casa C. N. T. - F. A. I. - V/a Layotana, 32 y 34 - BARCELONA

Wells

Barcelonar

London, -
3nr] March,

C& a tl e to m Ro& d ,

¥.T>*'. " : ' '

1937.

Thunk you so much for your prompt reply sent me through.

Mrs. G-. P. .('ells. Please tbAnk her for me. It v,as stupid of me
not to tell you in the first place that e-hut I vented to see you
about was to explain th e idea of a theatre benefit entertainment.

I felt that I could do so better personally than by letter. Naturally
I do not want to impose on. your valuable time , so I will tell you
what 1 would like you to do.

It seems to be impossible to achieve anything in Si gland
unless one has the sponsor” ship of titles, wealth., or literary
fame. I prefer to address myself to the latter rather than to a
peeudo nobility or r cool e v.i th fat Bank accounts. I have already a
number of people well -known in Shglish letters, who .have consented to
sponsor ohe project of a theatre benefit, affair , for the unfortunate
victims of rhscisra. ethers, Biss Sybil. Thorndike, Miss 2th el

, iir. i ‘ '

Chvrehii? hov- cons-. «*ited wi act os sponsors. Please- lot me explain
t!is t tb*.;v. Is to b,? no financial responsibility connect ed d th the
sponsors-hip. I: is only that the i h-meo mentioned *'ould carry weight

. :• , ••. in th t your name • ould

contribute «':*#* fclv to the succory? of the undertaking, T beg you to
consent to your name b-iny add-d to those I already have on the list.
I y say that 1 have also written to Mr. G-.B. 3hav, Mr. Havelock-
Bills, Mr. Granville Barker and a few others, a friend of mine who
knows Mr. Aldous hurley, hos -undertuken to see him os well..

Your

accredited Representative of the CNT-KftI

After the outbreak of the Spanish civil war in July 1936, Goldman worked
indefatigably on behalf of the Spanish anarchists, who played a signifi-
cant role on the Republican side, serving in London as the English-lan-
guage propagandist for the CNT-FAI, and after the collapse of the Re-
public, aiding the refugees from Franco’s regime. Goldman visited Spain
three times during the war. She is pictured below in September 1938
with Alfonso Miguel; Lola Iturbe, feminist and CNT militant; Jose Carbo;
Martin Gudell, who worked closely with Goldman through the CNT-
FAI’s Office of Foreign Propaganda; Pedro Herrera, general secretary of
the FAI and one of Goldman’s closest Spanish comrades; Juan Molina,
formerly editor of Tierra y Libertad\ and Gregorio Jover, commander of
the 28th Division and a close associate of the late anarchist leader
Buenaventura Durruti.

S PAIN

PUBLIC MEETING

CONWAY HALL, Red Lion Square

HOLBORN, W.C (Neare®l Station “ Hoi born' Kin# way)
on

Friday, ipb January, at S p.m.

Doom Open 7.3© pjn.

Sptaksrs:

EMMA GOLDMAN

U.ir.N.11 “ in in .1- i if ■ i CJtT.-PA.lJ HONTIT MTV»K» P*CM VAIN

► ETHEL MANNIN o.lm

Sahjut :

The Betrayal of the
SP1NISH PEOPLE

la the Chair;

RALPH BARR ,cm.t.-ja-i. u.<.« aaut

ADMISSION FREE
Join tho Anarcho • SyndlcalM Union
MuM “ Spate m& m WwU n

k UHIBI torn m rnmm till Is i m ii t*
! 18® tar it 21 Frltt Stmt, (*£Sr) V.1 ts
9 vfcicft aldrtss all MMsaigatliis sHall n snt

UU nte (fee .'■pkm W sfcs CJtT.-r.AJL Bnn. 21
rtWL StnM, LmmLo, W. I

n^nw U CNO..L M, H.1X

131

In February 1940 Goldman suffered a severe stroke and died on
May 14. The U.S. government relented in its opposition to
Goldman’s entry; her body was returned to Chicago where she
was buried near the Haymarket anarchists. The gravestone (left),
with a bas-relief by sculptor Jo Davidson, erected some years later,
misidentified her June 27 birth date and her 1940 death date. A
final tribute to Goldman was held at Town Hall in New York City.

Memorial Meeting

to honor Hio

Outstanding Woman of Our Time

Emma Goldman

Anarchist • Author • Speaker • Journalist

at TOWN HALL

123 West 43rd Street

Friday Evening, May 31, 1940

8:15 p.m.

Tributes will be paid by

JOHN HAYNES HOLMES
ROGER BALDWIN
NORMAN THOMAS
HARRY WEINBERGER
ROSE PESOTTA

HARRY KELLY
MARTIN GUDELL

Miss Gold men's guide in Speln

RUDOLF ROCKER

(In YkWI.h)

DOROTHY ROGERS
ELIOT WHITE

of Hm 1.LG.W.U.

LEONARD D. ABBOTT, will preside
CLIFFORD DEMAREST at the Organ

The public is invited

132

PART II

The Microfilm Edition

In accordance with copyright law and the rules of archival repositories, The Emma Goldman
Papers Project has obtained formal permission from all contributing institutions to publish the mate-
rial included in the microfilm edition and has made a good faith effort to contact and obtain permis-
sion from the literary heirs of Goldman correspondents. A list of the contributing institutions and a
list of literary heirs are included in this guide; readers should consult the institutions and heirs for
permission to reproduce material found in the microfilm. The copyright holder or literary heir may
be, or is known to, the repository or individual indicated in the header above each document. It is not
necessary to obtain written permission from the editors of The Emma Goldman Papers to quote from
documents reproduced in the microfilm edition.

Before citing any documents or contacting their donors, readers are advised to check the Errata,
which appear in this guide to the microfilm edition. In the course of producing the index to the
microfilm, the editors discovered that flaws in the Project’s computer software and editorial proce-
dures allowed a number of incomplete, misleading, or inaccurate citations to appear in the permission
lines of document headers. These problems affect especially reels 2 through 2 1 .

Emma Goldman’s literary heir is her nephew, Ian Ballantine, of Bearsville, N.Y. [c/o Peacock
Press, A Division of Bantam Books, Inc., Bearsville, New York 12409], Mr. Ballantine has gra-
ciously granted the Emma Goldman Papers Project permission to reproduce all of Goldman’s writ-
ings. Although he assured us that “aunt Emma did not believe in restrictions of any sort,” it is
advisable for those who wish to publish material from the collection to secure written permission
from Mr. Ballantine.

Note the proper format for citing documents from The Emma Goldman Papers microfilm edi-
tion:

Emma Goldman to Havelock Ellis, Dec. 27, 1924, in Candace Falk, with Ronald J.

Zboray, et al., eds., The Emma Goldman Papers: A Microfilm Edition (Alexandria,

Va.: Chadwyck-Healey Inc., 1990), reel 14.

135

Editorial Principles and Procedures

From its inception in 1980, the Emma Goldman Papers Project undertook an extensive interna-
tional search for Goldman-related documents and committed itself to providing readers with an un-
precedented level of accessibility. Over the years, the achievement of that end required the talents and
dedicated work of a large staff engaged in search, administrative, and especially editorial work. That
so many people were involved in the editorial work during this time brought many fresh ideas and
diversity to the Project, but it also imposed its own special burden: maintaining a clear and consistent
editorial policy that a changeable staff could follow with a high level of accuracy.

In 1984 the Project adopted an approach to the control and description of documents based on
widely accepted library and archival standards. At the same time, the Project began to rely heavily on
microcomputers and custom- written software to handle the detailed work of document control, an
innovation that ultimately enabled the maintenance of strict editorial standards among a large and
changing staff.

The three sections that follow describe the criteria of selection, editorial treatment, and the struc-
ture of the edition. Throughout the essay, the term “editors” has been applied generically to the many
staff members who worked on the editorial aspects of the Project, not just to the professional editors
who guided their efforts. While the numerous staff members deserve enormous credit for their contri-
bution, responsibility for the inevitable errors in so daunting an undertaking belongs, of course,
entirely to the senior editors.

Criteria of Selection
Introduction

The microfilm edition consists of three series: Correspondence (reels 1-46), Goldman Writings
(reels 47-55), and Government Documents (reels 56-66). The documents in each series are organized
chronologically with the exception of reels 54 and 55 of the Goldman Writings series, which are
devoted exclusively to drafts of essays and lectures and are organized thematically. Three supple-
mentary reels, consisting of material that arrived too late for the editors to incorporate at the appro-
priate place in the microfilm, complete the collection: reel 67 (Government Documents and Goldman
Writings supplement) and reels 68-69 (Correspondence supplement). Reel 70 will include documents
uncovered in the course of preparing the selected book edition as well as written reminiscences by and
transcribed interviews with Goldman associates, and will include a separate index.

137

EDITORIAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES

The editors rejected the idea of presenting all the Goldman material in one chronologically orga-
nized series because of the diverse nature of the documents. For example, the dates of correspon-
dence and of published materials relate very differently to the point of intellectual origin. The first is
immediate, while the latter could be months or even years after composition. Hence interfiling corre-
spondence and publications would misrepresent the flow of Goldman’s life. By placing the writings
in a separate series, the editors have highlighted the difference between the private unfolding of
Goldman’s life and the more formal figure that emerges in her published work.

Similarly, interfiling government documents with correspondence would mislead readers. These
documents present an interpretation of Goldman’s life from the perspective of various governments’
interest in her as a dangerous or suspicious person. Naturally, such a view colors the material and
creates distortions. Agents’ reports, even transcriptions of speeches or letters, contain many inaccu-
racies. And much time could pass between the occurrence of an event and its report. Many of the
records also went through several generations: various government agencies through which the docu-
ments passed reproduced them in whole or in part, thus increasing the chances for error and distor-
tion. Chance largely determines which version of the original document survives in government files.
In short, the editors determined that the varying qualities of correspondence and government docu-
ments as scholarly evidence required that they be filed separately.

In order to include as many documents as possible within one of the three series, the editors
created very broad criteria of selection for each.

General Remarks

The editors aimed for maximum comprehensiveness, while avoiding unnecessary duplication in
materials filmed. Nearly all of the texts of the documents located (except published works still widely
available) appear in the edition. The editors included extra copies of these texts, however, only under
specific conditions for each series as noted below. The document selected as a source text was, in
general, the best available copy, with an addition, if necessary, of the one with the nearest provenance
to Goldman (indicated by being in her handwriting or by some other kind of endorsement that tied it
to her).

The editors made a good faith effort to locate all heirs and literary executors of estates to gain
permission to reproduce material in this collection. Only occasionally did difficulties arise with
archives that owned the originals of documents we wished to copy and include in the microfilm. In
some cases, because negotiations with archives for permission to use that material continued well into
the filming of the body of the edition, it appears in the supplemental reels (for example, correspon-
dence between Goldman and Alfred A. Knopf in the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at
the University of Texas, Austin).

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EDITORIAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES

Correspondence

The Correspondence series includes two general types of documents: materials written by Goldman,
either individually or as part of a group, and addressed to specific individuals rather than to the
general public; and communications directed to Goldman. Because materials intended for publica-
tion fail the test of specificity (with the exceptions noted below), they appear in Goldman Writings.

The use of this broad definition of correspondence provides the rationale for including a wide
variety of documents — letters, postcards, envelopes, telegrams, and notes or memoranda — in this
series. The latter two types of documents must have been directed to other people rather than for
personal use. Documents both to and from Goldman appear in all these categories.

Some correspondence eventually was published, usually in the form of a letter to the editor or to
the readership of a periodical. The published correspondence appears in the Goldman Writings
series. A duplicate copy of the imprint is included in the Correspondence series only when the
manuscript version of the published letter has not survived or was not located. In this case, the
published form of the letter was placed in the Correspondence by the date of composition, and in the
Writings by the date of publication.

The editors have included Goldman’s letters to Mother Earth magazine because they provide a
singular glimpse of her communication with her editorial office in the period, even though most of the
personal parts of this correspondence were edited out before publication. For a similar reason, letters
to Goldman from other people that subsequently were printed in her magazine also appear in this
series. The original letters of both sorts (which contained additional information not intended for
publication) were likely to have been part of the larger correspondence Goldman lost after the govern-
ment confiscated her personal archive in 1917.

The many envelopes in the edition give valuable postmark information. At various times with
certain correspondents, Goldman left no indication of either the date or her whereabouts on a letter.
She also led such a peripatetic existence that postmarks are one of the best ways to track her move-
ments. For letters to her, envelopes provide hints about the identity of unknown correspondents.

Circular letters posed a special problem. Goldman commonly used this vehicle of communica-
tion with her vast network of friends. At first glance, they have qualities of published materials.
Certainly she uses in these letters an emphatic, declamatory, and sometimes less personal authorial
voice similar to that of her published writings. Nevertheless, she created these circulars with a
specific group of people in mind and often penned or typed postscripts to personalize the communica-
tion.

The editors have included the best available copy of these circulars. An original copy, the one
closest to Goldman’s hand, also appears (if it is the best copy it serves both purposes). She commonly
retained an original copy for her own files. Any copy that deviates substantially from the original
because of handwritten notes or corrections also appears in the series. The editors considered varia-
tions in format such as double spacing of a single-spaced original or obvious typographical and
spelling errors as insubstantial.

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EDITORIAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES

If a circular has a specific addressee, the document header identifies the person or group. (The
editors made no attempt to present the names of recipients on copies of the document that were not
included in the edition.) If the document does not identify the addressee, the document header stipu-
lates that Goldman sent it to “unknown recipient.” The index lists the document under that heading.

The editors have included financial and extra-governmental legal documents — invoices and re-
ceipts, for example — in the Correspondence series. Private legal documents, such as contracts and
wills, also are located in this series, but only if they came enclosed with other correspondence. All
private legal documents not enclosed with correspondence appear in the Government Documents
series.

Although not technically “private,” the numerous credentials and authorizations that Goldman
received during the Spanish civil war — when she acted in an official capacity on behalf of several
anarchist organizations — are nonetheless included in the Correspondence series. The editors decided
not to separate these official documents from the formal political correspondence of the civil war
period in order to maintain the coherence of this complex and unique collection of documents.

Enclosures fit the Project’s definition of correspondence, insofar as they partially record an act of
specific interpersonal communication. The editors had to exercise their judgment to determine what
material fell under this heading. Many pieces came tied through provenance or by internal clues to
specific letters; others simply appear unattached among Goldman’s correspondence. In cases where
only weak evidence existed that a document was an enclosure, the editors took into account the
relevance of the material to the correspondence of the period. An enclosure, unattached to a specific
letter, thus may appear in the Correspondence series if the tenor of the surrounding correspondence
suggests several possible pairings.

The placement of enclosures in the collection varies between series. In the Correspondence
series, an enclosure follows whatever specific cover letter to which it can be reasonably attached, and
the document header for the enclosure carries the date of the cover letter regardless of the date on the
enclosure itself. Because an enclosure usually antedates its cover letter, enclosures comprise an
important exception to the rule of chronological presentation of documents within this series.

By contrast, in the Government Documents series, enclosures are filed according to the date of
composition and not according to the date of the cover letter. Therefore, enclosures and cover letters
are often physically separated in the collection. The note area on the document header cross-refer-
ences these documents by accession number so that they can easily be found. When a letter refers to
an enclosure that is not cross-referenced in the note area, the researcher should assume that the
enclosure could not be located.

Enclosures can consist of various types of material within Goldman’s correspondence: copies of
letters; copied or retyped articles (if they were organized next to relevant letters in the original collec-
tion at the contributing archive); items linked by direct reference in the letters, whether or not they
appear near to them in the original collection; and miscellaneous minutes, credentials, invoices, and
other types of material found in physical proximity to letters.

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EDITORIAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES

The editors used fairly strict guidelines for treating enclosures of letters not addressed to or
written by Goldman. For example, Goldman’s papers include much of the correspondence between
her lawyer Harry Weinberger and the publisher of My Disillusionment in Russia. Most of these
enclosures comprised part of the routine correspondence between Goldman and her lawyer. A few of
these documents seem at times only remotely linked to specific cover letters. In those cases, the
editors have included them at the beginning of the month of mailing, not by the date of the letters
themselves, which could long antedate their transmission. Again, the editors strove to recapture the
act of interpersonal communication of others with Goldman, not between her lawyer and her pub-
lisher.

The index does not record the name of everyone represented in the collection, since an enclosure
appears in the index only under the name of the author of the letter with which it was enclosed. For
example, Goldman’s friend W. S. Van Valkenburgh forwarded to her (on July 1 1 , 1927) a copy of a
letter (of May 23, 1927) he had received from Bartolomeo Vanzetti in Dedham Jail, but as the letter
was an enclosure, Vanzetti ’s name does not appear in the index to the Correspondence series. Users
of the microfilm should be aware of this lacuna.

The editors employed similar criteria for typed articles or imprints of varying sorts (such as
address lists, meeting minutes, credentials, invoices, and receipts) enclosed in her letters. For these
materials, the editors sought strong evidence that either the material was enclosed with a specific
letter or the enclosure came from a certain correspondent during a specific time, even though the
precise letter in which it was enclosed cannot be determined or even found.

Stand-alone and attached enclosures are denoted by the word “enclosure” in parentheses at the
end of the header title in both the Correspondence and Government Documents series.

Goldman Writings

The Goldman Writings series contains a broad range of materials, both published and unpub-
lished. The editors employed a comprehensive approach because Goldman, like many other promi-
nent lecturers of the nineteenth century such as Emerson, used the preparations for public speaking as
a gestation period for later, more formally constructed and published works.1 Her notes illustrate her
development as a lecturer, constantly changing and shifting emphasis as she learned which material
elicited the best responses from specific audiences. She seldom conceived of a line of thought as
leading to a book or other publication and simply ending there. The comprehensive coverage of
Goldman’s writings will enable readers to follow her interests over a period of decades through
different formats: simple scribbled notes, lectures, a newspaper quotation, an article, a speech, a
book. Pieces of her texts — and ones she liberally borrowed from other writers — turn up everywhere
throughout the series.

The Goldman Writings series contains holograph and typed materials such as preparatory notes,
outlines, and manuscripts for her many lectures. Because of the diffuse nature of Goldman’s intellec-
tual development and the variety of formats in which she expressed herself, the editors often encoun-
tered problems assigning specific dates to undated documents. Goldman lectured on drama, for
example, from the mid- 1 890s well into the 1 930s, and she consistently referred to a body of notes that

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EDITORIAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES

she expanded upon and shuffled about according to her audience. In 1917 the Bureau of Investiga-
tion seized and subsequently lost or destroyed her personal archive — including her notes for drama
lectures — but because she had delivered her lectures so many times, she probably had committed to
memory large portions of them. Therefore surviving lecture notes from the 1 920s or 1 930s may well
represent intellectual work she did long before her deportation in 1919.

Although the editors assigned dates and situated this material chronologically in the Writings
series, some manuscripts, drafts, and lecture fragments — distinguished by their triple-spaced format
with wide margins and underlining for emphasis — were separated as a group and placed in the final
reels of the Goldman Writings series (reels 54-55). Departing from the chronological organization of
the microfilm edition, these writings are organized thematically, in part because few could be as-
signed definite dates. The lecture fragments and drafts capture the moment between Goldman’s
general research and reading and her finished and polished lectures and essays.

With few exceptions, all materials written by Goldman and published in newspapers and other
periodicals and in book and pamphlet form appear in the microfilm in order of publication date. The
exceptions generally consist of books either now in print or widely available from libraries. Such
imprints include Anarchism and Other Essays, The Social Significance of the Modern Drama, My
Disillusionment in Russia, and Living My Life. The microfilm does not include translated editions
of Goldman’s essays published after 1941, the year after she died. Because all the volumes of
Mother Earth were republished in 1968 by the Greenwood Reprint Corporation, the editors have
reproduced only the articles written by Goldman for the magazine.

Goldman took scant interest in perfecting the language of her text once in print, although she did
correct errors of fact when she had the opportunity. Usually the same text wends its way through
different reprintings, making it difficult to decide to what version to assign “authority” or how to
bring the variant texts together in an ahistorical reconstruction of what Goldman as a writer may have
intended.

The editors decided to avoid concentrating resources on hunting down such authoritative texts or
to tracking the deviations among them. Instead, the edition reproduces the best copy available if
several versions exist. In a few cases, later editions or printings — especially of articles — have shown
obvious and important editorial changes, and the editors have presented these variant texts as well.
Sometimes, the edition contains the translation of a text when it appeared in an important or telling
place, as in the case of reprints of Goldman material in radical and literary journals in South America
and East Asia. Such materials testify to Goldman’s worldwide reputation and influence.

The editors have included in the Goldman Writings series newspaper and periodical articles that
quote Goldman directly or attempt a close paraphrase. While this recording of an act of interpersonal
communication would seem to bring these materials under the rubric of correspondence, they do not
meet the test of specificity. Either on the lecture platform or in direct response to reporters’ questions,
Goldman clearly intended her remarks for broadcast rather than for a specific person or group.

The editors had another rationale for including this material. Confiscations of her personal
papers in 1892 and 1917 during police raids have left few records of Goldman’s public lectures,
which at the time were her most common and important form of “publication.”2 The newspaper

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EDITORIAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES

accounts give some chance of recapturing the flavor of these presentations and also allow the reader
to witness the development of Goldman’s rhetorical style over the important early years. This series
also contains the sometimes fragmentary or inaccurate transcriptions of her speeches made by gov-
ernment agencies.

Many unidentified newspaper clippings appear in the collection. These undated pieces that con-
tain no reference to either the name or place of publication have been treated in one of two ways.
Document headers either indicate that these clippings came from the Emma Goldman Scrapbook at
the New York Public Library or carry the notation “newsclipping” in brackets at the end of the title if
from another collection. The more extensive newspaper archive collected by the Project did not fit the
editorial parameters of this edition of the microfilm, but may be published at a later date.

Government Documents

The Government Documents series includes federal, state, municipal, and foreign government
documents. The series contains court records, intelligence surveillance reports, immigration papers,
interagency memoranda, and the papers of Goldman’s lawyers regarding her various court cases.

On behalf of the Project, National Historical Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC)
staff at the National Archives located major files in the records of the Department of Justice, Depart-
ment of State, Bureau of Immigration, Military Intelligence Division, Bureau of Investigation, Su-
preme Court, and Post Office Department, as well as smaller collections of documents from the
Secret Service, the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Department of Labor, the Lederal Bureau of
Investigation (LBI), and several other government agencies. The papers of Harry Weinberger,
Goldman’s attorney from late 1916 through her deportation, contain a great deal of material on
Goldman’s legal battles with the U.S. government. The series also includes government investigative
records from Canada, Trance, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden, and
the former Soviet Union, in addition to the official documents of Spanish anarchist organizations of
the civil war period in the Correspondence series.

Lor inclusion in this series the editors selected documents in government files that discuss or
mention Goldman (plus the documents necessary to provide context) or that report on a significant
event of which she was part; and copies of documents regarding Goldman in private collections that
were sent to government officials in their official capacity.

Major governmental files on Goldman, including her immigration file, her Bureau of Investiga-
tion file, and the Post Office’s file on Mother Earth, are reproduced in their entirety except for
duplicates and obviously misfiled documents.

Prom governmental files that contain documents less directly related to Goldman, such as inves-
tigations of her friends, associates, and political causes, the editors have included only documents
that either mention Goldman by name, provide necessary context for documents that mention her by
name, or contain important information about people and events significant to her life. Some docu-
ments that mention Goldman do so only in passing. Government agents reported on individuals who
arranged meetings for Goldman, distributed her literature, attended her lectures, or who were consid-

143

EDITORIAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES

ered radicals of the “Goldman type.” These documents are included in the collection to provide a
sense of Goldman’s influence in the radical community and an idea of government agents’ impression
of her influence. The editors have excerpted these documents as far as possible in order to include
only those portions relevant to Goldman without losing essential context. In the case of material
received from the Federal Bureau of Investigation through a Freedom of Information Act request, the
agency itself excerpted the documents before it released them to the Project.

The series includes documents that describe events integrally related to Goldman, whether or not
her name appears on the document. Since Goldman was involved in so many activities that were the
subjects of government investigations, a complete collection of government documents on Goldman
could expand to include the investigative files on many individuals and organizations. The editors
have included the government’s files on Goldman’s friends, associates, and causes only insofar as
they relate directly to Goldman. For example, the collection includes the Bureau of Investigation’s
reports on its raid on the apartments of Carl Newlander, William Bales, and M. Eleanor Fitzgerald
when Goldman was in prison, but it excludes subsequent reports on Newlander’s deportation and
Bales’s trial for draft evasion.

The most difficult editorial decisions on document selection concerned material pertaining to
Alexander Berkman. Since Goldman’s life entwined so intimately with Berkman’s, the collection
should include government reports on Berkman. But to include all such reports would practically
double the size of the collection. Therefore, the Government Documents series includes reports on
Berkman only when Goldman is mentioned or to complete a set of related documents. The editors
excluded many documents relating to Berkman’s deportation, solitary confinement in prison, threat-
ened extradition to California to face charges related to the Mooney-Billings case, and many more
topics. Goldman and Berkman’s joint Bureau of Investigation file contains transcripts of over six
hundred letters to and from Berkman while he was in the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary. The collection
includes only those letters (approximately two hundred) that mention Goldman.

Additionally, some marginally related legal documents in the papers of Harry Weinberger have
not been filmed, even though they mention Goldman’s name. Most of the excluded material consists
of technical legal papers on cases arising out of (but not directly bearing upon) Goldman and Berkman’s
convictions for anti-draft activities and requests for copies of Weinberger’s Supreme Court brief.

By its very nature, the Government Documents series represents only a portion of existing docu-
ments. Because of the scope of her political activities, the extent of her travels, and the breadth of her
influence, Goldman’s name appears in too many reports by too wide a spectrum of agencies to allow
for a full recovery of every document that may concern her.

Due to the considerable efforts of the NHPRC staff at the National Archives, the collection from
U.S. government sources is quite complete. Material from state and municipal archives, on the other
hand, is fragmentary due in large part to the vagaries of preservation and the difficulties of searching
numerous poorly indexed records located throughout the country. Goldman’s police records from
Chicago and New York, for example, could not be included in the collection because they appear to
have been destroyed.

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EDITORIAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES

Although the Project did acquire valuable material from archives in Canada, Western Europe,
Japan, and the former Soviet Union, in no country have government officials provided even near the
full documentation that other sources have led the editors to suspect may exist. The German and
French archives released copies of major investigative files on Goldman in time to be included in a
supplementary reel, and the archives in the former Soviet Union are still releasing documents to the
Project. The paucity of documents from investigative files at the Public Record Office in Great
Britain, where Goldman lived for some years in the 1920s and 1930s, does not comport with the
interest that British officials showed in her activities elsewhere in the world and suggests that other
material may exist.

Generally, documents fall clearly within one of the three series. Some items, however, are not
easily classified, and some overlap does exist. All letters to and from Goldman that were found in
governmental files are included in both the Correspondence and Government Documents series. These
letters are nearly always transcripts made by government employees and are designated “government
transcript” on the document header. As discussed above, private legal documents, such as wills,
publishing contracts, marriage certificates, and powers of attorney, are included in the Correspon-
dence series if enclosed with Goldman’s correspondence. Otherwise, they are included in Govern-
ment Documents.

Transcripts of Goldman’s speeches and lectures made by government agents or found in govern-
ment files appear in both the Government Documents and Goldman Writings series, where they are
marked as “government transcript.” Copies of Goldman’s published writings found in government
files, notably in the files of the Post Office Department, are not included in Government Documents
unless they contain marginalia by government officials. The Project located a large collection of
Goldman’s pamphlets in the radical pamphlet collection of the Library of Congress. Because these
pamphlets contain file numbers and stamps on the covers indicating that they were recently trans-
ferred from the FBI, copies of the covers only are included in the Government Documents series.

The Government Documents series, unlike the two other series, does not contain substantially
variant copies of documents, even when they are retyped or contain different departmental file stamps
or routing notations. This policy avoided considerable duplication, especially in interagency corre-
spondence and routine multiple filing of intelligence reports.

Because of the complex and often technical nature of the Government Documents series, the
editors have provided summaries and notes on the document headers for nearly all documents. These
additional areas of description are discussed in the following section.

Editorial Treatment

All documents in the Correspondence, Goldman Writings, and Government Documents series
contain document header information in accordance with Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, 2d
ed. (hereafter AACR2).3 Entries in the table of contents at the beginning of each reel also follow that
format, as do the collection’s various indexes (with some exceptions). The editors’ modifications and
interpretations of those rules in light of the special needs of the collection appear below.

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EDITORIAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES

The editors organized the edition using AACR2 largely because it permits a widely used standard
format for document control and retrieval. Nearly all major research libraries now follow that stan-
dard. (In the future the Project hopes that on-line document-by-document retrieval will be possible,
for which the AACR2 format will be invaluable.) The second edition of the rules dates to only 1 978,
and it differs significantly from the earlier edition.4 Because of the rules’ detail they cover with some
consistency the wide range of materials included in the collection. The editors urge readers to consult
the rules themselves for specific questions regarding the treatment of material.

For the reader’s convenience, however, the editors present here a precis that can act as a starting
point for understanding the Project’s application of AACR2. The discussion follows the organization
of AACR2: Numerals in parentheses after each heading are cross-references to the numbered sections
and subsections of the rules themselves. In accordance with the open copyright restrictions on the
manual, the following freely borrows its language without quotations or ellipses. Unless otherwise
noted, the discussion applies to information that appears on the header above each document.

Description

General Rules (1.0)

The editors took most descriptive information from the documents themselves. The staff used
square brackets to distinguish information drawn from sources other than the documents. In a depar-
ture from AACR2, however, no effort was made to note the source of bracketed information. The
Project editors followed general rules for such interpolations, eliminating the need for case-by-case
explanations. (The special rules for interpolated data appear below.)

A document header describes an item largely according to five areas of AACR2 standards — title
and statement of responsibility, edition, publication, physical description, and note — which are elabo-
rated below. Supplementing the AACR2 categories, a title, “The Emma Goldman Papers,” in 24-
point type enables researchers photocopying a filmed document to be able to identify its origin at a
glance; and an “accession” number, assigned to each document for internal control, appears in the
upper right-hand corner of the header. To assist readers in the use of the cross-referencing system in
the note area of the Government Documents series, this printed guide includes a concordance of
accession numbers by date of document.

The use of punctuation in the document headers differs from AACR2. While in general the
editors have retained the period, space, em dash, and space between these five elements, permission
information, summary, and notes (if applicable) all appear on different lines. Although the editors
have not indented this information, the rules permit separate lines when an area begins a new para-
graph. As designated by AACR2, all punctuation except the comma, period, hyphen, parentheses,
brackets, and question mark is preceded and followed by a space. The editors used ellipsis points as
marks of omission but departed from AACR2 by enclosing interpolated omissions in brackets to
distinguish the editors’ ellipses from ones that appear in the original document.

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EDITORIAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES

The editors bracketed interpolated information; if such data are conjectural, a question mark
follows. For names and dates, the question mark applies only to the element of information immedi-
ately preceding the question mark and extends leftward until it encounters a space. Thus “[1912
Jan.? 13]” indicates that only the month is conjectural; in “[Carl Newlander?],” only the “Newlander.”
If the editors question the whole date or name it appears as “[1912? Jan.? 13?]” and “[W.? S.? Van?
Valkenburgh?].” One set of brackets encloses interpolated information within the same information
area, but different sets are used across areas: “[Living My Life / Emma Goldman], — [2nd ed.].”

Within an area, brackets supersede punctuation. Thus, “Letter, 1925 Aug. 5” becomes “[Letter]
1925 Aug. 5.” The use of a comma between a recipient’s name and the letter’s destination, for
example, “[to Albert Bonnier], London,” is an exception to this rule of punctuation. The editors
preserved the comma to avoid confusing cities with the same surnames (for example, “London” and
Meyer “London”).

Because the three series differ in character and content, the editors chose to adapt a mix of areas
and thus departed from the three descriptive levels recommended by AACR2. For example, most of
the Goldman Writings contain dimensions, as stipulated for level 2, but not information regarding
first publication also recommended for that level.

With a few exceptions, the editors have transcribed information from items in the original lan-
guage. This practice was confined, however, to the title area. Information in languages using another
script appears in romanized form. Japanese and Chinese title area information includes an English
translation in brackets, with a romanized transliteration (in the case of Chinese, in the pinyin system).
If it is a major work that was originally published in English, the English title appears first followed
by the language of the document (for example, “In French.”) — both bracketed — and then the foreign
language title. The editors use the original English title, even if the English translation of the foreign
title differs. Place names appear in their current English form even if they appear on the document in
the original language. Because this latter rule is applied universally, no brackets have been entered.
No attempt was made to add the proper accents or other diacritical marks if these did not appear on
the original document.

Title and Statement of Responsibility Area (1.1)

Punctuation in this area differs from AACR2 prescriptions. In the rare case of parallel titles, the
alternative title was simply entered in brackets by way of clarification (in some cases, introduced by
an “or,”); the equal sign was not used. No space preceded the colon separating additional units of title
information. While the editors preserved the diagonal slash between the title and first statement of
responsibility (author), they made no effort to present other individuals or groups responsible for the
document, for example, a sponsoring organization. If more than one person authored a document, a
corporate, serialized form was employed (for example, “Emma Goldman, Alexander Berkman, and
Alexander Schapiro”).

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EDITORIAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES

Information gleaned from the documents appears in the prescribed order with no deviations. The
editors preserved abbreviations with no periods that appeared in the original document. The editors
used no general material designations (that is, description of the type of media) and abridged lengthy
titles with ellipsis points.

In a departure from AACR2 the editors did not always take statements of responsibility (that is,
authorship) from the documents in the form in which they appear on the document, even for a pub-
lished work. Instead the authorized name form was used if it differed from the name on the document.
The rules also stipulate against constructing or extrapolating a statement of responsibility from the
content of an item; the expertise developed over years working with the collection enabled the editors
to interpolate such attributions with confidence.

As in AACR2, more than three names appearing in a statement of responsibility have been
replaced by “et al.” Titles of address, honor, profession, and distinction, if they appear on the docu-
ment, have been eliminated except in cases where the omission would leave only the person’s given
name or surname or where the title was necessary to identify the individual. Titles of officials were
preserved in the Government Documents series.

With the exception of the Government Documents series, the editors did not transcribe descrip-
tive statements of responsibility from the document when no specific person or group was named (for
example, “an admirer”). Instead the editors used “unknown recipient” or “author unknown” because
these terms permit the grouping of all unidentified letters together in the author index. Such grouping
will encourage researchers to try to identify these unattributed pieces. In the Government Documents
series, however, attributions are less crucial, since most examples of this type of material were sent
anonymously to government agencies, usually by people registering complaints against Goldman.

Edition Area (1.2)

Information about an edition was entered only in the rare case that it appears on the document
itself. Because The Emma Goldman Papers microfilm edition contains so few published books,
detailed edition information rarely appears in a header. The editors recorded edition information only
if it appeared on the title page of a work. Standard abbreviations and numerals were used in the few
edition statements that do occur in the microfilm.

Publication Area (1.4)

For those documents requiring publication description, the editors closely followed AACR2 for-
mat. The edition deviates only slightly from the standard format by substituting current English place
names for the foreign form that may appear on the document. The abbreviation for sine loco (s.l.)
was not used when a place could not be interpolated; instead, when the document did not identify the
place of publication and the editors could not conjecture one, no information relating to place was
recorded on the header.

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EDITORIAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES

The name forms of publishers appear as given in the document, not as AACR2 would have them,
in their most internationally recognizable form. Sine nom (s.n.) has not been employed as a designa-
tion of an unknown publisher; as in the case of sine loco , the editors simply left out any information
regarding publishing when it could not be determined. The same holds true for unknown dates of
publication; obvious wrong dates that appear on the document have been corrected and appropriately
bracketed. No manufacturing information about a publication was recorded unless the information
substituted for an unidentified publisher.

Physical Description Area (1.5)

The editors limited the physical description of a document to its number of pages and physical
dimensions. A period, space, em dash, and space introduce the area. A space and the Arabic numeral
for the number of pages follow before an additional space, a “p.,” space, and a semi-colon. The
editors determined the number of pages from the number of microfilm shots, not the actual pages of
the document. One shot, for example, could cover two pages or vice versa. For portions of other
works, inclusive pages are given. After another space, the height and width in centimeters, separated
by a space and the multiplication sign (“x”), appear. The dimensions reflect the size of the photocopy
received by the Project, not necessarily the original. Readers must thus be aware of potential reduc-
tions and enlargements due to the photocopying process that produced the documents filmed. The
abbreviation for centimeter (“cm.”), preceded by a space, concludes the physical description area. In
the case of printed materials, only the height is given, in accordance with AACR2 standards. The
editors signal the presence of accompanying material either in the title proper through brackets or in
the note area of the Government Documents series.

Note Area (1.7)

The editors have broken the note area down into three sections: permissions, summary, and notes.
Each of these begins on a separate line.

The permission sub-area contains the archival or personal source of the document. Though not
all relevant copyright holders are listed here, the repositories or donors are the appropriate starting
points to inquire about permission to publish or quote from the document. The permission statement
generally contains two sentences. The first gives the name of the repository from which the editors
received the document and the other the institutional location of the document (for example, the
collection of personal papers). In the case of documents in the public domain, the permission area
simply gives the location of documents.

Summaries exist for all government documents (except envelopes, duplicates, simple cover sheets,
and about two hundred Berkman prison letters). The word “Summary” (in bold) followed by a colon
and space introduces this sub-area. In a brief paragraph, the summary provides an overview of the
contents of the document.

Notes usually accompany the summaries on these document headers. The notes generally have
two purposes: to comment on the physical document itself and note the language it appears in; and to
note something about the relationship of this document to others in the collection. In the Government

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EDITORIAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES

Documents series, a document’s accession number, which appears in the upper right-hand corner of
its header (discussed above), serves as the cross-reference. A concordance of accession numbers and
dates is included in this guide.

Entries in the table of contents that introduce each reel include, if relevant, only one piece of
information from the note area: the language in which the document is written, if it is not English.
The em dash that delineates areas in AACR2, however, is not used.

Books, Pamphlets, and Printed Sheets

General Rules (2.0)

The Emma Goldman Papers contain relatively few separately published books, pamphlets, and
sheets, which AACR2 groups under the heading “printed monographs.” Microform reproductions of
printed monographs — which cover nearly all cases — have gone unnoted by the editors (that is, the
editors treated the document as a printed monograph even if they obtained it from a microform
publication). As in AACR2, the editors have used the title page as the chief source of information
about the document.

Because of the small number of these items, the editors adopted only the most minimal interpre-
tation of the elaborate AACR2 treatment of printed monographs. For example, information on vari-
ant editions is not noted, and the editors record edition information only if it appears on the title page.
Only the basic bibliographical information of publisher, place, and year of publication is given.

Physical Description Area (2.5)

The physical description area contains only the number of pages of microfilmed material; one
shot of two pages is recorded as one page. No effort has been made to distinguish between pages,
leaves, columns, broadsides, sheets, or portfolio, and no mention is made of the presence of plates.
Because microfilm shots and not pages are used to determine page numbers (see above), unnumbered
sequences figure into the totals and the document’s pagination is ignored. Unpaginated materials
have their page totals appear without brackets.

Some types of information that AACR2 recommends for the note area appears bracketed in the
title area. The editors employed this approach in order to provide essential information primarily for
the Goldman Writings series in which neither summaries nor notes appear. Such descriptive com-
ments occurring within the title area include “advertisement,” “cover page,” “excerpt,” “fragment,”
and “leaflet.” The Government Documents series contains a wide range of information in the note
area, but since the series has so few printed monographs, they are discussed under the heading “Manu-
scripts” below.

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EDITORIAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES

Manuscripts

The Project editors catalogued all manuscripts as individual items, following AACR2 prescrip-
tion.

General Rules (4.0)

Manuscripts make up the bulk of The Emma Goldman Papers and cover a wide variety of
holograph and typed material, including manuscript books and articles, letters, postcards, envelopes,
telegrams, notes, memoranda, speeches, legal papers, financial documents, and transcripts. The
documents themselves provided the chief source of information about the manuscripts, although the
editors drew upon their expertise and the relationships between chronologically proximate documents
to interpolate missing information.

Title and Statement of Responsibility Area (4.1)

The editors used as a title any information on the document that could remotely be construed as
such. Lacking a clear designation, the editors supplied a title. For a work in manuscript and similar
material, the editors provided the title of the published version if the work was later published. Oth-
erwise, the editors supplied a descriptive title.

Pieces of correspondence received the special treatment set out in AACR2. The editors supplied
a title consisting of the type of material (for example, letter, postcard, telegram), the date of compo-
sition (in year-month-day form), the place of writing, the name of the person to whom the correspon-
dence was directed preceded by “to,” and his or her present location, as seen through the writer’s
eyes. The material type and the preposition “to” always carry interpolating brackets, even if the same
words occur in the document proper.

Following the general rule given above, the editors bracketed all descriptive information that did
not derive from the document itself. Although in most cases a glance at the document provided
missing information, time limitations sometimes prevented the editors from reading every item closely
enough to record all the names of authors, recipients, or places or hints about the date of composition
in the document.

Because so many manuscript items have interpolated or conjectural dates, they are treated under
this heading; the discussion, however, applies to dates for all series. The editors have tried within the
limits of time to provide the most accurate dates for undated manuscripts. The dates of some previ-
ously undated documents are easier to conjecture now that the collection is complete, the late-arriving
documents processed, and the chronology compiled. Thus further clues to the dates of undated
documents may yield themselves to the diligent researcher; many errors in dates have already been
discovered (see Errata section).

If the editors have been unable to identify the day a document was written, they have entered no
information. Thus “1913 Jan.?” denotes that the year is known but that the editors feel confident only
of estimating the month of composition. For documents with uncertain dates, they have followed the
guidelines for conjecture discussed in the general rules above. The editors conjectured a day only if

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EDITORIAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES

the year or month was known from the document and there was hard evidence of that date. If they
were certain that a piece was written within a specific range of dates, they have presented two dates
linked by the word “between.” The editors distinguish letters written over more than one day by a
dash between days of the same month (for example, “1919 Aug. 12-15”) and the preposition “to”
between days spanning months or years (for example, “1919 Aug. 1 2 to Sept. 5” or “ 1 9 1 9 Aug. 1 2 to
1920 Sept. 17”). In all cases of conjectural dates, the editors did not use the word “circa” or its
corresponding symbol, but relied instead upon question marks to indicate conjecture. (For more
information on the use of dates for organizing the edition, see “Choice of Access Points [2 1 .0]” under
“Headings, Uniform Titles, and References” below.)

Some special cases exist for assigning dates of composition. Although the general goal has been
to assign dates closest to the creation of the document, items in the Government Documents series
occasionally depart from that goal. Official registers received the file creation date and transmittal
letters bear the earliest date stamped or typed on the document (not the date of the item being de-
scribed or circulated).

The place of composition of correspondence often does not appear on the document and has been
conjectured and interpolated by the editors. For the correspondence authored by Goldman, the edi-
tors had a fairly good idea of her travel itinerary and whereabouts throughout her life and hence could
usually assign a missing place name with confidence if the date of the letter was accurate. The
correspondence back and forth between Goldman and others often revealed probable places from
which letters were written. Post office marks on envelopes were also used in cases where no date
appeared on the letter, but, it must be remembered, these suggest only a probable place of composi-
tion, since letters could be mailed from a location different from the place from which the letter was
written. Similarly, a letter written on hotel stationery may have originated from a city other than that
on the letterhead, as Goldman was in the habit of carrying off hotel stationery and using it while she
was traveling. The headers for letters Goldman wrote while in transit bear the designation “en route
to” followed by her destination.

The editors used a standard name form for authors and recipients in all cases, even if the letter
contained a pseudonym. Of course, any such interpolations are carefully noted by brackets. The
recipients are not always co-extensive with addressees because Goldman often included letters within
letters (sometimes on the same sheet) intended to be passed on to others. She was especially fond of
postscripts for this purpose. The editors treated these communications as separate items only if they
had some resemblance to a letter or note, with a direct salutation by the author to an individual (not
“tell him” or “tell her”). In such cases, the item is presented twice with different headers reflecting the
two recipients.

The place where the author directed the communication often required editorial interpolation.
The place of address on the item itself was used even if the editors knew it was addressed to the wrong
place. It must be emphasized, however, that when editors interpolate even a relatively certain desti-
nation, they do not mean to imply that it stands, in all cases, for what the author assumed to be the
recipient’s present location. Even if the author reveals through other letters written on the same day
an inaccurate assumption about the recipient’s location, the editors have chosen to designate the
correct place on the document header (as evidenced, perhaps, by a recipient writing a letter from that
location).

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EDITORIAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES

While correspondence accounts for most of the manuscript material in the edition, a significant
number of other types of manuscripts are included in the microfilm as well and are distinguished as
such in the identification headers. Untitled speeches and lectures, for example, begin with a word
designating the form, the place of delivery, and the occasion. Usually, in the case of Goldman’s
lectures, the occasions on which they were delivered were not indicated on the document, so the
editors used the title of the speech or lecture assigned by Goldman or supplied one that reflected the
contents of the document. Personal legal documents also often required a supplied title describing the
type of document, the date of signature, the parties exclusive of the author of the document, and the
occasion of the document. In the Government Documents series, some memoranda not intended for
correspondence (that is, fragments or notes to the file) have been given a descriptive title based on the
content rather than the form set out above for correspondence. Also in that series, an agent’s report
for the Bureau of Investigation (a forerunner of the FBI ) on the bureau’s preprinted forms follows the
format “[Agent Report] In re:.”

Statements of responsibility (authorship) generally follow the rules for interpolation and conjec-
ture. Once again, the authorized name form is always given, even if the name appears in a different
form on the document.

As recommended by AACR2, a period, space, em dash, and space precede the date in year-
month-day format only for manuscripts, such as lectures, that do not include the date in the title area.

In accordance with the general rule, the physical description of the material encompasses the
number of pages microfilmed, not the actual pages of original manuscript. The physical description
also follows the general rule of including the document’s dimensions in centimeters. In a departure
from AACR2, the dimensions have always been entered for manuscripts appearing in the three series.
The editors defined width as parallel and height as perpendicular to the orientation of the majority of
the written text. As in the case of pagination, the editors measured the documents as microfilmed,
even if two original pages appeared within a single shot. All measurements have been rounded up to
the next half centimeter (for example, 1.2 cm. becomes 1.5 and not 1.0). In the case of documents
containing pages of differing dimensions, the editors used the largest page width and height in the
description.

The note area gives repository or individual permission information and the institutional location
of materials, usually at the collection level. Summaries and notes occur only in the Government
Documents series. A very brief summary sketches the main point(s) of the document. A note sup-
plies, if applicable, the language of the document (for example, “In German”); the physical condition
(“dark copy”); explanations such as identifying the author of a handwritten postscript; and the rela-
tionship between documents, cross-referenced by accession number.

"In” Analytics

Goldman’s articles and letters found their way into many periodicals, and the Goldman Writings
series contains numerous newspaper articles that report on her work. As a result, the editors faced the
needed to create bibliographical records for documents that were parts of larger publications (hence
“in” analytics). The AACR2 guidelines are only very general and tentative on this topic, so the
editors had to improvise many rules.

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EDITORIAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES

The general form for “in” analytics consists of two parts: the title and statement of responsibility
(authorship) of the document; and bibliographical information pertaining to the source of the docu-
ment. The title is taken from the piece itself; if no title exists, the first few words have been used if
they contain some element of description or uniqueness. Otherwise, a descriptive title has been
interpolated. The familiar space, diagonal slash, and space precede the statement of responsibility.
For unsigned newspaper articles that quote Goldman, no responsibility was assigned, although clearly
it could be taken as the larger imprint. After a period, space, em dash, and period, the inclusive pages
of the smaller unit are given if they are known (for many newspaper clippings these are unrecover-
able), though in contrast to the practice elsewhere in the edition, here page numbers reflect the actual
pages of the original document and not the number of shots. After a semi-colon with a space on either
side, the height of the microfilmed sheet is given. Sometimes the height will reflect the perpendicular
dimension of a column; in other cases it will represent the height of the larger imprint.

Unlike AACR2’s new paragraph for the larger work, in this edition it appears on the same line.
An italicized “In” always introduces this portion of the entry. The title of the larger work follows and
then, if applicable, a further statement of responsibility and so forth, as if it were an entry on its own
for a printed monograph. In the case of a smaller part of a serial, the title of the serial is given,
followed by its place of publication (in brackets), then issue information, using “vol.” and “no.” and,
in parentheses, the date. Serials have not been treated in detail because none exist on their own in the
edition; they are always part of an “in” analytic.

Not all the parts that occur in the edition have a clear relationship to a larger unit. Scattered
newspaper clippings and isolated articles abound in the collections from which the Project recovered
Goldman material. Though the editors tried to identify the parent imprint, this was not always
possible. Nor did time permit a recovery of the numeric designation of serials in which the part
appeared even if the title of the serial was known. Because of this, many items have only partial
information on the work in which the smaller piece appeared. In most cases, the editors were able to
conjecture a rough date, and they could often attribute the piece to a larger unit through internal clues
and through the morphology of the printed page. Of course, the editors clearly indicate all conjec-
tures with brackets and question marks.

Headings, Uniform Titles, and References

Choice of Access Points (21.0)

The needs of users of a microfilm edition for points of access to that collection and the needs of
the cataloging agencies for whom AACR2 was devised differ. For example, library card catalogs
generally list works alphabetically under main entry by author and title. By contrast, because of the
serialized mode of presentation in this edition, dates become the most important point of access: they
play a crucial role in the indexes to the edition. AACR2 gives no basic rules for main entry by date,
so the editors devised their own principles of chronological organization.

The edition records the serialized scheme of dates in two places with parallel information: the
sequence of documents within the microfilm itself and the table of contents that introduces each reel.
The documents appear in chronological order from earliest to latest within the three series, with the

154

EDITORIAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES

exceptions noted above. The editors have tried to date all undated material, at least to the nearest
decade. Material lacking full date information appears at the beginning of its known unit of time. For
example, if the month and year of a document is known, but the day is not, the document will occur
at the beginning of the month. The same rule holds for documents created over a span of time or those
in which a range of possible dates has been conjectured by the editors. All documents with conjec-
tural dates are interfiled in chronological order among documents with definite dates.

The name indexes to the Correspondence and Government Documents series use the name of
author or recipient (that is, the statement of responsibility and title) as points of access, grouping
together under the same index entry letters written by and to an individual, group of individuals, or
corporate entity. Entries appear in order of date; following each date is the reel number on which the
document appears. An asterisk by a date denotes that that letter was authored by the individual(s) or
corporate entity under whose main entry it appears; no asterisk denotes that it was received by the
same. (An alphabetical rendering of first names distinguishes authors with the same surname.) The
editors employed authorized name forms in creating the index, though additionally diminutives and
nicknames appear enclosed in parentheses and, in the name index to the Government Documents
series, abbreviated names of government offices and departments adjacent to the authorized name
entry. Within reasonable limits of error and with one exception, one entry should cover all pieces
written by and to one person or corporate entity. The exception occurs in the case of correspondence
either authored or received by more than one person, where the name of one of the individuals (usu-
ally the first listed) is used as the main entry. Documents for which the editors were unable to
determine either author or recipient appear in the indexes under “Unknown author” and “Unknown
recipient,” respectively.

The title indexes to the Goldman Writings and Government Documents series reflect the contents
of that description area. In Goldman Writings, the index to drafts, publications, and speeches is
organized alphabetically by title. The index to newspaper and periodical articles is arranged alpha-
betically by name of publication; under each heading, entries appear in order of date. Title area
descriptors, such as “fragment,” have been retained in the title indexes. As in AACR2, translations
of materials originally in English occur in the English form, with notation of the language of the
document (for example, “In German”). Entries in the subject index to the Government Documents
series also appear in order of date. In all indexes, the number of the reel on which the document
appears follows the entry and is separated from it by leaders.

Headings for Persons (22.0)

The editors followed closely the AACR2 guidelines for selecting authorized name forms. These
forms appear in index entries, document headers, and tables of contents. The editors followed the
four-point AACR2 preferred order for authorities: the most common usage of the name; the name
form given on published works by that person; the name form as given in standard reference works;
or the latest name form. Variant forms that occur in the edition are cross-referenced in the indexes to
the authorized name. The editors have preserved diacritical marks and hyphens, even if these do not
occur on the document proper. The editors treated the numerous Russian, Yiddish, and English
variations of personal names on a case by case basis, depending largely on the most commonly used
name. Most articles, prepositions, and other prefixes of last name forms have been retained.

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EDITORIAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES

The married name forms of women posed a special problem for the editors. Many of the corre-
spondents, being anarchists, either did not marry their companions or had mixed feelings about women
taking the names of their spouses; others, however, adapted to the outward conventions of legal
matrimony without being married. The editors made decisions case by case, evaluating the
correspondent’s relationship to Goldman and also the correspondent’s public identity. Mabel Dodge,
for example, appears under that name, as she does on the documents throughout most of the edition,
without the addition of her last husband’s name of Luhan. This is consistent with Goldman’s relation-
ship to her — she knew her neither under her maiden name, “Ganson,” nor by the name of her last
husband, but rather under her second husband’s name, “Dodge.” Rudolf Rocker’s wife, Milly, on the
other hand, appears with his surname and her maiden name, “Witcop,” as a surname. In standard
reference sources, her name appears in three different forms: with two surnames, with only her husband’s
name, and with only her maiden name. The editors selected the longer form because she was com-
monly known by both names, and Goldman’s relationship to her was primarily during the period
when she was married to Rudolf Rocker.

Geographic Names (23.0)

In general, the editors have used the current English form of cities and countries.5 Only a handful
of important cities appear without state or country designations. One relatively minor town that
follows this rule is St. Tropez (the small fishing village in the south of France that was Goldman’s
home for a number of years in the 1920s and 1930s), largely because of the great number of docu-
ments from and to that place. Against AACR2 recommendations, Yugoslavian cities and cities in the
former Soviet Union — with the exception of the Baltic republics, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia—
are not modified by state names.

Headings for Corporate Bodies (24.0)

The edition contains many varying names of specific corporate bodies, especially among the
ever-shifting alliances and group redefinitions of early twentieth-century radicals. The editors have
generally chosen to take significant alterations in the name of a corporate body to represent changes
in the body itself, thus yielding two entries. Only when the editors could be sure that it was the same
organization under a different name (such as the change from “Mother Earth Publishing Company”
to “Mother Earth Pub. Ass’n.”) did they create one authorized name form to cover the variant.
Misspellings, inaccuracies, and abbreviations comprise only a few exceptions to this rule. For gov-
ernment bodies and officials, the editors have tried to assign, as closely as possible, individual respon-
sibility for authorship. Agencies unmodified by a jurisdictional unit (for example, “Department of
State”) should be construed as part of the federal government of the United States.

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EDITORIAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES

The Structure of the Edition

The edition has two basic components: the microfilm and the guide. Each of these will be dis-
cussed in turn.

The Microfilm

The publisher has taken care to ensure that The Emma Goldman Papers easily surpass the
minimum standards of microfilm publication set out in the microform guidelines of the National
Historical Publications and Records Commission. The publisher filmed the edition using archival
quality 35-millimeter silver halide safety stock at average aspect reduction ratios of 1 6: 1 (ratios used
to film some problematic documents may vary). The microfilm appears in comic (that is, lines of text
parallel to the edge of the film), rather than cine (perpendicular) orientation.

The three series appear on sixty-nine reels of the microfilm: reels 1 through 46 contain the Cor-
respondence series; reels 47 through 55, the Goldman Writings; and reels 56 through 66, the Govern-
ment Documents. Reels 67 through 69 comprise a supplement to the main collection, reel 67 featur-
ing Goldman Writings and Government Documents and reels 68 and 69, supplementary Correspon-
dence. In addition to the pre- 1906 correspondence, reel 1 includes a brief introduction to the collec-
tion; an abbreviated editorial guide; the contributing institutions, scholars, archivists, librarians, and
Goldman associates; a list of financial supporters of the Project; the collected targets; preliminary
errata; and the six indexes to the collection.

The reels average 600 pages of documents, though a few approach the upper limit of 950 pages.
The editors have striven to have reel breaks in natural places within the collection, usually at the
beginning of a year or month. Sometimes, however, the editors bent the rule by a few days in order to
provide completion of a particular theme in the material.

Each reel of the microfilm begins with a “Start” target, a half-title page on which “The Emma
Goldman Papers” appears, and a reel designation frame. The formal title page contains the full title,
the reel number, the series, the dates covered by the reel, and identification of editors and the pub-
lisher. A credits page follows, listing the Project staff who worked on the edition or in some way in
support of it. The copyright notice follows and sets out the relationship between the Project and the
publisher; it also contains blanket notices of permission from archives and individuals.

In all three series, the copyright notice is followed by a table of contents. The reel number, series
title, and inclusive date information from the formal title page are repeated at the beginning of each
table of contents, which lists, in chronological order, the title and statement of responsibility areas
discussed above. Any document appearing in a language other than English is noted. As preliminary
matter, the table of contents is paginated in lower-case Roman numerals, as is the following section,
the “target.”

All reels in the three series begin with introductory essays or “targets.” They sometimes cover
more than one reel; after their first appearance, they are repeated at the beginning of every relevant
reel. The Correspondence series has seventeen targets; Government Documents, six; and Goldman

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EDITORIAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES

Writings, two. The target’s title designates the reels covered and the inclusive dates. The essay sets
the historical context for the documents, provides an overview of the contents of the reel(s), and
acquaints readers with some of the major personal and public issues of Goldman’s life during the
period covered by the reels. In the Correspondence series, the targets note and discuss the signifi-
cance of some of the key correspondents. All the introductory targets are collected together on reel 1
and in this guide; together they provide a detailed overview of the entire collection.

Each reel’s preliminary matter concludes with an aspect ratio notice and standard resolution
chart. The publisher has included a good deal of leader material on each reel in order to protect the
film. Where the poor quality of an image is the result of the condition of the original document, the
publisher has inserted a notice that the best copy available was filmed.

Where the editors felt that readers might need some guidance or background to help them under-
stand the documents, explanatory targets were added to the microfilm. These explanatory targets are
especially useful for understanding the occasionally arcane material in the Government Documents
series.

An explanatory header accompanies each document in the collection, including those found in
supplementary reels. The documents have been positioned on the frame in order to allow a single
photocopy shot to include the header information and at least most of the document itself. A standard
“End” target concludes each reel.

The Guide

The editors decided that the guide to the microfilm edition would be itself an important contribu-
tion to the scholarship on Goldman. The guide has two parts: “Emma Goldman” and “The Microfilm
Edition.”

After a foreword by Leon F. Litwack, Morrison Professor of American History at the University
of California, Berkeley, and chair of the Project’s Faculty Advisory Board, part 1 begins with an
essay that blends a consideration of Goldman’s life and her own sense of her place in history with a
discussion of the history and significance of the Project, including the search for documents. Part 1
also features illustrations, a bibliographical essay to assist users of the microfilm edition who are
unfamiliar with Goldman’s historical milieu, and an extensive chronology that reflects years of re-
search in Goldman’s papers and the Project’s extensive newspaper collection.

Part 2, “The Microfilm Edition,” reprints material on reel 1 of the collection. This discussion,
“Editorial Principles and Procedures,” which has sketched out the rationale behind some of the orga-
nizational decisions the editors made, is an elaborated version of the “Editorial Guide to the Micro-
film” found there. In addition, part 2 includes instructions on copyright and permissions,
acknowledgements, the introductory essays (“targets”) for each reel, and the indexes for the whole

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EDITORIAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES

collection. The editors chose this approach because they realized that some institutions and indi-
vidual readers may purchase only the guide and not the complete microfilm collection. The material
repeated from the microfilm and included in the guide will enable researchers to determine which
specific reels of microfilm they may want to order through interlibrary loan or to consult at the major
research libraries that purchased the full microfilm set.

Note on Computerization

As noted in the introduction to this discussion, the microcomputer played an integral role in
enabling the Project to enforce its editorial policy consistently. Not only did the microcomputer allow
retrospective batch changes to records entered incorrectly and to records observing earlier, obsolete
editorial standards, but also, through customized programs the microfilm editor and his assistants
developed, it provided a menu-driven, error-preventing program that greatly increased the accuracy
of the work and reduced the time it took to proofread the output of the data bases.

Three advances in microcomputing influenced the direction of the Project’s automated document
control system: the arrival of local area networks; the development of reliable data base management
systems that could run over those networks; and the emergence of multi-font laser printers and desk-
top publishing software. The first two permitted direct data entry from the documents by all proces-
sors simultaneously into several shared data bases. The third technological advance dramatically
speeded up the print output of the system and, more importantly, allowed for inexpensive typesetting
of the editorial copy of the microfilm itself.

The Project adapted these innovations as soon as they appeared in 1985 and 1986. The configu-
ration would eventually consist of a six-node local area network, using IBM hardware and network
drivers. Thus, at a time when few affordable hard disks stored more than thirty megabytes of infor-
mation, the Project’s network afforded shared access to hard disk resources of up to 240 megabytes
located on the network server.6 The Project selected the widely used commercial data base manage-
ment program, dBASE III Plus, to run over the network.

The customized program the microfilm editor developed helped the staff to process documents
that would eventually appear in the microfilm. Although the program related nine different data base
files, users perceived the construction of only one virtual “record” during data entry. Menus guided
users through processing, and built-in facilities helped check the work.

The program assisted processing by preventing duplicate accession numbers; verifying that titles
and statements of responsibility had corresponding entries in the authority file; providing the oppor-
tunity to enter new authorized name forms; allowing for full-screen editing of most fields; merging
information from several fields automatically to build title fields in AACR2 format; presenting two
full screens for summaries and notes; and permitting the user to print out a document-processing tag
that merged information from all the various data bases. This tag was attached to every document
processed as the primary means of document control.

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EDITORIAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES

The program prevented many errors by requiring that new name forms go immediately into the
authority data base where they would be available to other users in less than a second. For codes
already existing, the program automatically wrote the authorized name form onto the record being
entered, thus removing the possibility of misspelling.

The menu-driven program was structured to break down the information that was entered into as
small and manipulate units as possible. The microfilm editor aimed to have the information intrin-
sically compatible with the two often-contrasting standards of AACR2 and Machine Readable Cata-
loging, Archival and Manuscripts Control (MARC AMC).7 The latter standard was addressed to
open the possibility that with a little additional programming the Emma Goldman Papers Project data
base could someday go on-line.8

The data contained in the Project’s data bases provided three kinds of typeset-ready output: the
headers, the tables of contents, and the indexes. The Project developed several data base management
programs that automatically generated intermediate text files with all electronic typesetting codes
embedded. The actual typeset output was produced on a Xerox 4045 Laser Printer with resolution of
300 dots per inch. (For the production of the indexes and other introductory material on reel 1, the
Project used a Hewlett-Packard LaserJet III with a PostScript cartridge.) Xerox Ventura Publisher,
on an 80286-based IBM PS/2 computer, handled the typesetting itself. This quick and relatively
inexpensive process allowed the editorial staff to proofread the three types of output directly in type-
set copy. The staff thus had access to several periodically updated, typeset-quality search guides
through the later life of the Project. Also, specialized queries and reports could readily be generated
from the data base management system.

In short, much of the accuracy and internal consistency of the edition is attributable to the com-
puter system developed at the Project. The manner in which that system made possible a wide
application of print quality materials generated in-house ultimately enhances the readability of the
edition.

Conclusion

The editors feel confident that they have provided researchers with a major tool for understanding
Emma Goldman and the movements of which she was a part. Within the constraints of time and
money that always create limitations for a project of this sort, the methods used to organize and
present the materials provide users of the microfilm with an unprecedented degree of accessibility.
Researchers will be able to consult, expeditiously and in one place, a collection of documents that,
prior to the publication of this edition, would have taken years, many travels, and much postage to
acquire. But, as this discussion has attempted to show, the edition also contains much collective work
of organization and editorial treatment of documents that would be difficult for a single researcher or
even a small group to undertake. Largely because of this editorial work, Emma Goldman now comes
before the public in her own words, uncensored, and in a manner that will enable researchers to study
in depth specific aspects of the many faceted life of this important public figure.

Ronald J. Zboray

160

EDITORIAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES

1 Cf. Mary Kupiec Cayton, “The Making of an American Prophet: Emerson, His Audiences, and the
Rise of the Culture Industry in Nineteenth-Century America,” American Historical Review 92 ( 1 987):
597-620; and Donald M. Scott, “The Popular Lecture and the Creation of a Public in Mid-Nineteenth
Century America ''Journal of American History ; 66 ( 1 980): 79 1 -809. For a consideration of Goldman’s
rhetorical style, see Martha Solomon, Emma Goldman (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1987).

2 On oral and silent publication, see Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, The Printing Press as an Agent of
Change: Communications and Cultural Transformations in Early-Modern Europe , 2 vols. (Cam-
bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 1: 129-136.

3 Michael Gorman and Paul W. Winkler, eds., Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, 2d ed. (Chicago:
American Library Association, 1978). For a theoretical discussion of the adaptation of the rules to
these purposes, see Ronald J. Zboray, “Archival Standards in Documentary Editing,” Studies in
Bibliography 43 (1990): 34-49. Broader discussions of the rules are contained in Florence A.
Salinger and Eileen Zagon, Notes for Catalogers: A Sourcebook for Use with AACR 2 (White Plains
N.Y.: Knowledge Industry Publications, 1985); and Malcolm Shaw et al., Using AACR2: A Dia-
grammatic Approach (Phoenix: Oryx Press, 1981).

4 Cf. Seymour Lubetzky and C. Sumner Spaulding, Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (Chicago:
American Library Association, 1967).

5 A major exception to the rule: Leningrad appears as Petrograd.

6 For an early description of the computer system (with aims much more ambitious than those pre-
sented in this edition), see Ronald J. Zboray, “Microfilm Editions of Personal Papers and Microcom-
puters: Indexing the Emma Goldman Papers,” International Journal of Micrographics and Video
Technology 5 (1986): 213-221.

7 For a consideration of how the Goldman Papers Project balanced the needs of the two standards, see
Ronald J. Zboray, “Computerized Document Control and Indexing at the Emma Goldman Papers,”
Documentary Editing 11 (1989): 72-75. On the MARC AMC format, see Library of Congress,
MARC Formats for Bibliographic Data, Updates 10 and 11 (Washington, D.C.: Library of Con-
gress, 1984, 1985); Nancy Sahli, MARC for Archives and Manuscripts: The AMC Format (Chi-
cago: Society of American Archivists, 1985); Max J. Evans and Lisa B. Weber, MARC for Archives
and Manuscripts: A Compendium of Practice (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin,
1985); and for printed monographs primarily, Walt Crawford, MARC for Library Use: Understand-
ing the USMARC Formats (White Plains, N.Y.: Knowledge Industry Publications, 1984).

8 See Ronald J. Zboray, “dBASE III Plus and the MARC AMC Format: Problems and Possibilities,”
American Archivist 50 (1987): 27-34; and Zboray, “Archival Standards in Documentary Editing,”
38-41.

161

Acknowledgments

The Emma Goldman Papers microfilm edition took twelve years to complete. Its scope and
degree of accuracy is the result of the collaborative work of a talented and dedicated staff, the coop-
eration of the international archival and research community, the generosity of several public and
private foundations, and the support of the University of California, Berkeley.

The long list of research, editorial, and administrative staff that precedes each microfilm reel
reflects the composite staff of the Emma Goldman Papers Project over the entire span of its existence.
Of the group, there are individuals who deserve special acknowledgment. First and foremost, the late
Sarah Crome started the Project with me and set the research in motion. For six years (1980-1985)
until her retirement, the generous and determined Sarah Crome maintained the momentum of the
work, even working without pay during the first year of the Reagan administration’s withdrawal of
funding from all projects of the National Historical Publications and Records Commission. I am
grateful to Sarah for helping to lay the foundation of this project, and wish that she had lived to see its
completion.

I am indebted to Ronald J. Zboray, a superb and multi-talented historian who, from 1984 to 1989,
transformed the document control for the microfilm edition by integrating cutting-edge technological
advances in data management and applying them to historical editing. As microfilm editor, he estab-
lished the editorial standards, indexing categories, publishing format, and technical structure of the
edition. Alice Hall, editor of the Government Document series, came to the Project in 1987 while a
law student and maintained her commitment even after graduation, continuing until the very last
detail of the microfilm was completed in the spring of 1 992. Her remarkable ability to organize and
crystallize critical information in the summaries and subject entries that accompany each document in
this complex and unique series will open a new and otherwise inaccessible area of source material to
scholars. Alice Hall also acted as the interim associate editor at several points of staff transition, and
her consistent intelligence and good judgment was appreciated by the entire Project. Special thanks
also to Robert Cohen, research associate from 1987 to 1991, for his ongoing commitment to the
search for documents, exemplified by the multitude of fascinating newspaper clippings and Goldman
correspondence he added to the collection, building on the work of Barbara Foomis and the earlier
staff. Graduate student FranQoise Verges organized, edited, and expanded the scope of the Goldman
Writings series with intelligence and diligence. Historian Stephen Cole, also associate editor for the
selected book edition of The Emma Goldman Papers , arrived one year before the completion of the
microfilm edition and did a valiant job in assisting the coordination and editing in its final months. A
meticulous editor with solid historical sensibility, he developed and carried out the indexing of the
complete edition. His editorial and intellectual talents were critical to the form and content of Emma
Goldman: A Guide to Her Life and Documentary Sources.

163

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Among the outstanding graduate student research associates, I extend my appreciation to the two
whose many years of work shaped the character and quality of the Project: Dennis McEnnemey
participated in the Project for over six years ( 1 985-1 99 1 ) in almost every capacity from biographical
and archival research and writing to the support work necessary to answer the steady flow of search
queries received by the Project. Brenda Butler, whose tragic death in 1990 interrupted her young and
promising career, left a remarkable legacy in her five years as the European and Asian search coordi-
nator for the Project. The volume and quality of documents from Europe, Asia, and the Soviet Union
in the collection are a direct result of her skillful coordination of a complex network of researchers
and Goldman associates throughout the world.

No project of the size of The Emma Goldman Papers could survive in an environment of unpre-
dictable funding without talented administrative support. Sally Thomas, who has worked with the
Project since 1985 in almost every capacity from research, editing, organization, planning, adminis-
trative budgeting and payroll, is also the fund-raising backbone of the Project. Her public vision has
been in large part responsible for expanding the focus of our work from exclusive attention to the
microfilm collection to the development of a successful traveling exhibition, an Emma Goldman
Papers Project lecture tour, and a high school curriculum based on Goldman’s life. As the driving
force for the creation of a detailed chronology to serve as an access point to the collection, her
commitment to public history is evident in this volume.

Susan Wengraf, a talented documentary film maker, worked to shape and design the traveling
exhibition beginning in 1989. Her photo-archival work has enhanced our collection, and the slides
she has amassed for the Project enable us to provide vivid visual images to accompany Project
lectures. Her flexibility and patience match her impeccable aesthetic sensibility, which has broad-
ened the audience for the public aspect of our work.

There were many other unusually talented contributors to the success of The Emma Goldman
Papers', at a crucial time, when the Project lost the talent of Ron Zboray and versatile production
editor Ellen Ratcliffe, the diligence and hard work of Kurt Thompson and Jennifer Smith carried the
microfilm through a difficult year of staff transition. Staff editors and proofreaders contributed their
creative intelligence and detective work to deciphering handwriting, identifying Goldman correspon-
dents, and entering data for microfilm headers into the Project’s data base. A staff of graduate and
undergraduate students, each with a unique contribution to the whole, provided the editorial assis-
tance necessary to the creation of an accurate and extensive research tool; I take this opportunity to
thank especially Brigida Campos, Robert Geraci, Rebecca Hyman, Marilynn Johnson, Leigh Anne
Jones, Maxine Leeds, Joanne Newman, and Rachel Rivera.

Administrative assistance in the final year of work on the microfilm edition by the indefatigable
Ami Samuels provided the crucial support without which the editing could not have been completed.
Janice Tanigawa of the Institute for the Study of Social Change provided additional administrative
assistance for almost a decade. Michael Katz, the Project’s innovative and good-humored computer
programmer, shaped the data base for easy and accurate presentation of the indexes, headers, and
targets, in spite of aging computers and limited funds.

164

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Through thick and thin, the Project has always had the help of volunteers who dedicated their
time and talents because of their belief in the importance of documenting the history of women.
Among the many volunteers, we thank Rachel Eisner, Brigitte Koenig, Mara Heifetz, and Tamara
Falicov. Especially notable are June Brumer, Rae Lisker, and Beth Wilson, who have graced our
office weekly for the last four years with their hard work, good spirit, and affinity to Emma.

This microfilm is a collaborative work with a cast of thousands to acknowledge (a list follows).
Although the collections of documents from Europe, Asia, the former Soviet Union, Latin America,
and Canada is not as complete as those from archives in the United States, they represent the best
efforts of an extraordinary group of research associates who communicated with the Project through
letters in many languages from their distant locations and through friends. Karen V. Hansen designed
the mechanism for the international search and performed a good part of the British search herself.
This laid the foundation from which our European and Asian research associates began their work
with the Project. Miguel Flamarich I Tarrasa and Maria Jose Del Rio gleaned from the various CNT
and FAI collections in Spain unique material related to Goldman’s work with the anarchists of the
Spanish civil war. The work of Wolfgang Haug of Germany, Furio Biagini and Aurelio Chessa of
Italy, Susumu Yamaizumi of Japan, and Professor Lu Zhe of the People’s Republic of China also
enriched the collection. The recollections of Goldman associates, particularly from the People’s
Republic of China, stand out for us as a meaningful example of the importance of the Project’s work
in preserving and creating the historical record.

Many scholars advised the staff along the way. They shared their research and put us in contact
with individuals who could help bring Goldman material to the Project or share memories of their
own contact with Goldman. The most prominent historian of the anarchist movement is Paul Avrich,
who, over the years, was our greatest source of information. His volumes on the history of anarchism
and the people in the movement are worn and tattered from use at the office. Our files are filled with
countless letters from him, answering queries, giving addresses of older anarchists, and recommend-
ing books on almost every aspect of our work.

The impressive generosity of scholars, archivists, and living Goldman associates and their heirs
accounts in large part for the expansive and unique character of The Emma Goldman Papers. A
partial list follows the Acknowledgments. Among the many scholars who helped us with our work,
most generous were Roger Bruns, Martin Duberman, Arif Durlik, William J. Fishman, and Athan
Theoharis. Richard Drinnon’s pathbreaking biography of Goldman, Rebel in Paradise , set the ground-
work for all the work that followed. The work of Alix Kates Shulman in compiling a collection of
Goldman’s writings was a critical resource as well.

I am grateful to have had the opportunity to interview people who knew Goldman — all seemed to
share some of her spark. Many excerpted transcripts and written recollections will be included in the
reminiscences section in reel 70. I will always cherish my time with Mollie Ackerman, Federico and
Pura Arcos, Roger Baldwin, Abe Bluestein, Johanna Boetz, Attilio (Arthur) Bortolotti, Mecca Reitman
Carpenter, Delia Kinzinger Contractor, Senya Fleshin, Millie Desser Grobstein, Clara Larsen, Meridel
Le Sueur, Dan and Bertha Maimed, Albert Meltzer, Ora Laddon Robbins, Fermin Rocker, Ralph
Ross, Irene Schneiderman, Jules and Helen Seitz, Sydney and Clara Solomon, Mollie Steimer, Studs
Terkel, Ahme Thorne, and Emil White, among others (listed below). Many of those who knew
Goldman corresponded with the Project and recorded their memories for the collection. Among those

165

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

from the People’s Republic of China are Lu Jian-bo, Ba Jin, Wu Ke Kang, Huisheng Qin (Pao-pu);
from England, Jean Faulks and Alex Rudling; from the United States, Cecile Barbash, Jean Cham-
berlain, Merle Curti, David Diamond, and Magda Schoenwetter, among others. Ian and David
Ballantine, Goldman’s nephews and literary heirs, generously shared their stories and their mother’s
account books documenting the financial side of Goldman’s political activism.

The extensive archival cooperation among the International Institute of Social History in
Amsterdam (IISH), the Emma Goldman Papers Project, and Chadwyck-Healey Inc. is an example of
the international research community at its best. The microfilm integrates the IISH collections with
others scattered around the world, democratizing access to unique primary source material. We owe
a special debt of gratitude to Rudolf de Jong, Thea Duijker, Erik J. Fischer, Mieke Ijzermans, Jaap
Kloosterman, Elly Koen, and Atie van der Horst, among others; we consider the microfilm a shared
accomplishment. Heiner Becker of the International Institute of Social History shared his own Gold-
man documents with the Project, including the French police archive, and gave us invaluable assis-
tance in the early stages of the work.

Many archivists around the country were particularly helpful and generous in allowing their
extensive Goldman collections to be integrated into the microfilm edition. This foresight and service
to researchers may in some cases lessen the foot traffic in their archives but will greatly expand the
accessibility and longevity of their collections. Contributing institutions are listed below, as are other
archivists who searched their collections on our behalf. Among the archivists of the major contribut-
ing repositories in the United States whose cooperation was critical to the Goldman collection are
Margaret Goostray of the Boston University Library Special Collections; Kenneth Lohf of the Co-
lumbia University Library; Susan Falb, former historian of the Federal Bureau of Investigation;
Rodney Dennis, Bridget Carr, and Melanie Wisner of the Houghton Library, Harvard University;
Daniel Woodward, Sara Hodson, and Mark Chiang of the Huntington Library; James Gilreath of the
Library of Congress; Harold D. Williams, David G. Paynter, Mary Ronan, and Jerome Fenster of the
National Archives; Donald Anderle, Melanie Yolles, and Susan Davis of the New York Public Li-
brary; Dorothy Swanson, Jeffrey Eichler, and Debra Bernhardt of the Tamiment Library, New York
University; Patricia King and Eva Moseley of the Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College; Susan
Boone of The Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College; Charles Palm, Agnes Peterson, Elena Danielson,
and Mark Tam, among others, of the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford;
Bonnie Hardwick of the Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley; Mary Ann Bamberger
and her assistant Tend Littman, of the University of Illinois, Chicago; Edward C. Weber, Helen Butz,
and Kathryn Beam of the Labadie Collection, University of Michigan Library; Cathy Henderson and
Cynthia Farrar of the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at the University of Texas, Austin;
Harold Miller and Michael Stevens of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin; and Judith Schiff,
David E. Schoonover, Lynn Stewart, and Patricia Willis of the Yale University Libraries.

Ultimately, the microfilm publisher, Chadwyck-Healey Inc., with its extraordinary record of com-
mitment to the aesthetic and thorough presentation of primary historical documents, carried the weight
of the work of bringing this documentary edition to the public. Sir Charles Chadwyck-Healey has
been most gracious in his commitment to The Emma Goldman Papers and even acted on several
occasions as our representative to the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam. Appre-
ciation is also in order for those who worked with us at Chadwyck-Healey ’s Alexandria, Virginia,

166

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

office: especially, Martha Anderson, Janet Gwaltney, Mark Hamilton, Tom Louis, Allyson McGill,
Molly Pulliam, Doug Roesemann, Ann Savers, Megan Scheidt, Susan Severtson, Rodger Williams,
and Connie Wilson.

The critical turning point in the completion of the microfilm edition can be attributed to the
moment in 1989 when the Project received administrative recognition and material support from the
Provost for Research and Dean of the Graduate Division at the University of California, Berkeley. An
extensive analysis of the progress of the Emma Goldman Papers Project undertaken by Provost staff
assistant Laurie Spector informed the University’s decision, but it took considerable conviction for
Provost Joseph Cerny, his associate Linda Labbri, and budget consultant Susan Hirano to designate
funds to a collaborative research project in women’s history. Ultimately, the trust and support of the
Provost’s office allowed the Project to achieve recognition in the research community of the Univer-
sity and to complete the microfilm edition.

Most notable among the faculty supporters of the University of California, Berkeley, is the distin-
guished historian, Leon F. Litwack, esteemed for his tireless commitment to teaching with integrity
and eloquence the critical importance of dissent. Professor Litwack, chair of the Project’s faculty
advisory board, represented the Project to the University administration and worked with us to ex-
pand the public history aspect of the Project and to shape the vision, scope, and content of our work.
Among the other University of California, Berkeley, faculty who helped the Project most in its early
stages were Arlie Hochschild, Professor of Sociology, and Troy Duster, Professor of Sociology and
Chair of the Institute for the Study of Social Change.

The very first private contribution of funds to the work of the Project came from Attilio (Arthur)
Bortolotti, Goldman’s dear friend and comrade, whom she had worked to free from a Canadian prison
before her death. Contacted by Lederico Arcos, a Spanish friend of Goldman’s, Bortolotti sent his
contribution accompanied by a letter of support on Goldman letterhead that he had saved for forty
years. Lor us, his letter represented the poignant connection between history and friendship, fortify-
ing our conviction that our work to collect and publish Goldman’s papers is still valued.

Another inspiring individual who lent material and moral support to smooth our way to comple-
tion was Marcus Cohn, prominent Washington, D.C., attorney, early New Dealer, lifelong civil liber-
tarian, and philosophical anarchist. He encouraged us to believe that persistence is critical even when
the political pendulum seemed to be shifting away from the values we cherish.

funding from the National Endowment for the Humanities (from 1984 to 1991) enabled the
Project to expand its search, its staff, and its expectations of excellence. NEH program officers
Margot Backus, Kathy Puller, and Douglas Arnold were unwavering in their support of the Project.
Early grants administered by Sheila Biddle of the Lord foundation and Lynn Szwaja of the Rockefeller
foundation to the Consortium for Women’s History, of which the Emma Goldman Papers Project is
a part, helped establish a funding base for many years of documentary editing. Attorney, supporter of
women’s history, and board member of the William Bingham Foundation, Elizabeth Heffernan helped
to provide the most significant private foundation funding for several years. Among other private
foundations, The L. J. Skaggs and Mary C. Skaggs Foundation was one of the first significant
contributors to the Emma Goldman Papers Project. The H. W. Wilson Foundation, the funding arm

167

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

of an outstanding publishing organization, contributed to our work and affirmed its significance to
those who fully understand its technical intricacies. A complete list of the public and private founda-
tions and individuals who contributed to our work follows the Acknowledgments.

The National Historical Publications and Records Commission’s (NHPRC) support was critical
to our ability to sustain the work and weather the inconsistencies of funding for projects in the hu-
manities. Roger Bruns, Sara Dunlap Jackson, Mary Giunta, Donald Singer, Ann Harris Henry,
Richard Sheldon, and Suzanne Meyer worked most closely with the Project, providing material,
intellectual, research, and moral support. Roger Bruns and Mary Giunta especially created an atmo-
sphere of affirmation and validation for the importance and dignity of the work of documentary
editing projects. Nancy Sahli supported our decision to computerize the document-tracking work of
the Project and has continued to be supportive of the work in her capacity as Director of Publications
and Archives, and Assistant Program Director for Publications Richard Sheldon continues to guide
and encourage our work. The early character of the NHPRC under the direction of Frank Burke, and
later of Richard Jacobs, was crucial to our ability to launch the Project’s work. The search for
Goldman material, especially for government documents, within the National Archives was spear-
headed by NHPRC archivists Sara Dunlap Jackson, Ann Harris Henry, and Mary Giunta. Their
work was followed by NHPRC archivist Donald Singer, who became the Washington research arm of
the Emma Goldman Papers Project, conducting exhaustive searches in both the National Archives
and the Library of Congress. With his persistence, commitment, and research talents, we tied up the
multitude of inevitable “loose ends” in our search for material in Washington, D.C.; his successor,
Tim Connelly, also has been invaluable to our progress. Other NHPRC archivists and interns who
helped with the early search for government documents included James M. Cagney, Marjorie Ciarlante,
Charlie Colokathis, Richard F. Cox, Jr., Cynthia Fox, Bruce Hardcastle, Teresa Matchette, John L.
Matias, Marilyn McCarthy, Susan McDonough, Anna Miller, David Pfeiffer, Thomas Rosenblum,
and Emily Williams. Without this kind of inside help the Government Document series would not
have been as extensive, nor would it include such an array of new material.

Rather than allowing women’s history projects to compete for private funding, Roger Bruns of
the NHPRC helped form the Consortium for Women’s History, which includes the Jane Addams
Papers, the Elizabeth Cady Stanton-Susan B. Anthony Papers, and the Margaret Sanger Papers. Its
mission is to return women’s voices to the historical record. Our documentary projects experience
many of the same rewards and obstacles; Mary Lynn McCree, Pat Holland, Ann Gordon, Esther
Katz, and I have shared our knowledge and worked as a group to secure funding for our editions.

Cora Weiss of the Samuel Rubin Foundation supported the Emma Goldman Papers Project on
every level. As an outspoken woman with a lifelong commitment to international social justice, Cora
Weiss embodies much of the spirit of Emma Goldman herself. We count among our victories that she
has been convinced of the importance of adding dates to her political flyers and international
communiques to ease the task of future documentary editors.

Michelle Shocked, talented folk-rock musician, generously performed a benefit concert to sup-
port the Emma Goldman Papers Project. In a night to remember, activists from within and outside the
University read passages of Emma’s writings that resonated with their work, and crossed generations
in a celebration of Goldman’s legacy.

168

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Generous contributions from my dear friend Judith Nissman Taylor marked an exceptional
confluence of personal friendship and material support for work inspired by a vision that brought us
together many years before. Contributions from other friends and scholars, including Carolyn P.
Blum and Harry Chotiner, Marilyn French, John and Christina Gillis, Louis and Sadie Harlan, Kristin
Luker, Henry Mayer and Betsy Anderson, Katrina vanden Heuvel, Joan Peters and Peter Passed, and
Virginia Scardigli, among others, widened our base of support. My aunt and uncle, Irma and Julius
Sherman, not only helped us find sources of funding through William Lee Frost of the Lucius Littauer
Foundation, but always provided me with a home base in New York, replete with child care, from
which I could conduct research for the documents and funding for The Emma Goldman Papers. (A
complete list of donors follows the Acknowledgments section.)

My family and friends have lived with the specter and power of Emma Goldman for over a
decade. My husband, Lowell Finley, often raises a glass of wine on the anniversary of Goldman’s
death, with the wry toast, “Here’s to no more letters!” My daughter, Mara, who is now fifteen years
old, has heard more than her share of the word “microfilm” since birth; and my eight-year-old son,
Jesse, a bit baffled by the word, assumes that his mother spends the time away from him taking Emma
Goldman’s pictures each day. It has been difficult for those closest to me to live with the dramatic ups
and downs so characteristic of the non-profit sector over the years, the constant struggle to maintain
some editorial and staff consistency amidst financial uncertainty and what seemed to be a never-
ending project. We all lived close to the edge at many points along the way, the glory of the work
often overshadowed by the less elevated aspects of the Project. My family endured more than their
fair share of the trials of The Emma Goldman Papers , and piggy-backed every vacation with a
conference or a research trip for the Project. I am poignantly aware that the momentum of life and
love in my home enabled me to sustain my commitment to the work.

Without a growing awareness of, and a movement that affirms, the importance of retrieving
women’s history and of the many freedom movements of the past, this project would not have been
possible. With the publication of the comprehensive microfilm edition of The Emma Goldman Pa-
pers, I hope that generations of scholars and activists will find a voice for their work in Emma
Goldman’s vast collection. Her image will change, as will our understanding of the people and the
movements that shaped the past and continue to influence the future. 1 appreciate the opportunity to
have worked so closely with these important and historic papers.

Candace Falk

169

Con tri bating Ins titutio ns

Although over a thousand archives and private collections were queried and searched for
Goldman documents, this list of contributing institutions represents only those institutions and indi-
viduals whose contributions are included in the microfilm collection. Wherever possible, the edi-
tors have indicated which collection within the institution contributed Goldman documents. If no
specific collection is cited, the newspaper and periodical collections of the contributing institutions
is most probably the source of Goldman documents in the microfilm edition.

U.S. Institutions

Arizona

University of Arizona Library, Tucson
California

California State University, Hayward, Library
California State University, Los Angeles, Library
California State University, Northridge, Library
The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford
Burnett Bolloten Collection
Alice Park Collection
Bertram D. Wolfe Collection
The Huntington Library, San Marino
Thomas H. Bell Collection
Jack London Collection
Sonya Levien Hovey Collection
C. E. S. Wood Collection

The Pacifica Tape Library of the Pacifica Foundation, Los Angeles

Profiles in History, Beverly Hills

San Diego County Courthouse, San Diego

San Diego Historical Society, San Diego

Title Insurance and Trust Company of San Diego Collection
San Francisco, City and County of, County Clerk and Clerk of the Superior Court
Scriptorium, Beverly Hills
Stanford University Libraries
Green Library
U.S. Document Room

171

CONTRIBUTING INSTITUTIONS

University of California, Berkeley
Bancroft Library

Fremont Older Papers
Anna Strunsky Walling Papers
Boalt Hall School of Law Library
Doe Library
East Asian Library

University of California, Davis, Shields Library

University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Special Collections
T. Perceval Gerson Collection

University of California, Riverside, Library

University of California, San Francisco

Hastings College of the Law Library

University of California, Santa Barbara, Library, Department of Special Collections
Goldman-Holzwarth Collection

Colorado

Denver Public Library, Western History Department, Denver

Connecticut

Yale University

The Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library
Collection of American Literature
Hutchins Hapgood Collection
Mabel Dodge Luhan Collection
Eugene O’Neill Collection
Alfred Stieglitz Collection
Carl Van Vechten Collection
Manuscripts and Archives, Sterling Memorial Library
Rose Pastor Stokes Papers
Anna Strunsky Walling Papers
Harry Weinberger Papers

District of Columbia

Catholic University of America, Department of Archives
Manuscripts and Museum Collections

Federal Bureau of Investigation (Freedom of Information- Privacy Act Request)

Immigration and Naturalization Service (Freedom of Information-Privacy Act Request)

Office of Naval Intelligence (Freedom of Information-Privacy Act Request)

Smithsonian Institution, Archives of American Art, Washington, D.C.

Frances and Jerome Blum Correspondence

172

CONTRIBUTING INSTITUTIONS

United States Library of Congress
Anarchist Collection
Paul Avrich Papers
Albert Burleson Papers
Benjamin W. Huebsch Papers
John Haynes Holmes Papers
Isaac Don Levine Papers
George Middleton Papers

National American Women’s Suffrage Association Papers
Radical Pamphlet Collection
Rare Books and Special Collections
Theodore Roosevelt Papers
Margaret Sanger Papers
Halstead VanderPoel Papers
United States National Archives

Record Group 21, U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York

Record Group 28, Post Office Department

Record Group 38, Office of Naval Intelligence

Record Group 45, Department of the Navy

Record Group 59, Department of State Central Records

Record Group 60, Department of Justice

Record Group 63, Committee on Public Information

Record Group 65, Federal Bureau of Investigation

Record Group 84, Department of State, Foreign Service

Record Group 85, Immigration & Naturalization Service

Record Group 87, U.S. Secret Service

Record Group 94, Adjutant General’s Office

Record Group 165, Department of War and Military Intelligence Division
Record Group 174, Department of Labor, Chief Clerk’s File
Record Group 204, Office of the Pardon Attorney
Record Group 267, U.S. Supreme Court

Florida

University of Florida Libraries, Gainesville, Department of Rare Books and Manuscripts
Joseph Ishill Papers

Illinois

Center for Research Libraries, Chicago
Chicago Historical Society, Chicago
The Newberry Library, Chicago
Floyd Dell Papers

Northwestern University Library, Evanston, Special Collections Department
Women’s Collection

173

CONTRIBUTING INSTITUTIONS

Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Morris Library
Theodore Schroeder Papers
Phil Kaplan Collection

University of Chicago, The Joseph Regenstein Library, Special Collections
Crerar Manuscript Collection

University of Illinois, Chicago, Library, Special Collections Department
Ben L. Reitman Papers

University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Library
Ewing C. Baskette Collection
H. G. Wells Collection

Indiana

Indiana State Library, Indianapolis, Indiana Division, Manuscripts Section
William Dudley Foulke Papers

Indiana State University, Terre Haute, Cunningham Memorial Library
Eugene V. Debs Collection
Indiana University, Bloomington, Lilly Library
Upton Sinclair Collection

Iowa

Iowa State Historical Department, Des Moines, Manuscript Collection
Autograph Collection

Kansas

Gene DeGruson (private collection), The Little Balkans Press, Pittsburg
Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka
Albert T. Reid Collection
The Menninger Foundation, Topeka
Shawnee County Historical Society, Topeka
Pittsburg State University, Leonard H. Axe Library, Pittsburg
Haldeman-Julius Collection

Maryland

National Library of Medicine, Bethesda
Massachusetts

American Jewish Historical Society, Waltham
Boston Public Library

Sacco and Vanzetti Collection
Boston University Libraries, Special Collections

Emma Goldman-Almeda Sperry Papers in the Anna Baron Collection
John Bracey (private collection), Amherst
Clark University, University Archives

174

CONTRIBUTING INSTITUTIONS

Harvard University, The Houghton Library
Thomas H. Bell Papers
Emma Goldman Papers
Houghton Mifflin Company Papers
Joseph I shill Papers
Claude McKay Papers
Max Metzkow Papers
Thomas Bird Mosher Papers
John Reed Papers

Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston
Walter Channing III Collection

Radcliffe College, The Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in
America, Cambridge

Freda Kirchwey Papers
Esther Machlin Laddon Papers
Leon Maimed Papers
Lillian Mendelsohn Collection
Kate Richards O’Hare Collection
The Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College, Northampton
Helen Tufts Bailie Collection
Emma Goldman Collection
Henrietta Posner Collection
Lola Ridge Papers

Margaret Sanger Research Bureau Collection
Randy F. Weinstein, Bookseller (private collection), Southfield
Worcester Public Library, Worcester
Worcester Telegram & Gazette , Worcester

Michigan

Detroit Public Library, Detroit

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Bentley Historical Library
Michigan Historical Collections
Rebecca Shelly Collection
Sunrise Cooperative Papers
Robert Mark Wenley Papers

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, University Library, Department of Rare Books and Special
Collections, Labadie Collection

American Literary Authors Collection
Federico Arcos Collection
Cassius V. Cook Papers
James B. Elliott Papers
Stephanus Fabijanovic Papers
Emma Goldman Papers
Agnes Inglis Papers
Joseph Labadie Papers

175

CONTRIBUTING INSTITUTIONS

Max Metzkow Papers
Mark Mrachnyi Papers
W. S. Van Valkenburgh Papers
Van Valkenburgh-Browne Collection
Boris Yelensky Papers

Wayne State University, Detroit, Walter P. Reuther Library, Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs
Mary Heaton Vorse Collection

Minnesota

Minnesota Historical Society, Minneapolis

Citizens Alliance of Minneapolis Papers
Jean Spielman Papers

Sal Salerno (private collection), Minneapolis
Missouri

University of Missouri, Columbia, State Historical Society of Missouri
Western Historical Manuscript Collection
Kate Richards O’ Hare Papers
University of Missouri, Kansas City, Law Library

Washington University, St. Louis, John M. Olin Library Archival Collections
Kate Austin Papers

New Hampshire

Dartmouth College Library, Hanover

New Jersey

Federal Archives and Records Center, GSA, Archives Branch, Bayonne
Newark Public Library, Art and Music Department, Newark
Princeton University Library

American Civil Liberties Union Archives
Roger N. Baldwin Papers
Sylvia Beach Papers

Peggy Lamson Oral History Interviews with Roger Baldwin
Rutgers University Libraries, Special Collections and Archives
Modem School Collection

New York

American Foundation for the Blind, Helen Keller Archives, New York
Carl R. Baldwin (private collection), New York
David and Ian Ballantine (private collection), Bearsville
The Bettman Archive, New York

Bund Archives of the Jewish Labor Movement, New York
Goldman File

176

CONTRIBUTING INSTITUTIONS

The City of New York, Department of Records and Information Services, Municipal Archives
Supreme Court Indictments

Columbia University, Butler Library, Rare Book and Manuscript Library
James O. Brown Papers
Edna Kenton Papers
Robert Minor Papers
Frances Perkins Papers
Random House Papers
Lincoln Steffens Papers
Lillian Wald Papers

Cornell University Libraries, Department of Manuscripts and University Archives
Edwin A. R. Rumball-Petre Papers

Cornell University, New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Labor- Management
Documentation Center

Paul Abelson Collection

International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union Archives, New York
ILGWU Local 62 Collection
Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York
Dan Maimed (private collection), Albany

National Park Service, Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York

The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations, Rare Books and

Manuscripts Division

America’s Town Meeting of the Air, Records League of Political Education
Joseph Barondess Papers

Emma Goldman Papers (Stella Ballantine Collection)

Emma Goldman Scrapbook
Bolton Hall Papers

International Committee for Political Prisoners Papers
H. L. Mencken Papers
Rose Pesotta Papers
Schwimmer-Lloyd Collection
Norman Thomas Papers
Carlo Tresca Memorial Committee Records
Benjamin R. Tucker Papers
Lillian Wald Papers
Frank P. Walsh Papers
New York State Archives, Albany
Lusk Committee Records
New York University, The Tamiment Library
John Nicholas Beffel Papers
Alexander Berkman Papers
Debs Scrap Books
Emma Goldman Papers

New York Bureau of Legal First Aid Advice Collection

177

CONTRIBUTING INSTITUTIONS

Radical Pamphlet Literature
Rose Pastor Stokes Papers
Isadore Wisotsky Papers

Rochester Public Library, Rochester

Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park
Eleanor Roosevelt Papers

Syracuse University, E. S. Bird Library, John S. Mayfield Library

United Press International Photo Library, New York

YIVO Institute for Jewish Research Archives, New York
Michael Cohn Papers
Osherowitz Papers
Chaim Zhitlovsky Papers

North Carolina

East Carolina University, J. Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina Manuscript Collection
Alexander B. Coxe, Sr., Papers

Ohio

The Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland
Franklin Club Records

Wright State University Library, Department of Archives and Special Collections, Dayton
Local Dayton Socialist Papers

Oregon

Pietro Ferrua (private collection), Portland
Multnomah County Circuit Court Archives, Portland
Multnomah County Library, Portland
Oregon Historical Society Library, Portland
Oregonian Publishing Company, Portland
Portland Archives and Record Center, Portland

Pennsylvania

Brown Brothers, Sterling
Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
Dreer Collection

State Library of Pennsylvania, Harrisburg
Swarthmore College Peace Collection

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Dana Papers
Kate Richards O’ Hare Papers
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Van Pelt Library
Theodore Dreiser Collection
George Seldes Collection

University of Pittsburgh Libraries, Darlington Memorial Library

178

CONTRIBUTING INSTITUTIONS

Rhode Island

The Providence Journal-Bulletin , Providence

Providence Public Library, Providence

Texas

The University of Texas, Austin, Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center
Contempo Magazine Collection
Frank Harris Collection
Alfred A. Knopf Collection
Ludwig Lewisohn Collection
Edgar Lee Masters Collection
John Rowland Collection
Evelyn Scott Collection
Walt Whitman Collection

Vermont

Aldrich Public Library, Barre

University of Vermont, Burlington, Bailey /Howe Memorial Library
John Spargo Papers

Washington

Spokane Public Library, Spokane

University of Washington Libraries, Seattle, Manuscript Collections
Minnie Parkhurst Rimer Collection
Anna Louise Strong Collection

Wisconsin

Milwaukee Public Library, Milwaukee

State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison
Victor Berger Collection
John R. Commons Collection
Elizabeth Gurley Flynn Collection
Adolph Germer Collection
Theodore Herfurth Collection
Gwyneth King Roe Collection
Edward Alsworth Ross Collection

University of Wisconsin, Madison, Archives

Charles R. Van Llise Presidential Papers, 1910, General Correspondence Files

University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Golda Meir Library
M. Eleanor Fitzgerald Papers
Morris Fromkin Memorial Collection
Little Review Papers

179

CONTRIBUTING INSTITUTIONS

International Institutions

Argentina

Biblioteca Popular “Jose Ingenieros,” Buenos Aires
Australia

Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales, Sydney
Anarchist Pamphlet Collection

Austria

Anarchiv, Vienna
Canada

Federico Arcos (private collection), Windsor, Ontario
Arthur Bartel (Bortolotti) (private collection), Rexdale, Ontario
Bibliotheque Nationale du Quebec, Montreal
Canadian Jewish Congress National Archives, Montreal, Quebec
Sam Abramson File
Newspaper Collection

The City of Ottawa Archives, Ottawa, Ontario
The City of Winnipeg Library Department, Winnipeg, Manitoba
Paul Kennedy (private collection), Dorset, Ontario
Library of the Canadian Press, Toronto, Ontario
Library of Parliament, Ottawa, Ontario
The London Free Press , London, Ontario
London Public Libraries, London, Ontario
The London Room

Manitoba Legislative Library, Winnipeg, Manitoba

McMaster University, Mills Memorial Library, The William Ready Division of Archives and
Research Collections

Bertrand Russell Archives

National Archives of Canada, Historical Research Branch, Manuscript Division, Ottawa, Ontario
Rabbi Harry J. Stem Papers
National Library of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario

The Public Archives of Canada, Federal Archives Division, Archives Branch, Ottawa, Ontario
Department of Interior Immigration Branch Records
Royal Canadian Mounted Police Security Service
Saturday Night, Toronto, Ontario
Paula Scott, Chester, Nova Scotia

Toronto Jewish Congress/Canadian Jewish Congress Ontario Region Archives
Yiddish Newspaper Files

University of Western Ontario, The D. B. Weldon Library, Special Collections, London, Ontario

180

CONTRIBUTING INSTITUTIONS

University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Library
University of Guelph Library, Guelph
Fonds Augustin Hamon

China, People ’s Republic of

Ba Jin (Emma Goldman Papers Project-generated correspondence and research collection),
Shanghai

Bi Xiu-Shao (Emma Goldman Papers Project-generated correspondence and research collection),
Shanghai

Library of Edition and Translation of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin’s Works of the Central
Committee of the Communist Party of China, Beijing

Lu Jian-Bo (Emma Goldman Papers Project-generated correspondence and research collection),
Si Schuan Province

Nanjing Number Two History Archives

John Tsing (Emma Goldman Papers Project-generated correspondence and research collection),
Shanghai

Dr. Lu Zhe, Center for Chinese and American Studies, Nanjing University-The Johns Hopkins
University

China, Republic of

Ke Kang Wu (Emma Goldman Papers Project-generated correspondence and research
collection), Taipei

Denmark

The Royal Library, Det Kongelige Bibliotek, Handskriftafdelingen, Copenhagen
Karin Michaelis Papers

Universitetsbiblioteket 1. afdeling, Copenhagen
France

Archives de France, Centre d’accueil et de recherche des Archives nationales, Paris
F7 Files, Surete Generate (1885-1943)

Archives de la Prefecture de Police, Paris
Series BA

Dossier Emma Goldmann, Numero 124786, Cote B/A 305
Archives departmentales des Alpes-Maritimes, Nice
Archives departmentales du Var, Draguignan
Centre intemationale de recherches sur l’anarchisme, Marseille
Institut Fran9ais d’Histoire Sociale, Paris
Fonds Armand

Lucien Niel (May Picquerary private collection), Gagny

181

CONTRIBUTING INSTITUTIONS

Germany

Archiv Trotzdem Verlag, Grafenau

Das Anarchiv, Anarchistisches Dokumentationszentrium, Wetzlar
Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich
Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Bonn
Hessisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Wiesbaden

Institut zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung, Ruhr-Universitat, Bochum
Nordrhein-Westfalisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Diisseldorf
Police Archives
Staatsarchiv, Potsdam

Zentrales Staatsarchiv der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, Merseburg
Ministerium des Innem, Emma Goldman, 1898-191 1
Zentrales Staatsarchiv der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, Potsdam

Emma Goldman; Bestand Rep. 30 Polizeiprasidium, Berlin C, Nr. 16179

Great Britain

E. E. Bissell (private collection), Warwick, England
The British Library, London, England
Manuscript Collections
Newspaper Library

British Theatre Association Library, London, England
General Register Office, London, England
Lord Fenner Brockway, Bushey, Hertfordshire, England
Richard Clements, Finchley, England
Eton College Library, Windsor, England
Emma Goldman File

Jean Faulks (private collection), Shaldon, Teignmouth, Devon, England
William Fishman (private collection), London, England
House of Lords Record Office, London, England
David Soskice Collection
Francis Lafitte, Birmingham, England

Albert Meltzer (private collection), Greenwich, London, England
The Mitchell Library, Rare Books and Manuscripts Department, Glasgow, Scotland
Guy Aldred Collection

The National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth, Dyfed
John Cowper Powys Collection

George Patterson (private collection), Department of Adult and Continuing Education, University
of Durham, Sunderland, England
Laurence Pollinger Limited, London, England
John Cowper Powys Collection
Public Record Office, Kew, England

Refract Publications/Cienfuegos Press (private collection of Stuart Christie), London, England
Alex Rudling (private collection), Norwich, England
Nicholas Walter (private collection), London, England

182

CONTRIBUTING INSTITUTIONS

University College London, The Library
The Orwell Archive

University of Reading Library, Whiteknights, Reading, England
Lady Astor Collection

University of Stirling Library, Stirling, Scotland
William Tait Collection

India

Delia H. Kinzinger Contractor (private collection)

Italy

Archivio Centrale dello Stato, Rome

Archivio Famiglia Bemeri, Pistoia

Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, Milan

Japan

Susumu Yamaizumi (personal research fdes on Kotoku Shusui), Tokyo, Japan

The Netherlands

International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam
Heiner Becker Archive (private collection)

Alexander Berkman Archive

Fritz Brupbacher Archive

Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo Archive

Victor Dave Archive

FAI Propaganda Exterior Archive

Ugo Fedeli Archive

Federacion Anarquista Iberica Archive

Mollie Steimer and Senya Flechine Archive

Freedom Archive

Emma Goldman Archive

Martin Gudell Archive

Augustin Hamon Archive

Solo Linder Archive

Max Nettlau Archive

William C. Owen Archive

Partija Socialistov-Revoljucienerov Collection

Pierre Ramus (Rudolf Grossmann) Archive

Vernon Richards Collection

Rudolf Rocker Archive

Boris Yelensky Archive

183

CONTRIBUTING INSTITUTIONS

Spain

AHN, Ministerio de Cultura, Archivo Historico Nacional, Salamanca
Seccion “Guerra Civil”

Seccion Politico Social, Madrid
Seccion Politico Social, Barcelona
Archivo Historico de la Ciudad-Ardiaca
Arxiu Municipal de la Paeria, Lleida
Biblioteca Arus, Barcelona
Biblioteca Universitaria de Barcelona

Confederation Nacional del Trabajo (Fundacion Salvador Segui), Madrid
Hemeroteca Municipal de Madrid, Madrid
Instituto Municipal de Historia de Barcelona

Sweden

Arbetarrorelsens Arkiv och Bibliotek (Archives of the Swedish Labor Movement), Stockholm
Arbetet Collection
Carl Johan Bjorklund Collection

Riksforbundet for sexuell upplysning (Swedish Association for Sex Education)
Helmut Rudiger Collection
Kunglia Bibliotecket, Stockholm
Riksarkivet (National Archives), Stockholm
Universitetsbiblioteket i Lund

USSR

Central Party Archives of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism, Moscow
The Central State Archive of the October Revolution (TsGAOR SSSR), Moscow
Fond 1 129, Correspondence of P. Kropotkin

184

Contributing Scholars, Archivists, and Librarians

The Emma Goldman Papers is an example of international scholarly cooperation. This list cites
the contributing scholars, archivists, and librarians who contributed documents and who contributed
their scholarly insights and time to the Project. To those who helped us over the past twelve years
and have been omitted inadvertently, we extend our sincere apologies. We consider the publication
of the The Emma Goldman Papers a testimony to the amazing generosity of an international com-
munity of scholars, archivists, and librarians, and we take this opportunity to thank each member of
that community.

Chimen Abramsky
Martha A. Ackelsberg
Lynn Adrian
Peter J. Albert
Sally Alexander
Gunila Ambjomsson
James Amelang
Claire Auzias
Paul Avrich
John Back
Susanne Backa
Luis Barreiro
Susanna Barrows
Marc Olivier Baruch
Fran^oise Basch
Neil Basen
Heiner M. Becker
Burton Benedict
Luba Benenson
Betty Bergland
Avis Berman
Debra E. Bernhardt
Rene Bianco
D. J. Blackwood
Martha Boesing
Travis Bogard
Burnett Bolloten

Cristina S. de Bonfil
Anne Borchardt
Michael Bott
John Bowen
Merlin and Ruth Bowen
Marilyn Boxer
Barbara Bracco
James E. B. Breslin
Nancy Bressler
Frank H. Brooks
Sally Brown

Mary Lynn McCree Bryan
Pamela J. Burrough
Thomas V. Cahill
Stefano Caretti
Susan Carter
Josefma Cedillo
Malca Chall

Mariam K. Chamberlain
P. Y. Chang
Cheng-chung Lai
Penny Chems
Aurelio Chessa
Emmett Chisum
Harry Chotiner
Stuart Christie
Kenneth R. Cobb

James D. Cockcroft
Sherrill Cohen
Christine Collette
Montserrat Condomines
J. Robert Constantine
Chris Cook
Annalisa Corti
Myma Cousins
Ronald Creagh
A. G. Cross
Jonathan Daly
Marcia Mint Danab
Ute Daub
Andrew Davies
Richard D. Davies
Anna Davin
Delia Davin
Natalie Davis
Tom Debley
Marianne Debouzy
Gene DeGruson
Rudolf de Jong
Suzanne Desan
Francesca Di Cesare
Alan Dietch
Eva Dillman
Jackie Dooley

185

CONTRIBUTING SCHOLARS, ARCHIVISTS, AND LIBRARIANS

Shelly L. Dowling

David Goodway

David Kairys

Mr. D. Drewitt

Lesley Gordon

Marilyn B. Kann

Joe Drwyer

Francesca Gori

Temma Kaplan

Martin Duberman

Joanne Grant

Boris Ivanovich Kaptelov

Thea Duijker

Gaetano Grassi

Norman and Dorothy Karasick

Angeles Duran

Gill Grebler

Eva Karlsson

Paul Durden

Maurine Weiner Greenwald

N. S. Kartashov

Arif Durlik

Patricia K. Grimsted

Esther Katz

Elizabeth Duthie

Daniel Guerin

Tamar Kaufmann

Ohshima Eizaburo

John Guo

Nimura Kazuo

William Elkins

Bonnie Haaland

James J. Kenneally

Stephen Ellis

Erwin Haeberle

Paul Kennedy

Marianne Enckell

Emma Hall

Robert Kem

Sakan Endo

Nora Hallett

Alice Kessler-Harris

Barbara Epstein

Michael A. Halls

Russ Kingman

Gerard Ermisse

Joan Halperin

I. Kitayev

Martyn Everett

Carol Hamilton

Jaap Kloosterman

Michael Ewing

Anna-Marie Hedstrom

Shosha Knapp

Susan Rosenfeld Falb

Luz Maria Mendoza

Elly Koen

Maj Fant

Hernandez

Rio Kojima

M. W. Farr

Esther Hersh

Allan Kovan

Christine Faure

Christine Heuberger

L. F. Kozlova

Jean Favier

Susan Hinely

Barbara Kraft

Norma Feingold

Richard Hodge

Bern Kramer

Gerald Feldman

Malcolm Holmes

Edward S. Krebs

Pietro Ferrua

David Horowitz

Cilly Kugelman

Erik J. Fischer

D. Horsfield

Jay Kugelman

William J. Fishman

Kathleen Houghton

Mark Kulikowski

Roberto Folgeri

Maria Hunik

Feliks Fedoseevich Kuznetsov

Pilar Folguera

Lynn Hunt

Maurizio Lampronti

Roger Forclaz

James P. Hurley

Gianpiero Landi

Helen Ford

Barry Anne Hurst

G. Langley

Enid M. Foster

Paul Hyams

Carol Rolloff Langworthy

Hywel Francis

Mieke Ijzermans

Luciano Lanza

Pat Francis

Toshio Itoya

Dan H. Laurence

Marge Frantz

Bob James

Carol Leadenham

G. Fraser Gallie

Tom Janoski

Elaine Leeder

Walter Frey

Gwyn Jenkins

Leonard J. Lehrman

Judith Friedlander

Tina Jenkins

Robert C. Leitz III

William Lee Frost

Angela John

Jesse Lemisch

Christine Fyfe

Mr. Johnson

Ann Levine

Paula Garb

James Joll

Doris Linder

Bernard Gamier

Titch Jones

Dallas R. Lindgren

Victoria Glendinning

John Jordan

Arthur S. Link

Susan Glenn

Marguerite Joseph

Col Longmore

Merle Goldman

Ezra Kahn

Douglas Lummis

186

CONTRIBUTING SCHOLARS, ARCHIVISTS, AND LIBRARIANS

Jan and Stephen MacKinnon

Donald G. MacRae

Raffaella Mainieri

Jean Maitron

Vega Malm

Delfina Marcello

Jane Martin

Yoalinda Mercader Martinez

Glenise A. Matheson

Terry McCarthy

Woodford McClellan

Jeanne McDonnell

Blaine McKinley

Anne McPherson

Stefan Mehr

Ralph Melnick

Michael Meredith

Suzanne Meyer

Dione Miles

David Millar

Howard S. Miller

Sally Miller

Herb Mills

Klaus Misgeld

Leonor Ortiz Monasterio

Giovannella Morghen

Brian Morris

Marie Mullaney

Joseph Munk

Maria Carme Ilia i Munne

Jose Muria

Gloria Myles

Benjamin Nadel

Aurelio Martin Najera

Ryuichi Narita

Mary Nash

Victor Navasky

Luc Nemeth

William Nichols

Margaret Nickson

Lucien Niel

Fred G. Notehelfer

Muriel Nussbaum

Richard O’Donoghue

Karen Offen

Inga Offerberg

Lucy Ostroff

Ursula Owens

Manuel Aisa Pampols

Morna Partridge

Francesca Patai

Louis Patsouras

George Patterson

James Patterson

Hans-Holger Paul

P. G. Peacock

Jose Peirats Vails

Zinaida Ivanovna Peregudova

Monique Perrot

Marie Beatrice Perucci

Gail Pheterson

Paolo Pirovano

Jordi Planes

Richard Polenberg

Pietro Polito

Gerald J. Pollinger

Alla A. Porshakova

David Porter

J. B. Post

John Powell

Tony Powell

Richard Gid Powers

Ben Primer

Antonio Gonzalez Quintana

Jose Miguel Quintana

Bryant (“Tip”) Ragan, Jr.

Carlos Ramos

Angela Raspin

Gian Albino Ravalli Modoni

Jose Razquin

Don Reid

Esther Revitch

Roser Riera

Teresa Diez de los Rios
Moses Rischin
Nancy Robertson
Leopoldo F. Rodriguez
Sheila Rowbotham
Hannah Safran
Sal Salerno
Andrea Salsedo
E. Santarelli

R. J. Sargent
Robert K. Sarlos
Irwin Scheiner
Diane Scherer
Irene Schneiderman
Colin Scott
Leonardo Selvaggi
Mario Serio
Per Seyersted
David Shengold
Stan Shipley
Shohei Shiota
Victoria Short
Alix Kates Shulman
Debra L. Shultz
Miriam Silverberg
Carol Smart
Dorothy Smith
Harold Smith
Z. P. Sorokina
James Spohrer
Peter Stansky
Edward M. Steel, Jr.
Gloria Steinem
Marion M. Stewart
Horst Stohwasser
Richard A. Storey
Kerstin Strid
Joel Sucher
Anne Summers
David Sutton
Margaret Sweet
Viktor Sydlen
J. P. Tarrant
Charlotte Taylor
Athan Theoharis
E. Timofeeva
Barbara Tischler
George Oakley Totten III
E. Patricia Tsurumi
Miroslav Tucek
Enric Ucelay Da Cal
Alan Urbanic
Cecil Uyehara
Anne Van Camp
Atie van der Horst

187

CONTRIBUTING SCHOLARS, ARCHIVISTS, AND LIBRARIANS

Pilar Varela
Rudolph J. Vecoli
Hal Verb
Angela Vogler
Daniel Walkowitz
Nicolas Walter
Jennifer C. Ward
Jeffrey Weeks

Bernard Weisberger
Lars Wessman
John Westmancoat
Christel Wickert
Jean Wilkinson
Helene Williams
Diane Wilson
John Womack, Jr.

Susumu Yamaizumi
Glennys Young
Suzuki Yuko
Lucia Zannino
Martin Zeilig
Arthur M. Zipser
Fabrizio Zitelli

188

Goldman Associates and Heirs

In the course of our work on The Emma Goldman Papers we have had the good fortune to have
met many living Goldman associates, many of whom have since died. They have contributed their
written and oral recollections, their correspondence and periodicals, and their vote of support for the
work of the Project. We hope that The Emma Goldman Papers will be a tribute not only to Goldman
but to her circle of friends and political associates. We thank the children and heirs of those Gold-
man associates for contributing to the permanent historical record of an extraordinary time. The
Project staff made a good faith effort to obtain permisssion from all known heirs. We apologize for
any omissions in the following list.

Mollie Ackerman
Federico and Pura Arcos
Ba Jin

Carl Baldwin
Roger Baldwin
David Ballantine
lan Ballantine
Cecile Barbash
Luba Benenson
E. E. Bissell
Bi Xiu-Shao
Abe Bluestein
Herbert Blumer
Joanna Boetz

Attilio and Libera Bortolotti
Kay Boyle

Lord Fenner Brockway
J. T. Caldwell
Katherine Caldwell
Mecca Reitman Carpenter
Jean Chamberlain
Jacinto Cimazo
Richard Clements
Eugene Commins
Delia Kinzinger Contractor
Merle Curti

Miriam Hapgood De Witt
Frederic Beach Dennis
David Diamond
Jean Faulks
David Fromkin
Stephanie Stern Glaymon
Millie Desser Grobstein
Deborah Hardy
Katherine Inglis
Maria Jolas
A1 Kaufman
Bernard A. Koshland
Francois Lafitte
Sanford Lakoff
Clara Larsen
Rabbi Anson H. Laytner
Meridel LeSueur
Ruth N. Levine
Lu Jian-bo
Sonia Malkine
Dan and Bertha Maimed
Ellen C. Masters
Albert Meltzer
Crystal Ishill Mendelsohn
Lucien Niel
Conor Cruise O’Brien

189

GOLDMAN ASSOCIATES AND HEIRS

Curtis W. Reese, Jr.

Clara and Sidney Solomon

Dorothy Reitman

Oliver Soskice

Ora Laddon Robbins

Elaine Sproat

Paul Robeson, Jr.

Vernon Stoutineyer

Fermin Rocker

William C. Tait

Edgar M. Ross

Ahrne Thome

Ralph G. Ross

Julian Toublet

Alex Rudling

Joe Travashio

Irene Schneiderman

John Di-Tsin Tsing

Magda Schoenwetter

Studs Turkel

Paula Scott

Arthur and Leila Weinberg

Helen and Jules Seitz

Neda M. Westlake

George Seldes

Emil White

Lois Smith

Wu Ke Kang (Woo Yang Hao)
Yi-Po Mao

190

Financial Supporters of the Emma Goldman Papers

Microfilm Edition, 1980-1992

The Emma Goldman Papers Project gratefully acknowledges the generous support received
from the following individuals, private foundations, federal agencies, and universities. Without the
financial backing of these individuals and institutions, and their affirmation of the significance of
Goldman’s historical legacy, we would not have been able to publish Goldman’s collected papers.
It has not been easy to fund this complex, long-term historical research project. We hope that those
who contributed to our work will share the pride of accomplishment for having permanently expanded
the documentary record of women’s history.

Foundations/Universities

Principal Sponsors

National Endowment for the Humanities

National Historical Publications and Records Commission

University of California, Berkeley
Office of the Provost for Research
Institute for Industrial Relations
Institute for the Study of Social Change
Council on Educational Development
Women’s Research Committee

Sustaining Sponsors
William Bingham Foundation
Ford Foundation
Rockefeller Foundation

191

FINANCIAL SUPPORTERS

Sponsors

Commonwealth Fund
The Lucius N. Littauer Foundation
The Milken Family Foundation
Judith Nissman Taylor
Samuel Rubin Foundation
L. J. Skaggs and Mary C. Skaggs Foundation
H. W. Wilson Foundation

Contributors

American Council of Learned Societies
Caplin Foundation
Hunt Alternatives Fund
George Gund Foundation
Max and Anna Levinson Foundation
Louis M. Rabinowitz Foundation, Inc.
Streisand Foundation

192

FINANCIAL SUPPORTERS

Individuals/Organizations

Sustaining Donors
Attilio Bortolotti
Marcus Cohn & Harriet Cohn

Major Donors
Marilyn French

Alice Hamburg, Agape Foundation

Ronald W. Hogeland

Kristina Kiehl & Robert E. Friedman

Henry E. Mayer & Elizabeth T. Mayer

Maya Miller, Common Counsel

Katrina vanden Heuvel

Virginia C. Scardigli

Michelle Shocked

Earl Warren Chapter of the
American Civil Liberties Union
of Northern California

193

FINANCIAL SUPPORTERS

Contributing Donors
Carolyn P. Blum & Harry W. Chotiner
Park Elliott Dietz & Laura B. Dietz
Samuel Efron & Hope N. Efron
Laurel W. Eisner & Eugene G. Eisner
John R. Gillis & Christina M. Gillis
Peter Glassgold & Suzanne Thibodeau
Louis R. Harlan & Sadie M. Harlan
Nancy Hewitt

Jennifer Mei & G. Hanmin Liu
Morris S. Novik
Kristin Luker

Joan Peters & Peter Passell
Agnes F. Peterson
Lois J. Schiffer

Richard M. Schmidt, Jr., & Ann D. Schmidt
Philip M. Stern
Kathleen Kennedy Townsend

194

FINANCIAL SUPPORTERS

Supporters of The Emma Goldman Traveling Exhibition
and Other Public Programs

Arizona Humanities Council
California Council for the Humanities
Eastern New Mexico University
Farmington Historical Museum, New Mexico
Georgetown University
Los Angeles Educational Partnership
Macalester College

Michigan Women’s Historical Center and Hall of Fame
Minnesota Humanities Commission
New Mexico Endowment for the Humanities
New Mexico State University, Las Cruces
New York Council for the Humanities
San Francisco Main Public Library
Santa Fe Community College
Smith College
Stanford University

Tamiment Library, New York University
University of Arizona, Tucson
University of Notre Dame
University of Toledo
Willamette University
Women’s Center of San Joaquin County

195

Reel List

Contents by Reel Number

Correspondence Series

Reel

Oct. 1, 1892 to Dec. 31, 1905

Reel

Jan. 1, 1906 to Dec. 31, 1908

Reel

Jan. 1, 1909 to June 30, 1910

Reel

July 1, 1910 to Jan. 31, 1911

Reel

Feb. 1, 1911 to Feb. 28, 1912

Reel

March 1, 1912 to Feb. 28, 1913

Reel

March 1, 1913 to March 31, 1914

Reel

April 1, 1914 to April 30, 1915

Reel

May 1, 1915 to June 30, 1916

Reel

July 1, 1 9 1 6 to Dec. 31, 1917

Reel

Jan. 1, 1918 to Sept. 30, 1919

Reel

Oct. 1, 1919 to April 30, 1922

Reel

May 1, 1922 to Sept. 30, 1924

Reel

Oct. 1, 1924 to April 30, 1925

Reel

May 1, 1925 to April 30, 1926

Reel

May 1 , 1 926 to Dec. 31,1 926

Reel

Jan. 1, 1927 to March 31, 1927

Reel

April 1, 1927 to Aug. 31, 1927

Reel

Sept. 1, 1927 to Feb. 28, 1928

Reel

March 1, 1928 to Feb. 28, 1929

Reel

March 1, 1929 to Sept. 30, 1929

Reel

Oct. 1, 1929 to March 31, 1930

Reel

April 1, 1930 to April 15, 1931

Reel

April 16, 1931 to Sept. 30, 1931

Reel

Oct. 1, 1931 to Dec. 31, 1931

Reel

Jan. 1, 1932 to May 31, 1932

Reel

June 1, 1932 to Dec. 31, 1932

Reel

Jan. 1, 1933 to Sept. 30, 1933

Reel

Oct. 1, 1933 to Jan. 31, 1934

Reel

Feb. 1, 1934 to April 30, 1934

Reel

May 1, 1934 to July 31, 1934

Reel

Aug. 1, 1934 to Oct. 31, 1934

Reel

Nov. 1, 1934 to Feb. 15, 1935

Reel

Feb. 16, 1935 to June 30, 1935

Reel

July 1, 1935 to Nov. 30, 1935

Reel

Dec. 1, 1935 to March 15, 1936

Reel

March 16, 1936 to June 30, 1936

Reel

July 1, 1936 to Nov. 30, 1936

Reel

Dec. 1, 1936 to March 31, 1937

Reel

April 1, 1937 to July 31, 1937

Reel

Aug. 1, 1937 to Jan. 15, 1938

Reel 42 Jan. 16, 1938 to April 15, 1938

Reel 43 April 16, 1938 to July 15, 1938

Reel 44 July 16, 1938 to Dec. 15, 1938

Reel 45 Dec. 16, 1938 to March 15, 1939

Reel 46 March 16, 1 939 to July 1 9, 1 940

Reel 68 1908-1937 (Supplemental)

Reel 69 1938-1939 (Supplemental)

Reel 70 Addendum (various correspondence,

international surveillance documents,
and reminiscences by Goldman asso-
ciates (separate index)

Goldman 1

Writings Series

Reel

Oct. 25, 1890 to Dec. 31, 1912

Reel

Jan. 1, 1913 to Dec. 31, 1919

Reel

Jan. 1, 1920 to Dec. 31, 1924

Reel

Jan. 1, 1925 to Jan. 1, 1926

Reel

Jan. 1 , 1 926 to Dec. 31, 1928

Reel

Jan. 1, 1929 to Dec. 31, 1934

Reel

Jan. 1, 1935 to May 31, 1940

Reel

Drafts, miscellaneous dates

Reel

Drafts, miscellaneous dates

Reel

1893-1937 (Supplemental)

Government Documents Series

Reel

Oct. 18, 1884 to Dec. 31, 1916

Reel

Jan. 1, 1 9 1 7 to Aug. 31, 1917

Reel

June 27, 1 9 1 7 to July 9, 1917

(trial transcript)

Reel

Sept. 1, 1917 to Nov. 30, 1917

Reel

Dec. 1, 1917 to Jan. 31, 1918

Reel

Feb. 1, 1918 to Aug. 31, 1918

Reel

Sept. 1, 1918 to July 31, 1919

Reel

Aug. 1, 1 9 1 9 to Oct. 31, 1919

Reel

Nov. 1, 1919 to Dec. 22, 1919

Reel

Dec. 23, 1919 to March 31, 1922

Reel

April 1, 1922 to Oct. 16, 1942

Reel

1 895-1934 (Supplemental)

197

Introductory Essays to the Reels

An introductory essay (target) appears at the beginning of each reel of microfilm in the collec-
tion. Its purpose is to provide the historical context for the documents that follow. In addition, in the
Correspondence series, the most significant correspondents in each reel and their relation to Goldman
are noted. The Government Documents series also features mini-targets that explain particular
court cases and legal difficulties in which Goldman was involved.

All the introductory essays, edited for consistency, are presented here to provide an overview of
the material in the collection and a brief narrative of Goldman’s life.

199

INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

Introduction to Reel 1
Correspondence

October 8, 1892, to December 26, 1905

The Emma Goldman Papers is a collection of extant documents tracing the life and work of an
eloquent and courageous proponent of freedom of expression. As an anarchist lecturer and essayist,
Goldman’s vision influenced a broad international audience. Her papers are a testimony to her
achievements, and the Correspondence series offers the microfilm user an opportunity to witness the
unfolding of her life and ideas.

Goldman was bom in Kovno, Lithuania, on June 27, 1 869, the first child of Abraham and Taube
Goldman. A sensitive child whose home life was made miserable by a brutal father and an emotion-
ally distant mother, Goldman struggled to escape, first through flights of imagination, then through
formal education, and finally by means of emigration. The anti-Semitism prevalent in the Russian
Empire limited the opportunities available to the family, and Goldman’s father vented his frustration
and anger at his failures on his family. His often violent assertion of authority over them led young
Goldman, perhaps more acutely aware than he of the injustice of their situation, to imagine the
violence directed outward against the enemies of the Jewish people in the manner of Judith, the
Biblical heroine with whom she identified.

The family’s move to St. Petersburg in 1881 meant more than a change of location to the young
Emma. The city was in political turmoil following the assassination of Czar Alexander II. Excited by
the ideas of the Russian nihilists and populists and emboldened by contact with radical students,
Goldman supplemented her last few months of schooling by her own reading. One book in particular
had a profound effect on her. She eagerly devoured Nikolai Cherny shevsky’s novel What Is to Be
Done? and promptly replaced her childhood heroine Judith with Chemyshevsky’s modem Vera, a
political organizer and founder of a cooperative.

The degree of independence exhibited by the adolescent Emma Goldman and her desire to shed
the stifling yoke of tradition were particularly threatening to her father’s authority. Moreover, her
interest in continuing her education served no purpose in his eyes, and he attempted to arrange a
marriage for his daughter when she was fifteen, a proposition she flatly rejected. Put to work in a
factory, Goldman feared the loss of her last joy in life when her beloved half-sister Helena an-
nounced she was leaving for America. Reluctantly her parents gave Goldman permission to accom-
pany Helena, and in 1885 the two left St. Petersburg for the United States (see the passenger
manifest for the steamer Gellert , December 29, 1885, in Government Documents, reel 56).

Goldman’s romantic hopes for a better life in America were soon dashed. Settling first in
Rochester, New York, she found factory work even more difficult than in Russia and joined the
growing protests against the economic inequality and poor working conditions that characterized
industrializing America. The crystallization of Goldman’s political identity came in 1887 with the
execution of the Haymarket anarchists, who were convicted on the basis of questionable evidence of

200

INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

a bombing at a peaceful demonstration in Chicago in support of strikers seeking an eight-hour work
day. The Haymarket Martyrs, later pardoned by Governor John Peter Altgeld, inspired Goldman to
take up their cause and make it her own. Still, she had to contend with her family. Her parents, who
had moved to Rochester to join their children, hoped that her marriage in February 1887 to Jacob
Kersner, a young Russian-born Jew, would settle their unruly daughter. Goldman herself found the
marriage suffocating and her family’s attentions as unwelcome as ever. After divorcing Kersner,
she knew that she could never live the life she wanted in Rochester, as she had lost the goodwill of
everyone except Helena. In August 1889 she left for New York City.

In New York Goldman’s passionate and lifelong devotion to anarchism began. From champion-
ing the eight-hour day and union organization, over the years Goldman gradually broadened the focus
of her concerns. Many of the causes she addressed during fifty years of political activity — women’s
independence, birth control, sexual freedom, free speech, antimilitarism — became central to political
discourse in the twentieth century, though advocacy of such unpopular ideas brought her scorn and
sometimes imprisonment. The best testimony to her persuasive power is that many who disagreed
with her anarchist philosophy, such as Roger Baldwin, a founder of the American Civil Liberties
Union, nonetheless put aside their reservations and allied with her in common causes, admired her
courage, and were inspired by her. The microfilm edition of Goldman’s papers includes the primary
sources for readers to acquaint themselves with this extraordinary woman and her equally extraor-
dinary times.

The surviving correspondence from Goldman’s earliest years in the anarchist movement is slight,
especially when compared with the voluminous correspondence of later years reproduced in this
collection, when she systematically kept copies of outgoing correspondence. In addition, material
from the early years was probably among her papers confiscated by the government in 1917 and
subsequently lost. Nonetheless, what survives provides a fascinating glimpse into Goldman’s devel-
opment as a major figure in the American anarchist movement and into the networks of late nine-
teenth- and early twentieth-century anarchists, other political radicals, and cultural figures in the
United States and Europe. From her emergence as a lecturer to predominantly Yiddish- and Ger-
man-speaking audiences under the tutelage of Johann Most, the leading anarchist in America, she
reached out to an increasingly broader American public. Read in conjunction with the Goldman
Writings (reel 47) and Government Documents (reel 56) for this period, the correspondence reveals
this development.

The lecture tours Goldman undertook in the 1890s anticipated those she made after 1906 to
support her journal, Mother Earth. In the course of her first tours, she recognized the growing
interest in anarchism and other forms of radicalism beyond immigrant communities. She wrote to the
anarchist paper Solidarity in March 1898: “I cannot tell you how many people are now interested in
the philosophy of Anarchy. Even the most conservative clubs and organizations, that only a few
years ago would have refused to listen to a professed Anarchist, are now inviting Anarchist lectur-
ers. They have learned that conservatism is fast losing ground, and that nothing but advanced and
radical ideas meet with popular approval.”

Three major events contributed to Goldman’s increasing notoriety during the period: her complic-
ity in Alexander Berkman’s attempt on the life of Henry Clay Frick, the chairman of Carnegie Steel,
during the Homestead strike in July 1 892; her conviction for incitement to riot during a demonstration

201

INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

of the unemployed in New York City in 1 893 and subsequent imprisonment for a year on Blackwell’s
Island (see letter to the New York World , August 18, 1894); and her alleged inspiration of Leon
Czolgosz’s assassination of President William McKinley in 1901.

Goldman met Alexander Berkman on the day she arrived in New York City from Rochester, and
for the next thirty-seven years, until his death in 1936, their lives were intertwined. Passionately
committed to the same ideal, they took part in countless struggles together, but neither ever lived
down their involvement in the attempt on Frick’s life. Berkman served fourteen years in prison for
his deed, which was widely condemned even by the workers whose cause he hoped to further.
Goldman explained in her autobiography that the only reason she did not accompany him to Pitts-
burgh was a lack of funds, but the reputation she gained by association with his act made her a target
of the press and the police (see “Anarchy’s Den,” New York World , July 28, 1892, Goldman Writ-
ings, reel 47).

Goldman was attracted to anarchism as an expression of her belief that individuals blossom in a
state of complete freedom, a condition that could be achieved only by the destruction of the state, the
church, and private property, all of which alienated individuals from one another and their own
potential, and perpetuated economic inequality. Her ideas, derived from the Russian nihilists and
Peter Kropotkin’s anarchism of voluntary cooperation and mutual aid, were in part an extension of
the optimism of Enlightenment thought and also part of an anti-authoritarian American tradition that
included writers such as Henry David Thoreau and Walt Whitman. Though Goldman identified with
the more visionary aspects of anarchism and repudiated assassination after Berkman’s attentat , she
refused to disavow those in the movement whose tactics placed them on the more violent end of the
anarchist spectrum. After the attempt on Frick’s life, however, she would have to answer as often
for her beliefs as for her actions. To the authorities she was “an evil disposed and pernicious person
. . . of turbulent disposition” as one police affidavit testified after her arrest in 1 893 for incitement to
riot (see [ People of New York v. Emma Goldman: Affidavit], 1893 Aug. 25, Government Docu-
ments, reel 56). Her alleged but unsubstantiated inspiration of Czolgosz’s assassination of McKinley
only bolstered her reputation as a dangerous woman, the “High Priestess of Anarchy,” as one news-
paper headline proclaimed ( Chicago Daily Tribune , Sept. 8, 1901, Goldman Writings, reel 47). For
the next year she kept a comparatively low profile, even using a pseudonym, E. G. Smith, the first of
many she would have to adopt during her career.

The events that brought her such notoriety, however, are only part of the story of the years from
her arrival in New York in 1889 through 1905. Johann Most, editor of the Freiheit, was Goldman’s
first mentor when she joined the movement. She broke with him in 1 892, however, when Most, who
in his writings had often advocated revolutionary violence, nevertheless denounced Berkman’s at-
tempt on Frick’s life — a break that marked a new independence for Goldman. In 1895 she em-
barked on a lecture tour in England and Scotland while en route to train as a nurse in Vienna. The
opportunity to meet Kropotkin, whose vision of an anarchist society she embraced, Errico Malatesta,
the veteran Italian anarchist, and Louise Michel, a leader of the Paris Commune, fortified her belief
in her ideal. In Living My Life , she wrote that she felt “enriched by personal contact with my great
teachers.” In Europe again in 1900 she attended the Neo-Malthusian Congress in Paris. The
opportunity to learn more about contraception, combined with her earlier experience as a midwife
and nurse on the Lower East Side where frequent pregnancies were a source of despair for many
women, made her one of the first and most persistent proponents of birth control in the United States.

202

INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

And during these years the fight for free speech, which Goldman championed throughout her career,
garnered broader and broader support as laws directed against anarchists alarmed liberals fearful of
the corrosive effect on civil liberties of such restrictive legislation. That concern led to the establish-
ment of a permanent Free Speech League in 1903 for which Goldman acted as fund raiser (see letter
from E. B. Foote, Jr., March 24, 1904).

A series of correspondence with Goldman’s German anarchist comrade Max Metzkow touches
not only on their mutual concern for Alexander Berkman in the Allegheny County jail but also
describes her vigorous activity on the lecture circuit. She reports on those same activities to several
anarchist periodicals during the period, most notably The Firebrand and The Torch. Other corre-
spondents include Robert Erskine Ely, a political science professor at Columbia University; Walter
Channing, a Massachusetts psychologist; Max Nettlau, the historian of international anarchism; Pe-
ter Kropotkin; Augustin Hamon, a French anarchist and editor of L 'Humanite Nouvelle\ and Catherine
Breshkovskaya, known as the “Grandmother of the Russian Revolution.”

203

INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

Introduction to Reel 2
Correspondence

January 1, 1906, to December 10, 1908

Between 1906 and 1908, Emma Goldman reached an ever- widening audience. The ongoing
social tensions of tum-of-the-century America created a receptive public for her ideas. She launched
her own magazine, Mother Earth, in 1906, shedding the low public profile she had assumed after
being publicly, though falsely, implicated in the 1901 assassination of President William McKinley.
Her monthly magazine joined several other influential “Little Magazines” devoted to ideas that chal-
lenged conventional beliefs. Like The Masses and The Little Review, Mother Earth presented a
mixture of radical political thought, poetry, and literary criticism. Within two years, in part to support
the magazine financially, Goldman began an annual series of national lecture tours. On the lecture
trail in 1 908 her personal life was transformed as she developed an intense and consuming relation-
ship with her new lover and soon-to-be manager, Ben Reitman.

Goldman’s anarchist perspective naturally gave the magazine a unique flavor. She celebrated
the individual’s right to self-expression. She liberally reprinted the poetry and prose of non-anarchist
writers if they harmonized with anarchist sentiments. Mother Earth republished pieces by authors
as diverse as Peter Kropotkin, Michael Bakunin, William Morris, Walt Whitman, Henry David Thoreau,
Jack London, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Thomas Paine. Yet her unifying anarchist message meant
that Mother Earth overlooked much of the literary talent found in other “Little Magazines.” Mother
Earth walked slightly out of step with modernism. By eschewing avant-gardism Goldman hoped to
reach a wider popular audience.

The magazine allowed her to adapt the forthright, personal manner of her lectures to political
editorials and reports on her activities. Mother Earth provided news and analysis of both national
and international events of particular interest to anarchists and published letters and articles from a
wide circle of friends and contacts abroad.

Production and day-to-day editorial responsibilities of the magazine fell to a close circle of com-
rades that included Hippolyte Havel, Max Baginski, Harry Kelly, and especially Alexander Berkman,
who became the magazine’s editor in 1908. Goldman persuaded Berkman to join the staff to help
him through the difficult period following his release from prison in May 1 906. Until his departure in
1915, his extraordinary organizational skills and sharp critical eye contributed to the success of the
magazine.

The one European trip Goldman made during these years was of necessity the last of her inter-
national tours until her deportation from the United States in 1 919. In 1 907 she served as an Ameri-
can delegate to the International Anarchist Conference in Amsterdam and promoted her ideas and
her magazine in Paris, London, and other European cities. While in England she learned that U.S.
authorities intended to use recent anti-anarchist laws to bar her reentry. Though she managed to
return surreptitiously through Canada, she could no longer chance leaving the United States, the
home base of her political work.

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INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

In 1908 Goldman embarked upon the first of her six-month Mother Earth magazine lecture
tours of the United States which were to become annual events between 1 908 and 1917. She spoke
on anarchism and a wide range of subjects, from birth control to the modern drama. Wherever
Goldman lectured around the country she provoked strong reactions. Her reputation as a speaker
guaranteed her not only large audiences but also the close attention of local police and government
agents. Unintimidated, she insisted always on the broadest interpretation of the right to free speech.
These conflicts fueled her ongoing interest in free speech and made her a leader of the burgeoning
free speech movement of the early twentieth century.

Goldman became an uncompromising advocate of free speech at a time when the government
applied a severely restrictive interpretation of the First Amendment. In 1 903, she helped found the
Free Speech League and worked closely with lawyer Theodore Schroeder, among other civil liber-
tarians who recognized the threats posed to First Amendment freedoms. Her courage and willing-
ness to defend free speech without fear of personal risk inspired others to action— most notably
Roger Baldwin, a founding member of the American Civil Liberties Union ( 1 920).

Police repression in Chicago in March 1908 led to Goldman’s meeting with Dr. Ben L. Reitman,
a self-avowed hobo. When police harassment left Goldman with no place to lecture, Reitman of-
fered her his “Hobo Hall,” where he ran a college for itinerant unemployed hobos. The instant
attraction between two flamboyant social activists blossomed into the most intense relationship of
their lives. His subsequent tour with Goldman marked the beginning of a ten-year career as her road
manager.

Passionate, emotional letters between Goldman and Reitman dominate the early correspon-
dence. Beginning in March 1908, she wrote to him almost daily; his responses, for the most part,
have been lost. The content, frequency, and length of the correspondence show that the relationship
consumed Goldman emotionally and sexually. Her letters tell the story of her sexual awakening, yet
also reveal her struggle to reconcile her dependence on Reitman with the ideal of freedom in love, an
ideal central to the anarchist vision.

Goldman’s surviving letters detail her emotional travails during the period, but give only glimpses
into her tireless involvement in the political arena. Because the Department of Justice confiscated
Goldman’s personal files and subsequently misplaced them, very little correspondence beyond that
with Reitman remains for these years. The early correspondence between Goldman and Leon
Maimed (a Russian emigre and former New York City cigarmaker who spent most of his life man-
aging his Albany delicatessen), shows the early stages of their decades-long friendship and camara-
derie. Maimed met Goldman in a local Albany anarchist group in 1906 and soon after began to
arrange her upstate New York lecture tours and to contribute and solicit funds to support Mother
Earth.

Other correspondence during these years reveals Goldman’s wide range of contacts, including
world-renowned anarchist theorist Peter Kropotkin; Buffalo anarchist Max Metzkow; anarchist
historian Max Nettlau; the poet Lola Ridge; single-taxer Bolton Hall; and Joseph Labadie, a Detroit
anarchist, pioneer of the Michigan labor movement, and later a strong supporter of the Socialist
party.

205

INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

Introduction to Reels 3 through 5
Correspondence

January 1, 1909, to February 28, 1912

Between 1 909 and 1912, Emma Goldman continued to speak out on a wide range of issues from
free speech to women’s rights. Her annual cross-country tours remained important forums for her
ideas. Their success, due in part to Ben Reitman’s organizational talent, was acknowledged in
Goldman’s correspondence with him and in Mother Earth. Goldman also disseminated her ideas
through her writings. During the stretches of weeks she spent at her country retreat in Ossining,
New York, she revised selected lectures and essays for publication as Anarchism and Other Es-
says (1910).

Goldman encountered mounting harassment on the road. In January 1 909, San Francisco police
arrested and charged her with plotting “conspiracy and riot, making unlawful threats to use force and
violence and disturbing the public peace.” Later in the year, officials in New York City, New Haven,
Connecticut, East Orange, New Jersey, Lynn and Worcester, Massachusetts, Burlington, Vermont,
and Philadelphia suppressed her meetings. These attempts to stifle Goldman’s message prompted
her increasing attention to free speech.

Significant events concerning anarchists in Spain, Japan, and Mexico also engaged Goldman.
Goldman organized demonstrations to protest Spain’s execution of the libertarian Spanish educator
Francisco Ferrer on October 12, 1909. In recognition of Ferrer’s role as a pioneer of the Modem
School Movement, she played a leading part in founding the Francisco Ferrer Association (June
1910) to propagate Ferrer’s educational ideals. On October 13, 1911, Goldman and others interested
in the Modern School Movement opened a day school in New York City modeled on Ferrer’s Escuela
Moderna in Barcelona.

In November 1910, the Japanese government imprisoned Kotoku Shusui for plotting the death of
the Emperor. (Kotoku was a founding member of the Japanese socialist movement who was later
strongly influenced by anarchist ideas.) The trumped-up charges followed years of repression of the
Japanese socialist and anarchist movements. Goldman and other anarchists campaigned to save
Kotoku’s life. She wrote to many people, including socialist author Jack London and public health
nurse and settlement worker Lillian Wald, to enlist their aid in Kotoku’s defense. In January 1911,
despite an international outcry and the flimsy evidence in the case, Japan put to death Kotoku and
several alleged co-conspirators.

In addition to following events in Japan, from 1907 onwards Mother Earth reported on devel-
opments in Mexico. Goldman probably met Ricardo Flores Magon, a leading Mexican anarcho-
syndicalist, in St. Louis, Missouri, sometime in 1 905 or 1 906, after Mexico exiled him. Following the
revolutionary ferment that resulted in the downfall of Porfirio Diaz in 1911, Goldman strongly sup-
ported the efforts of Magon to move the revolution in an anarcho-syndicalist direction. The English-
language editor of Magon’s Regeneracion, William C. Owen, contributed lengthy and informative

206

INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

articles on the Mexican Revolution to Mother Earth. Magon himself wrote for the magazine; some
of his direct correspondence with Goldman appeared there and in other anarchist publications, but
the rest has been lost.

The Correspondence series for these years consists mainly of letters between Goldman and
Reitman. Numerous anguished and depressed letters reflect the constant turmoil of their relation-
ship. There are recurring references to Reitman’s infidelities and Goldman’s attempt to reconcile
her emotional and sexual dependence on Reitman with her political commitment to free love.

The correspondence series sheds little light on Goldman’s public life, with the exceptions noted
above. Her public life and the issues that concerned her are detailed in Mother Earth, including the
events in Spain, Mexico, and Japan, as well as her free speech struggles. The Correspondence
series includes Goldman’s letters to Mother Earth while “en route,” an important record of her
activities while on tour.

Goldman’s letters from this period provide occasional glimpses into her public life. Such corre-
spondence includes Goldman’s letters to writer Nunya Seldes; friend and financial supporter Meyer
Shapiro; socialist writer Jack London, especially in 1 9 1 0 and 1911; and Roger Baldwin, then a social
worker and civic leader in St. Louis, Missouri.

207

INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

Introduction to Reels 6 and 7

Correspondence
March 1 , 1 9 1 2, to March 31, 1914

Emma Goldman spent half of 1912 and 1913 on national lecture tours, as she had since 1908. It
was an intense and emotionally difficult period for her. She completed publication arrangements for
Alexander Berkman’s Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist in early 1912. During her difficult tour of
that year, she learned that her comrade Voltairine de Cleyre had died. Her relationship with Ben
Reitman deteriorated amidst the trauma and recriminations following his ordeal at the hands of San
Diego vigilantes, and Reitman’s intensifying devotion to his mother during 1913 strained relations
even further.

Though revealing much about Goldman’s emotional life, the correspondence from these years
gives little insight into her public activities. Personal letters between Goldman and Reitman, and from
her newfound friend, Almeda Sperry, dominate the correspondence. Goldman’s lecture program,
however, shows that she addressed her usual wide range of topics such as art, drama, venereal
disease, marriage, and politics. She increasingly devoted lectures to modem drama, from which she
drew political lessons for her middle-class audiences as well as for working-class audiences usually
isolated from “high culture.” Goldman believed that the modem drama was a powerful vehicle for
combining the quest for personal and political freedom and took her message wherever she could
find an audience, even lecturing on the subject in a coal mine. In 1913 alone she delivered six
lectures on the topic in New York City in January and February, and nine in Los Angeles between
June 16 and July 2. Her drama lectures would culminate in a book. The Social Significance of the
Modern Drama (1914). Her focus on drama did not stop her from speaking out repeatedly on what
she viewed as the most important political issue of the time: the dangers of “political socialism” — a
timely topic as the Socialist party of America reached the apex of its electoral power in 1912.

In contrast to the undisguised contempt with which she treated American socialism, she felt
encouraged by the growth of syndicalism in Europe and the United States. The Industrial Workers
of the World (IWW), though in existence since 1905, finally attracted the attention of Goldman and
other anarchists through its successes in the American West. The organization’s role in the large and
well-publicized strikes of textile workers in Lawrence, Massachusetts (1912), and Paterson, New
Jersey (1913), argued for syndicalism’s potential strength in the East as well. Goldman saw anar-
chism and syndicalism as complementary: a truly free society could flourish when syndicalists over-
threw capitalism. In 1913 she gave her lecture, “Syndicalism — The Modem Menace to Capitalism”
at almost every venue. As syndicalism became her most common lecture topic during 1913, she
published a two-part essay on the subject in the January and February issues of Mother Earth.

Goldman felt a natural affinity with the IWW’s free speech campaigns, waged since 1909,
having fought her own battles on that issue. The scale, militancy, and persistence of the IWW’s free
speech crusade surpassed any previous campaign. Hundreds of IWW members (Wobblies) de-

208

INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

scended upon such places as Missoula, Montana; Spokane, Washington, and Fresno, California, to
defy, in the face of imprisonment and vigilante violence, local ordinances that denied them the right to
speak and organize.

The free speech campaigns of Goldman, Reitman, and the I WW converged in 1 9 1 2 in one of the
most traumatic episodes of her always eventful speaking tours. In San Diego, the Wobblies, along
with several liberal and radical groups in the city’s Free Speech League, tried to force the City
Council to rescind a ban on downtown soapbox orators. By the time Goldman and Reitman arrived
on the scene on May 14, hundreds of people, most of them Wobblies, had been arrested and beaten
by vigilantes and law enforcement officials. It took only a few hours for the mob to turn on Reitman;
they abducted him to the desert where they stripped, beat, and humiliated him, then finished with a
coating of tar and sagebrush. With his pride as injured as his body, Reitman took a train to Los
Angeles and rejoined Goldman, whom the police had escorted out of San Diego.

Unfortunately, few letters directly concern the San Diego incident. Only one provides a brief
sketch of the episode (May 16, 1912). The full account of the incident, with analysis and comment,
appears in the June 1912 edition of Mother Earth. The indirect effect of the San Diego episode,
however, reverberates through the Goldman-Reitman relationship of the period. Reitman voiced,
publicly and privately, doubts about his courage and his manhood in the face of vigilante action;
Goldman resented his public airing of the issue and his private obsession with it. Perhaps not inciden-
tally, as Reitman sought solace through increased contact with his mother in the latter part of 1913,
he further estranged Goldman.

On a different emotional plane, Almeda Sperry’s letters reveal another side to Goldman’s per-
sonal relationships. Bom into a working-class background in Pittsburgh in 1879, Sperry turned to
prostitution in her youth. By the time she met Goldman in 1912, Sperry had been a union organizer,
a contributor to the radical press, and a strong advocate of sex education for children. Troubled by
her relationship with her husband and by the conformity expected of her as a woman in a small town,
Sperry initially looked to Goldman as a source of intellectual inspiration and spiritual strength. Sperry’s
letters to Goldman reveal a complex sexual attraction. Because Goldman’s letters to Sperry have
not been located, her experience of this relationship remains largely unknown. Goldman’s letters to
others, however, reveal that both women were open with each other about issues of sexuality.
During this period, Goldman lectured and wrote more extensively on the subject of homosexuality.

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Introduction to Reels 8 and 9

Correspondence
April 1, 1914, to June 30, 1916

Between 1914 and 1916, the focus of Goldman’s political activities and concerns shifted notably.
Mounting public debate on the issue of birth control prompted Goldman to increase her efforts in
behalf of a cause she had long supported. Meanwhile, the United States’ inexorable entanglement in
World War I impelled Goldman to redouble her anti-militarism campaign.

Goldman had advocated birth control long before Margaret Sanger and others helped popularize
the movement in 1915. As a nurse and midwife on New York’s Lower East Side in the 1890s,
Goldman learned firsthand of poor families’ need for birth control. She believed that smaller families
would help ameliorate poverty as well as offer some promise for women’s sexual and economic self-
determination. The Paris Malthusian Congress she attended in 1900 affirmed her commitment to
disseminating infonnation on birth control.

Correspondence from April to June 1914 evidences the support Goldman gave to Margaret
Sanger and her magazine, The Woman Rebel. Despite this cordial beginning, tensions arose be-
tween the two activists by late 1915. Letters from the period, especially a particularly acerbic one
from Sanger’s husband (March 14, 1916), reflect their deteriorating relations.

The Correspondence series for these years sheds little light on Goldman’s anti-militarist activi-
ties. She made the issue a regular feature of her lectures just before the outbreak of the war in
Europe. Reports in Mother Earth reveal the extent of her and her comrades’ anti-militarist agita-
tion and the large audiences her lectures on the topic drew.

Goldman’s anti-militarist and birth control campaigns brought her closer to prominent liberals,
pacifists, and socialists of the Progressive Era. She corresponded with such notables as Helen
Keller; writers Anna Strunsky Walling and Sara Bard Field; single-taxer Bolton Hall; free speech
lawyer Theodore Schroeder; and Harry Weinberger, who was soon to become Goldman’s attorney.

Although Goldman-Reitman letters continue to dominate the correspondence in this period, the
series after 1915 becomes more diverse and reflective of Goldman’s public life. To her nationwide
network of comrades and supporters she wrote several lengthy letters that describe her political
activities and express her views on a host of subjects. Such letters abound in her communications
with Ellen Kennan, a Denver schoolteacher; W. S. Van Valkenburgh, an upstate New York socialist
and editor; Agnes Inglis, a social worker and anarchist sympathizer from a wealthy Ann Arbor,
Michigan, family; and Jacob Margolis, a radical Pittsburgh lawyer. Goldman also resumed corre-
spondence with her old friend Leon Maimed, whom she successfully, if only temporarily, coaxed
back into anarchist circles.

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Introduction to Reels 10 and 11

Correspondence
July 1 , 1 9 1 6, to September 30, 1919

In the summer of 1916, Goldman embarked on her last major lecture tour before her eighteen-
month imprisonment and subsequent deportation in 1919. Her lectures on birth control and anti-
militarism continued to attract large audiences. With U.S. involvement in World War 1 imminent,
however, Goldman and other dissidents faced increasing government hostility and repression.

Goldman happened to be in San Francisco on July 26, 1916, when a bomb exploded during a
Preparedness Day parade, killing eight people and wounding forty others. Despite flimsy evidence
against them, labor organizers Thomas Mooney and Warren Billings were soon arrested and charged
with responsibility for the bombing. Suspicion also fell on Goldman and Alexander Berkman, who
had moved to San Francisco the previous year to publish the weekly anarchist paper The Blast.
Undaunted, Goldman and Berkman founded the first Mooney-Billings Defense Committee. Almost
a year later, long after Goldman and Berkman had returned to New York, Berkman was indicted in
connection with the bombing by the San Francisco authorities. Goldman immediately organized a
publicity committee to keep the state of California from extraditing Berkman.

Goldman’s anti-militarist activities led to further legal battles, especially after U.S. entry into
World War I in April 1917. In May 1917 she founded the No-Conscription League. A speech she
gave on behalf of this organization led to her and Berkman’s arrest on June 1 5 for violating the Draft
Act. In July, the New York Federal District Court found the two guilty of “a conspiracy to induce
persons not to register” and sentenced them to two years in prison. Goldman remained free on bail
while their attorney, Harry Weinberger, appealed the case to the U.S. Supreme Court which, in
January 1918, upheld both convictions and declared the Draft Act constitutional. Under another
piece of war emergency legislation, the Espionage Act, the Post Office banned from the mails
Mother Earth and other publications that spoke out against U.S. involvement in the war. In Febru-
ary 1918, federal officials escorted Goldman to the Missouri State Penitentiary in Jefferson City
where she remained until her release on September 27, 1919.

Prior to her imprisonment, Goldman’s correspondence refers to her anti-militarist activities and
absorption in her own legal defense and that of others, including Ben Reitman’s two indictments for
disseminating birth control literature. At first, encouraged by the strength of anti-preparedness
sentiment, she dismissed the significance of the growing patriotic fervor as working-class jingoism
coerced and created by those who benefitted from military involvement (see Goldman to W. S. Van
Valkenburgh, August 29, 1916). After the U.S. declaration of war and the galvanizing of public
opinion in support of that decision Goldman realized that the tide had turned as she watched the level
of political repression in the United States mount. Giving up her original hope of fostering a radical
transformation in the United States, she sought solace in the promise of the Russian revolution. She
discusses her fears about her future and the future of U.S. politics and, for the first time, the Russian
upheaval, in her March 31, 1917, letter to Agnes Inglis. The Goldman-Inglis correspondence for
May 1917 provides glimpses into Goldman’s anti-conscription campaign.

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Goldman’s relatively scant correspondence with Reitman in these years testifies to the waning
of their relationship. Though he joined her on the 1916 tour, he increasingly yearned for a more
settled life. On the tour, he confessed his long-standing affair with the English suffragist, Anna
Martindale. Shortly after the tour, Reitman resumed his medical practice in Chicago, and in February
1918 Martindale gave birth to their first child. The correspondence sheds little light on the demise of
the turbulent Goldman-Reitman relationship, as the volume of letters diminishes and their tone be-
comes distant and businesslike.

The number of letters with all correspondents decreased even further when Goldman entered
prison, because prison authorities restricted the volume and length of her (and other prisoners’)
correspondence. She was permitted to write at least one letter per week to her attorney Harry
Weinberger. Most weeks she wrote to her niece, Stella Ballantine, to whom she delegated full
responsibility for managing her affairs. Goldman crammed into her weekly paper ration of two
sheets vivid descriptions of her experiences in jail and extensive political analysis of current events.
She also strived to maintain contact with her many friends, using Ballantine as an intermediary.

Several important items of correspondence survive for the period spanning Goldman’s stay in the
Missouri State Penitentiary. From prison she addressed Catherine Breshkovskaya’s harsh anti-
Bolshevism, which foreshadowed some of Goldman’s own later sentiments (March 19, 1919). Helen
Keller wrote a letter of support to Goldman that Ballantine and M. Eleanor Fitzgerald published in
their Mother Earth Bulletin , the weekly that replaced Goldman’s monthly for a short time before it
too was banned by the Post Office acting under the authority of the Espionage Act of 1917. For the
period before Goldman’s imprisonment, particularly informative correspondence exists with three
confidants: Agnes Inglis, a social worker and anarchist from Ann Arbor, Michigan; W. S. Van
Valkenburgh, an upstate New York socialist and editor; and Ellen Kennan, a Denver school teacher
who moved to New York in 1918.

The Government Document series for 1917-1919 strongly complements the correspondence.
That series includes transcripts of Goldman’s 1917 trial; government agents’ reports on her speeches
and activities; government transcripts of letters to, from, and about Goldman; and discussions by
postal authorities concerning their objections to specific Goldman writings.

212

INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

Introduction to Reel 12

Correspondence
October 1, 1919, to April 30, 1922

In late 1919, Goldman was deported from the United States to the Soviet Union where she
stayed for almost two years to observe and scrutinize the path of the Bolshevik Revolution in which
she originally hoped to participate. The U.S. Justice Department began planning Goldman’s depor-
tation months before her release from prison in September 1919. J. Edgar Hoover, then a special
assistant to the attorney general, prepared the case against Goldman using the 1 9 1 8 Immigration Act,
which allowed the government to deport aliens who belonged to organizations advocating sabotage
or revolution. Goldman embarked on a brief lecture tour to the Midwest (speaking on the repression
of dissent in the United States and the promise of the Russian Revolution) between her appearance
before immigration officials on October 27, 191 9, and her incarceration on Ellis Island on December
5. On December 21, 1919, government officials herded Goldman, Berkman, and 247 other immi-
grant radicals onto the S.S. Buford to Soviet Russia via Finland.

After a warm welcome in Petrograd on January 1 9, 1 920, Goldman and Berkman visited Petrograd
and Moscow to learn firsthand of the progress of the revolution. In the summer, they traveled
through the Ukraine to collect artifacts for the Petrograd Museum of the Revolution. The poverty
and social dislocation she discovered shocked her, but she attributed the dire situation to five years of
war, the Allied blockade, and the counterrevolution of the White armies. Despite her acceptance of
the draconian policies of “war communism,” she began to have private misgivings about the regime,
particularly its suppression of dissent, evidenced by the internment and execution of anarchists who
had fought for the revolution with the Bolsheviks. The brutal suppression of the Kronstadt rebellion
in March 1 92 1 compelled Goldman and Berkman to go public with their criticisms of the Bolsheviks.
Realizing the incompatibility of anarchism and Bolshevism, Goldman and Berkman obtained Soviet
passports in November 1921 and crossed into Latvia, never to return.

Thus began a search for political asylum that for Goldman lasted several years and for Berkman
the remainder of his life. In January 1922, Latvia refused to extend their visas, so they departed for
Stockholm, where, after great trouble, they secured only temporary visas. Both desperately sought
a country that would grant them more permanent residence. In late April 1922, Goldman entered
Germany under a temporary permit.

A number of important letters chronicle the period surrounding Goldman’s deportation from the
United States. On November 1, 1919, Goldman circulated copies of a letter to friends and acquain-
tances proclaiming her determination to continue her work. Awaiting deportation at Ellis Island in
December, she penned a series of farewell letters, including a poignant one to Reitman (December
19, 1919). Four days earlier, the unofficial Russian ambassador to the United States, Ludwig A.
Martens, extended the Soviet invitation to the deportees and promised that “Everybody, be he a
bourgeois, an anarchist, a Socialist or a Communist is in Free Russia at liberty to express his beliefs
as long as he does not engage himself in active cooperation with the enemies of the Russian work-
ers” (December 15, 1919).

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Once again, in Russia as in the Jefferson City penitentiary, Goldman corresponded most fre-
quently with her niece, Stella Ballantine. Goldman’s letters to Ballantine and others such as the
British writer Frank Harris capture Goldman’s excitement, adventure, loneliness, sense of separation
from American friends and family, and, only very subtly and rarely, her growing doubts about the
Bolsheviks. Though she remained cryptic out of fear of having her criticism used by the Revolution’s
enemies and the suspicion that her hosts read her mail, she occasionally admonished her niece to
“read between the lines.”

Her actions in Soviet Russia did not match the circumspection of her letters abroad. Two
months after their arrival, she and Berkman began to press the Bolshevik leadership to allay their
misgivings. They met Lenin in February or early March 1920 with the help of Angelica Balabanoff,
secretary of the Third International. Two March 1920 letters that follow the interview respectively
query Lenin about Soviet treatment of anarchists and lay out the principles of a new organization,
“The Russian Friends of American Freedom.” Another letter, written nearly a year later (March 5,
1921 ) to Gregorii Zinoviev, expresses concern about the fate of the Kronstadt rebels.

As soon as they left Russia, Goldman and Berkman began their anti-Bolshevik campaign in
letters, pamphlets, and newspapers. One of the earliest of these, a letter to the British anarchist
newspaper Freedom (January 7, 1922), exemplifies their sweeping indictment of the Soviets. In a
controversial move that some of her friends believed compromised her integrity, Goldman went to
the mass-market press when she published a series of articles in the New York World that criticized
the Bolshevik regime (see Goldman Writings series). Several letters portray her deliberations and
those of her friends in taking this step.

The reel ends with four letters from Goldman’s new lover Arthur Svensson. Goldman met
Svensson, a Swedish anarchist, during her brief stay in Stockholm while she awaited her German
visa.

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INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

Introduction to Reel 13

Correspondence

May 1, 1922, to September 30, 1924

After leaving Sweden in April 1922, Goldman settled in Berlin where she joined a thriving com-
munity of Russian exiles and avant-garde artists and writers. During these years, she spent much of
her time with anarchist comrades Alexander Berkman and Rudolf and Milly Rocker, and with her
niece, Stella Ballantine. Arthur Svensson, her young Swedish lover, joined her in Berlin in May
1922, but the romance soon faded. In a pained and emotional letter (October 1, 1922), Goldman
asked the young Svensson to leave even as she lamented the loss of a man in her life.

That summer, Goldman immersed herself in writing My Two Years in Russia, chronicling her
gradual realization that the Bolshevik’s suppression of dissent had spoiled the promise of the 1917
revolution. The book’s controversial anti-Sovietism would drive a wedge between Goldman and
many of her comrades on the Left. Publishing complications further aggravated the situation; when
Doubleday released the book in the United States the following year, they omitted the second half of
the manuscript and changed the title to My Disillusionment in Russia — all without Goldman’s
permission. To make matters worse. Doubleday almost immediately sold the publishing rights for
future editions. The correspondence in late 1923 and 1924 reveals the comedy of errors that ensued
as Goldman and her attorney Harry Weinberger tried to redress their grievances. Eventually the
missing chapters appeared in a separate volume titled My Further Disillusionment in Russia.

By early 1924, Goldman found life in Berlin increasingly difficult. Her attempts to sell articles to
the American press were largely unsuccessful, and fear of expulsion thwarted her public-speaking
career. Pressured by skyrocketing inflation and a limited means of earning a living, Goldman hoped
to end her “purposeless existence” by moving to England. With the help of British writer and editor
Frank Harris, she procured a visa for England where she planned to begin work on her next book.
Stopping first in Paris, Goldman arrived in London in August 1 924.

During this period, Goldman corresponded regularly with Max Nettlau, an anarchist historian
living in Vienna; Ellen Kennan, a Denver school teacher; Leon Maimed, her long-time friend in
Albany, New York; Stella Ballantine, her niece; and Roger Baldwin, cofounder of the American Civil
Liberties Union.

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INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

Introduction to Reels 14 and 15
Correspondence
October 1 , 1 924, to April 30, 1 926

From September 1 924 through April 1926, Emma Goldman lived in exile in England where she
hoped to revive her career as a writer and lecturer. Upon her arrival in London, she received an
enthusiastic welcome from Labourites, socialists, and other British luminaries. At a large reception
sponsored by Bertrand Russell, Rebecca West, and Edward Carpenter in November 1924, Goldman
made her debut in left-wing English society. British fascination with Goldman soon cooled, however,
as she tenaciously pursued her anti-Bolshevik work. While her stand on the Soviet Union alienated
much of the British Left, Goldman refused to collaborate with right-wing elements who shared her
anti-Bolshevik sentiments. As Goldman described it, she was perpetually “caught between two
fires.”

The Russian controversy dominates the correspondence during these years (see especially the
letters from Goldman to Bertrand Russell, February 9, 1925, and John Turner, May 1, 1925). Her
staunch anti-Sovietism also caused a growing rift between Goldman and American Civil Liberties
Union cofounder Roger Baldwin. Working on behalf of Soviet political prisoners, Baldwin solicited
Goldman and Alexander Berkman to help in compiling documentation for Letters from Russian
Prisons in 1925. Goldman’s blanket condemnation of the Soviet state troubled Baldwin, who limited
his criticism to civil rights issues (see letter to Baldwin, April 20, 1925).

By 1925, Goldman had grown frustrated with her anti-Soviet activity which she characterized as
a “disastrous defeat.” Later that year, she developed a series of drama lectures and toured the
country under the sponsorship of the British Drama League. She also published a British edition of
My Two Years in Russia with a new introduction by writer and friend Rebecca West. On the whole,
though, her attempts to earn a living through writing and speaking were only marginally successful.

In order to obtain a British passport, in June 1925 Goldman married James Colton, a Welsh coal
miner and long-time comrade. This paper marriage gave Goldman citizenship rights which allowed
her to travel to France that winter. After returning to London for a few months, Goldman returned
to southern France where she joined Alexander Berkman in St. Tropez in May 1926. She did not
visit England again for any extensive period until 1 933.

During these years Goldman renewed contact with her ex-lover Ben Reitman. Their correspon-
dence was as stormy as ever, and old tensions plagued Reitman’s visit with Goldman in 1926 (see
letter to Reitman, April 15, 1926). Other correspondents in these reels include her life-long anarchist
comrade Alexander Berkman; Goldman’s attorney Harry Weinberger; historian Samuel Eliot Morison;
psychologist Havelock Ellis; philosopher Bertrand Russell; and British writers Frank Harris and
Rebecca West. Among the notable women correspondents are socialist prison reformer Kate Richards
O’Hare; American feminist and writer Agnes Smedley; and French author and socialist exile Odette
Keun.

216

INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

Introduction to Reels 16 through 19
Correspondence
May 1, 1926, to February 28, 1928

Frustrated with her work in England, Emma Goldman journeyed to Canada in 1926 where she
hoped to gain temporary reentry to the United States. Before leaving Europe she spent the summer
in southern France with Alexander Berkman while she completed her book manuscript, “Foremost
Russian Dramatists: Their Life and Work” (unpublished). In October 1926, with the financial help of
her long-time friend Leon Maimed, she left for Montreal.

On tour in Canada during the next six months, Goldman lectured on birth control, free speech,
drama, and the repression of Russian political prisoners. Speaking in Montreal, Toronto, and several
cities in western Canada, she encountered continuing hostility from leftists concerning her views on
the Soviet Union. Though Communist party members regularly disrupted her meetings, she persisted
in her anti-Soviet work and organized women’s groups to raise money in support of political prison-
ers.

For the first time in several years, Goldman became involved in an intense romantic relationship.
Following a weekend rendezvous at Napierville, Goldman and her devoted admirer Leon Maimed
began a clandestine and long-distance affair. Maimed, a shopkeeper in Albany, New York, fre-
quently visited Goldman in Canada and concealed the affair from his wife and family. These reels
contain her voluminous and emotional correspondence with him during this period. Departing from
her usual role as “Mommy” evidenced in the Reitman correspondence, she signed her letters to
Maimed, “your Maidale” (“little girl” in Yiddish).

Settling in Toronto in March 1927, Goldman found a warm and enthusiastic group of supporters.
Joe and Sophie Desser, Esther and Ben Laddon, and a number of local Jewish comrades shared their
homes and hospitality with her while helping to organize her meetings. At the same time, Goldman
grew increasingly dissatisfied with her relationship with Maimed. His preoccupation with family and
business matters prevented him from visiting her regularly, while an eye illness temporarily disabled
him that spring. The crowning blow came in May when Maimed ’s wife discovered Goldman’s love
letters. In a scathing letter Goldman castigated Maimed for his carelessness and for endangering her
chances of gaining reentry to the United States (May 14, 1927).

Goldman’s depression persisted through the summer, culminating in her despair over the Sacco
and Vanzetti executions that August. In a moving letter to Bartolomeo Vanzetti (July 19, 1927), she
praised their “unflinching courage” and compared the Italian immigrant anarchists to the Haymarket
martyrs of 1 887. Although Goldman organized and addressed a meeting on their behalf in Toronto,
she felt cut off from protest activities in America. Lamenting her uselessness and isolation, she
described her frustrations in a poignant letter to friend and writer Evelyn Scott (September 3, 1 927).

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Goldman’s hopes of visiting the United States had been dashed that spring when immigration
authorities denied her visa request. Soon after, she began to consider more seriously her friends’
suggestions that she write her memoirs. With the help of W. S. Van Valkenburgh, Howard Young,
and Peggy Guggenheim, who established a sustaining fund for her, Goldman returned to southern
France in February 1928 to begin work on her autobiography.

During these years, Goldman corresponded regularly with her close friend and comrade Alexander
Berkman; anarchist historian Max Nettlau; American author Evelyn Scott; journalist W. S. Van
Valkenburgh; New York attorney Arthur Leonard Ross; and anarchist publisher Joseph Ishill. The
reels include occasional letters between Goldman and such notable figures as social critic and pub-
lisher H. L. Mencken; novelist Theodore Dreiser; and philanthropists Peggy Guggenheim and Nancy,
Lady Astor. Reels 18 and 19 also feature interesting correspondence with Ba Jin, the Chinese
anarchist and renowned author who looked to Goldman for advice and inspiration.

218

INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

Introduction to Reels 20 and 21
Correspondence

March 1, 1928, to September 30, 1929

Goldman arrived in Paris in February 1928 with $2,500 and a burning desire to write her autobi-
ography. With this sustaining fund raised by W. S. Van Valkenburgh, an American journalist, Howard
Young, a writer and brother of the poet Edna St. Vincent Millay, and philanthropist Peggy Guggenheim,
Goldman embarked on what would become a two-year writing project. For this purpose, she rented
a cottage in St. Tropez where she and Alexander Berkman had spent the summer in 1 926. Before
leaving Paris, she also secured the services of a young American writer, Emily Holmes Coleman
(known as Demi), who would work tirelessly as a live-in editor, secretary, and companion.

Over the next year in southern France, Goldman prepared the first chapters of her autobiogra-
phy. The experience of reliving her past proved emotionally intense and draining and reopened old
personal and political wounds. Goldman’s correspondence during this period, particularly with
Alexander Berkman and Ben Reitman, reflects this turmoil. The confiscation and loss of her per-
sonal papers by the Department of Justice in 1917 further complicated the project. To help recon-
struct her early years, Goldman wrote to friends in America asking for old letters, newspaper clip-
pings, and personal recollections. Two people were especially helpful in this regard: W. S. Van
Valkenburgh, who served as her New York research assistant and Agnes Inglis, the curator of the
Labadie Collection at the University of Michigan where a wealth of materials documenting the
history of American anarchism was located. Goldman also solicited biographical information from
friends and comrades, some of which appears in the Correspondence series.

For the first time in many years, Goldman settled into a stable home at Bon Esprit, her cottage in
St. Tropez. Following a short vacation in Spain and Paris in late 1928 and early 1929, she returned
home in late January to discover that several friends had raised money to buy the house. With the
financial help of philanthropist Peggy Guggenheim, her attorney Arthur Leonard Ross, and wealthy
admirer Mark Dix, Goldman purchased Bon Esprit, where she would live intermittently for the next
eight years.

Secure in her new home, Goldman found some temporary respite from her chronic financial
woes. That summer, several publishers expressed keen interest in her book manuscript. Working
with Arthur Leonard Ross and her nephew Saxe Commins, already an editor at Liveright publishers,
Goldman signed a contract with Alfred A. Knopf and received a hefty $4,000 advance. Contract
negotiations dominate the voluminous correspondence of August and September 1929.

Other frequent correspondents in these reels include pacifist-socialist Unitarian minister John
Haynes Holmes; noted American novelist Theodore Dreiser; anarchist publisher Joseph Ishill; jour-
nalist and human rights activist Henry Alsberg; writer and close friend Evelyn Scott; anarchist histo-
rian Max Nettlau; and British Labour leader John Turner.

219

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Introduction to Reels 22 through 24
Correspondence

October 1, 1929, to September 30, 1931

On October 2, 1929, Emma Goldman accepted the terms of Alfred A. Knopf’s contract to
publish her autobiography. Her friend and attorney Arthur Leonard Ross, who had negotiated on her
behalf, wired her to “put all business behind you and get to work on [the] manuscript” (October 2,
1931). Until its publication two years later, Goldman devoted almost all her energy to her autobiog-
raphy, writing and revising the manuscript in Paris for the first eight months of this period and
finishing it at her cottage in St. Tropez.

Goldman continued to find writing arduous. By May 1930, she reported to Ross that she felt
“mentally worn out and simply not in a condition to continue writing” (May 2, 1 930). She proposed
to Knopf that she end the already lengthy manuscript with her arrival in Russia in January 1 920.
Knopf insisted, however, that she abide by her original agreement to bring her life story up to the
present. Goldman grudgingly acquiesced. In February 193 1 she mailed the last installment of the
manuscript, comprised of a long chapter on her experiences in Russia and a short account of her
subsequent years of exile. With the additional material on the previous decade of her life, the
autobiography ran to nearly one thousand typeset pages, prompting Knopf to publish it in two vol-
umes. Much to Goldman’s consternation, the price was set at $7.50 instead of the $5.00 previously
specified in the contract. Goldman feared that the higher price would put the book beyond the reach
of most of her readership, especially in depression-ravaged America.

While finishing her autobiography, Goldman continued to receive moral support and practical
assistance from friends and comrades. Among others, Agnes Inglis, W. S. Van Valkenburgh, Alexander
Berkman, Ben Reitman, Leon Maimed, and MaxNettlau supplied documentation and factual infor-
mation to aid her writing. Attorney and friend Arthur Leonard Ross, nephew and Liveright editor
Saxe Commins, and most other correspondents lent moral support to Goldman’s project. Not all her
correspondence related to the autobiography, however. Because she attached a great deal of impor-
tance to keeping in touch with her wide network of friends in America and Europe, much of the
correspondence to and from Goldman is of a personal nature. Frequent and eminent correspondents
in this period include the distinguished journalists H. L. Mencken and Lincoln Steffens; novelist
Theodore Dreiser; Evelyn Scott, a writer and close friend; Roger Baldwin of the American Civil
Liberties Union; and Henry Alsberg, a journalist and human rights activist.

Few events during this period rivaled the importance of the completion of Goldman’s autobiogra-
phy, though in March 1 930 the French government revived an old expulsion order against her. Goldman
successfully fought the order with the assistance of the eminent French lawyer Henri Torres. Two
months later, another expulsion order forced Berkman to leave the country for a few weeks. For the
next year and a half, Goldman helped rally prominent European and American intellectuals to per-
suade the French government to grant Berkman the right to permanent residency in France. Though
the attempt failed, it served the purpose of extending Berkman’s stay. Goldman’s absorption in her
autobiography somewhat diminished her interest in current affairs. Rudolf Rocker, German anar-

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INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

chist and Goldman’s close friend, kept her informed of Germany’s drift to the right amid its continuing
economic crisis and of the growing strength of the anarchist movement in Spain, trying to dispel
Goldman’s initial skepticism about anarchism’s prospects there. Her autobiography finally com-
pleted, she contemplated her future, writing to Rocker, “I simply can not face the possibility of ending
my days here puddling about in my garden. ... I can see no hope of activity for myself in Europe,
unless there is one for me in Spain” (June 20, 1931).

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Introduction to Reels 25 through 29
Correspondence

October 1 , 1 93 1 , to January 31,1 934

The period between the publication of Living My Life in October 1931 and Goldman’s three-
month U.S. tour in early 1934 gave Goldman cause for both joy and anxiety. Her exhilaration over
completing her autobiography was muted by her apprehension about the growing power of German
and Italian fascism. The praise with which critics greeted her autobiography confirmed her belief in
the literary quality of her work, although she felt the book’s message eluded even the most enthusi-
astic reviewers. She attributed this failure to male dominance of the critical establishment. Goldman
noted that Freda Kirchwey’s review in the Nation came closest to apprehending her central pur-
pose in writing her autobiography, to express how her private life affected her public actions, which
for Goldman was a “seemingly insurmountable struggle.”

Widespread critical praise, however, hardly translated into sales. Alfred A. Knopf’s reports of
the book’s sluggish movement dashed Goldman’s hopes of realizing any profit from it beyond the
advance she had already received. At $7.50, the two-volume edition was too expensive for many
potential readers to purchase in the midst of the depression. Though it failed to relieve Goldman’s
financial predicament, the book reportedly enjoyed a broad library circulation, and many readers
shared single copies.

Living My Life invoked a flood of testimonials to Goldman’s personal and intellectual influence.
Friends and comrades celebrated her concern for individuals as well as her dedication to the cause of
universal liberation. Readers previously unfamiliar with Goldman and anarchism wrote of their
appreciation and sometimes revealed that reading her autobiography changed their perspective on
life. Acknowledgment of the book by her relatives particularly touched Goldman. One such letter
from her nephew Hymen Hochstein encouraged Goldman to try to launch a correspondence with
him (November 29, 1931). And many of the people mentioned in the autobiography wrote her about
their reactions to it, ranging from gratitude for a favorable portrayal to annoyance at the insignifi-
cance Goldman assigned them.

The most intense reaction came from Ben Reitman: “Your book took all of the bombast, spirit
and ego out of me. . . . Thank you for showing me what a :::: [sz'c] I am,” he bitterly complained.
“For many years I gave you my tenderest love, my truest loyality [s/c] my best service. . . and now
you have crushed me” (November 14, 1931). Three weeks later in a calmer mood, he wrote
Goldman again: “She found me a Hobo reformer and intellectual ragamuffin / And gave me a poet’s
soul and put me on the way to become / A real revolutionary radical and a servant of humanity”
(December 6, 1931).

Goldman had to coax a reaction from Alexander Berkman, who had edited much of the autobi-
ography. Though disappointed at his silence, she forgave him: “Above all I am happy to have you in
my life. ... I know how difficult it is for you to convey your feelings. . . . But I knows [sic] you my

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honey. So it does not matter whether you say things in so many words about my book or our
friendship. Nothing can change either” (November 24, 1931). Goldman’s friendship with Berkman,
documented by their frequent correspondence, continued to be a mainstay of her life and an antidote
to depression throughout this period.

Although her autobiography’s reception generally gratified Goldman, the book failed to revitalize
her lecture career or to rekindle public interest in anarchism. She counted on the popularity of her
book to enable her to begin a campaign to reenter the United States. But her attorney, Arthur
Leonard Ross, advised her against pursuing this goal in 1931. From February to May 1932 she
managed to lecture a number of times under the sponsorship of local anarchist, syndicalist, women’s,
and educational groups in Denmark, Germany, Norway, and Sweden. In 1933 she toured the Neth-
erlands and Great Britain. Her correspondence attests to the difficulties she encountered on these
tours.

Goldman also faced censorship as a result of the rise of fascism in Central Europe, which made
supporting herself by lecturing even more difficult. The growing power of the Nazis in Germany
prevented her from advertising her lectures except among members of sponsoring organizations. In
1932, with the Nazis terrorizing leftists, Berkman suggested that for safety’s sake she abandon her
lectures. And during her tour, the last she would make in Germany, she indeed received at least one
death threat. Intimidation subsequently forced several of her friends to flee the country, such as
Rudolf and Milly Rocker, whose immense library in Berlin was confiscated.

In Britain, Goldman continued to speak against fascism to groups ranging from coal miners to
liberal intellectuals. While her lectures alerted many individuals to the threat of fascism, she deemed
her work there a failure because it did not produce an organized mass movement to protest Nazi
violence. Though she occasionally blamed her difficulty on what she saw as the chilly and compla-
cent English national character, her continuing anti-Sovietism hardly gained her the sympathy of the
Communists and socialists. She insisted on analyzing the European political dilemma as one of
“dictatorship,” a formulation that linked Stalin with Hitler and Mussolini. Her independent stance
brought her widespread respect but little direct influence, a situation that accentuated her sense of
personal isolation and minimized any feelings of accomplishment for her few successes.

To earn a living, Goldman turned to means other than lecturing. She and Berkman embarked on
a number of journalistic efforts and also tried to establish a literary agency. They planned to market
books to publishers and to provide editing, ghostwriting, and translating services for a variety of
American, German, and Russian writers residing in Europe. Potential clients included Nellie Harris,
widow of British writer Frank Harris; Valya Gagarina, a Russian emigre; Kay Boyle, the American
novelist and belle-lettrist; Sergei Tretyakov, a Russian novelist; and Theodor Plivier, a German nov-
elist. Despite enormous effort, Goldman and Berkman could not make any of these projects turn a
profit.

Goldman and Berkman had to look elsewhere for support. Their friend Modest Stein, a New
York artist, and her brother Morris Goldman, a doctor, each provided small stipends, and other friends
and relatives occasionally contributed gifts. Berkman earned some money typing and translating
manuscripts, and Goldman used what remained of the advance for her autobiography. They never-

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theless continued to hover on the edge of economic desperation. Her correspondence with Berkman
and with her American literary contacts, such as her nephew Saxe Commins (an editor at Liveright
and later at Random House), starkly records her financial problems.

During late 1933, Goldman focused on returning to the United States. After nearly fourteen
years of exile, she still considered herself an American; she often complained that she had been
unable to feel at home anywhere else. Her correspondence is a moving chronicle of the daily
feelings of loss, frustration, and despair she experienced as a political exile. On December 2 she
embarked for Montreal, still unsure whether she would obtain a visa to the United States. The effort
to obtain a visa, spearheaded by the well-connected Mabel Carver Crouch and the resourceful
Roger Baldwin, was advanced by the formation of a committee that included Theodore Dreiser,
H. L. Mencken, Isaac Don Levine, John Dewey, Dorothy Canfield Fisher, Sherwood Anderson,
Sinclair Lewis, and many other prominent individuals — testimony to their respect for her past and
present work and to the impact of her autobiography. From her friend Esther Laddon’s home in
Toronto, Goldman wrote dozens of letters to orchestrate the efforts of friends and acquaintances to
help her obtain a visa. In several of these letters she noted the irony of the timing of her effort to
return to the United States — December 21, 1933, marked the fourteenth anniversary of her deporta-
tion to the Soviet Union. Her friend and former colleague W. S. Van Valkenburgh wrote her, “What
you must have endured during the intervening years no one knows but you, do they EG?” (December
21, 1933).

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Introduction to Reel 30

Correspondence
February 1, 1934, to April 30, 1934

In February 1934 Emma Goldman was finally able to return to the United States, remaining
through the end of April. Although frustratingly short, her return was the realization of a “dream”
she had nurtured for most of her fourteen-year exile. Reunited with family and friends in the country
that had deported her but in which she nonetheless felt most comfortable, she at last had a chance to
present her ideas to the American public. A bewildering mixture of hope, gratification, and disap-
pointment awaited her on her three-month lecture tour, her last in the United States.

On the advice of friends, Goldman decided not to begin her campaign for reentry to the United
States while in Europe but to wait until she arrived in Canada. Encouraged by recent successful visa
applications by other dissidents, such as German novelist Thomas Mann, French Communist Henri
Barbusse, and her close friend, German anarchist theorist Rudolf Rocker, she applied for a tempo-
rary U.S. visa in December 1933 while lecturing in Toronto.

The authority to grant special permission for an anarchist deportee such as Goldman to enter the
country rested with Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins. When first approached, Perkins wanted to
know the nature of Goldman’s planned lectures. She subsequently rejected the list Goldman submit-
ted through her intermediary, Roger Baldwin, director of the American Civil Liberties Union. Perkins
deemed the topics — “Germany’s Tragedy,” “Hitler, a World Menace,” “Dictatorships, Right and
Left: A Modem Religious Hysteria” — too political and insisted that Goldman confine herself to
speaking on literature and drama. Though initially Goldman balked at being silenced about the
specter of European totalitarianism, she reluctantly agreed to the restrictions, realizing that her con-
duct could affect the future admission of other exiles and foreign nationals who could speak about
the dire situation in Europe. After Baldwin convinced her that no better terms could be obtained,
Goldman made one stipulation: that she be allowed to talk about her autobiography. Within days
Baldwin telegraphed her, “ Living My Life is literature not politics. . . . Three months visa will
follow” (January 4, 1934).

The correspondence of December 1933 and January 1934 with Baldwin and Arthur Leonard
Ross, both friends and legal advisers in her effort to obtain a visa, chronicles Goldman’s attempt to
broaden the contemporary interpretation of the right to free speech and the U.S. government’s
continuing campaign of harassment against her. Although she was not directly involved in the nego-
tiations surrounding Goldman’s visa application, Eleanor Roosevelt revealed her attitude on the mat-
ter when she wrote Maude Murray Miller, a resident of Columbus, Ohio, who had expressed her
trepidation about Goldman’s visit: “Emma Goldman is now a very old woman. I really think that this
country can stand the shock of her presence for ninety days” (Government Documents series,
January 31, 1934).

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The personal influence of Goldman’s supporters also helped her to obtain a visa. For example,
Mabel Carver Crouch, who had met Goldman only the previous summer in St. Tropez, with the aid of
Goldman’s niece Stella Ballantine, used her contacts in Washington to assemble a committee of well-
known and powerful people to exert pressure on Perkins.

Goldman arrived in New York City on February 2, 1934, and was greeted by crowds of report-
ers, friends, and admirers. “I don’t know what it is in America, but I felt years younger and full of
vigor and enthusiasm,” she wrote to her friend Joseph Ishill. “I felt a changed woman from the
moment I arrived in New York” (April 19, 1934). At the formal welcoming meeting at Town Hall,
her supporters paid tribute to her. Harry Weinberger, her friend and former attorney, called her “the
glorification of individuality in a machine age, a symbol of the greatness of mental freedom in times
of regimentation” (February 6, 1934). “You symbolize in your own life and personality,” socialist
Anna Strunsky Walling wrote Goldman after hearing her that evening, “all that gives meaning and
beauty to our human existence” (February 1 1 , 1934). The excitement she aroused in radical circles
found expression in the mass media, with the press giving her return considerable coverage (for
press interviews and accounts, see reel 52).

Her New York audiences enthusiastically embraced her, and she reveled in the reestablishment
of connections to her past and her loved ones. “All my ties are in America and all the love I want and
crave,” she wrote to Alexander Berkman before her departure from Canada (January 29, 1934).
Her correspondence portrays her reception in New York as one of the most rewarding experiences
of her life. True to form, she managed to subvert the restrictions on the contents of her lectures,
speaking out on a wide range of topics, from labor issues to international relations. Using the ruse of
advertising her topics with literary titles such as “The Drama in Europe” and “The Collapse of
German Culture,” for example, she alerted her audiences to the growing threat of European fascism.

As she toured the East and Midwest, however, her audiences dwindled. At first she blamed the
restrictions imposed by the Labor Department for the public’s lack of interest in the limited range of
her lecture topics as well as the open hostility of the Communist party to her continuing anti-Soviet
stance. Later she attributed the relative failure of her lecture tour to mismanagement by the orga-
nizer, the Pond Bureau, which misdirected its advertising and charged excessive admission prices.
Worst of all was its neglect of Goldman’s vast network of associates who could have helped with
local arrangements. In Chicago the efforts of comrades like Jeanne Levey and Ben Reitman brought
out an estimated audience of twenty-eight hundred, a bright spot on this otherwise disappointing leg
of the tour.

Goldman hoped to accomplish many things during her three-month return to the United States.
She sought to raise funds for the relief of political prisoners in Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union
through appeals for donations at her lectures. She scouted for a publisher for Rudolf Rocker’s
Nationalism and Culture and attempted to lay the groundwork for a national speaking tour for her
friend Angelica Balabanoff, the former secretary of the Second International, who then lived in exile
in Paris. She hoped to promote sales of the single-volume edition of her autobiography that Alfred A.
Knopf had recently published, which was less expensive than the original two-volume set. Corre-
spondence documents her many attempts to find time to visit old friends and relatives like Evelyn
Scott, Leon Maimed, Alice Fish Kinzinger, Joseph and Rose Ishill, Modest Stein, Harry Kelly, W. S.
Van Valkenburgh, Morris and Babsie Goldman, Stella Ballantine, and Saxe Commins.

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Goldman continued to correspond frequently with Berkman, with whom she discussed writing
articles for magazines like Harper’s , American Mercury , the Nation, and Redbook. She also
made several new friends in the course of the tour, including Jeanne Levey and Frank G. Fleiner, a
blind graduate student in sociology at the University of Chicago. Impressed by Heiner’s ability to
overcome his visual impairment and by his talents as an anarchist organizer and inspired orator, she
urged him to continue her efforts at furthering the anarchist cause in the United States. Flattered by
the fervent attention of a younger man, she once again felt the stirring of romantic desire.

While in the United States, Goldman quietly resolved her old, stormy relationship with Ben Reitman,
whom she visited while in Chicago. Their letters of this period provide a coda to their long involve-
ment. Reitman remained nostalgic for the relationship, writing to Goldman that no other woman
could “touch my soul as you did” (April 5, 1934) and asking if he could work with her once again on
a lecture tour. Goldman thought the “tug” that Reitman felt was “more imagination than fact” (April
5, 1934). In a charged but determined letter she asserted that there could never again be anything
more than the “deepest friendship” (April 12, 1934) between them.

From the beginning of her visit, Goldman realized that she would need more than three months to
accomplish most of her projects, which included a lecture tour of the West Coast. Six weeks before
her visa expired Goldman asked Roger Baldwin to apply for a three-month extension. When the
Department of Labor re jected her application, she left for Canada, still hoping to obtain another visa
in the following months. A week after arriving in Montreal, Goldman wrote to Alexander Berkman’s
companion, Emmy Eckstein, “America is in my blood and in every nerve. . . . Yes, it was bitter hard
to leave the states. Ever so much more than when we were deported. Sasha [Berkman] was with
me then. And Russia was our dream. Now I have neither” (May 9, 1934).

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Introduction to Reels 31 through 37

Correspondence
May 1, 1934, to June 30, 1936

The twenty-six months following the end of Goldman’s American tour in April 1934 were a
restless but productive period in her life. She lectured extensively in Canada and Great Britain,
spending the summer and early fall of 1935 at her cottage in St. Tropez. With Alexander Berkman’s
editorial assistance she wrote several major articles on anarchist theory and on the political crisis in
Europe. In her personal life, 1 934 was marked by the exhilaration of her affair with Frank Heiner;
but Berkman’s suicide at the end of June 1936 plunged her into despair.

After leaving the United States, Goldman settled for a year in Canada, lecturing frequently in
Toronto, Hamilton, and Montreal on a broad range of literary and political topics, alerting her audi-
ences to the twin menaces of Nazism and fascism, while continuing to speak on such topics as birth
control and “The Erotic Element in Life.” While lecturing was her primary means of support, she
also used the occasions to raise funds for political prisoners in Europe.

Her correspondence during this period includes long, passionate letters from Frank Heiner, whom
she met in Chicago during her U.S. tour. Her initial response while still in the country was to attempt
to confine the relationship to a friendship based on their mutual political interests (April 11, 1934).
His talent as an orator, his magnetic personality, his broad education in the social sciences, and his
keen interest in anarchist ideas led her to hope that he could effect a resurgence of anarchist activity
in America and carry on her legacy. While she found his effusive expressions of love exhilarating,
she remained cautious, expecting his love for her to be “too much of a miracle to be real” (May 6,
1 934). But after returning to exile in Canada, she had to confront her loneliness and her desire for an
intimate relationship: “Mine has been and is a very lonely life since I have been exiled. Lonelier and
[with] an inner void much more so than my outer appearance suggests” (April 1 1, 1934).

Goldman was also aware of the obstacles that would inevitably taint an intimate relationship with
him: the twenty-nine-year difference in their ages, Heiner’s stable marriage to Mary Koll Heiner,
with whom he had a twelve-year-old daughter, and the restrictions on Goldman’s travel to the United
States. But Mary’s tolerance of Frank’s romantic interest in Goldman, along with his lyrical love
letters, gradually persuaded Goldman to put aside her misgivings and allow him to come to Toronto in
August. After two weeks of “overwhelming bliss,” she felt devastated when he returned home to
Chicago. Still, the relationship with Heiner, she wrote Stella Ballantine, “strengthened my belief in
freedom as the highest expression of man” (September 9, 1 934). She maintained both a personal
and professional correspondence with him for two years: she kept him informed about her political
activities, quizzed him about current developments in the social sciences, and articulated her despair
about not being able to visit him.

Goldman sustained her voluminous correspondence with Berkman throughout these years as
well. After returning to Canada, she began to worry about his health, even though he usually joked
about or minimized his illnesses. He had a chronic unspecified heart condition and, in the last year of

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his life, prostate cancer. His letters also indicate that he suffered from depression, which was neither
diagnosed by his physicians nor recognized by his friends. Goldman knew, however, that he felt
despondent when separated from her for long periods. She attributed his despondence to a lack of
intellectual camaraderie, as she believed that his companion, Emmy Eckstein, did not share any of his
interests. Goldman also believed that his status as a political exile was responsible for some of
Berkman’s hopelessness about the future, as he could not engage in political activity and was forced
to reapply every few months for permission to reside in France. In letters to Berkman and others,
Goldman focused primarily on his complaints of physical exhaustion that hampered his ability to
work. She worked with Phillip Kapp of the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union, and
Minna Lowensohn, an associate in New York, to establish a retirement fund for him.

Goldman did what she could to help Berkman in all aspects of his life. She attempted, for
example, to relieve the pressure of the deadline he set himself to complete the translation of Rudolf
Rocker’s large volume of theoretical essays, Nationalism and Culture. As a friend and a corre-
spondent of Rocker’s, she tried to coordinate their efforts. But a quarrel was inevitable, since
Berkman believed he had been given the authority to edit and shorten the German text for a popular
English audience. When Rocker expressed displeasure at Berkman’s deletions, Berkman withdrew
from the project feeling hurt and unfairly treated. Goldman supported Berkman throughout this
ordeal, even though she sympathized with Rocker’s point of view.

In the spring of 1935, as Goldman prepared to leave Canada, she began to correspond with
Berkman’s companion, Emmy Eckstein. Eckstein’s many letters before Goldman’s arrival in France
testify to a growing warmth between the two women as they resolved their mutual, but previously
unspoken, jealousy over Berkman’s attention. Despite their efforts, day-to-day tensions undermined
the harmony they had achieved when the three set up a joint household in St. Tropez. Goldman,
grieving the loss of her intimacy with Heiner, felt ignored by Berkman. Eckstein, as previously, felt
shut out of Goldman and Berkman’s close friendship. Berkman was dismayed by the inability of his
two closest friends to solve their difficulties with each other. Eckstein and Berkman soon returned to
their apartment in Nice, while Goldman began to prepare for her lecture tour of Great Britain the
following fall.

Goldman met with a warmer welcome in Great Britain in 1 935 than on her two previous tours in
1925 and 1933. She attributed her success to British intellectuals’ gradual disenchantment with
Stalinism and their recognition, with the Italian invasion of Ethiopia, of Mussolini’s expansionist aims.
Unlike their counterparts in other countries, even Communists in Britain seemed more tolerant of
Goldman’s anti-Soviet perspective. She found several new organizations open to her, including the
National Council of Labor Colleges, the British Drama League, and the Rationalist Society. Never-
theless, she experienced earning a living by lecturing as an “uphill struggle”; after five months of
lectures in London, Bristol, and Wales, she anticipated being forced to sell her home in St. Tropez.

Midway through her British tour, Goldman learned from Emmy Eckstein of Berkman’s hospital-
ization for prostate problems. Assured by Eckstein of Berkman’s eventual recovery, Goldman con-
tinued her lectures. Although more surgery for Berkman and Eckstein’s own hospitalization for
colitis followed shortly, the two repeatedly insisted in their correspondence that Goldman had little
cause for alarm. Goldman returned to Nice feeling guilty for her delay, and nursed both her friends
until Eckstein felt well enough to care for Berkman. He remained in pain and recovered slowly.

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When she returned to her home in St. Tropez, Goldman worried that she had perhaps not done
enough for him. On June 27, after he sent Goldman warm birthday greetings and in the midst of a
painful relapse, Berkman shot himself in the abdomen. Upon receiving a call from Eckstein, Goldman
hurried to Nice where she found Berkman still conscious but unable to speak.

Goldman experienced his death a few hours later as her greatest personal loss. Her forty-seven
year friendship with Berkman, though sometimes strained by disappointments and failures of com-
munication, provided an unwavering affection that grew more essential to Goldman’s well-being with
each advancing year. Her intimate correspondence with him allowed the opportunity to explore and
define her thoughts about both her public and private lives in a context of complete trust. Grieving
the loss of this friendship, she described it as “the one treasure I have rescued from my long and
bitter struggle” (July 12, 1936).

In the years prior to Berkman ’s death, and despite her concerns about his health and welfare, the
anguish of her affair with Heiner, and her own continuing financial woes, Goldman continued to
publish a variety of essays. In “Was My Life Worth Living?” for Harper s, she updated her autobi-
ography. She prepared a theoretical piece, “Two Communisms: Bolshevik and Anarchist” for the
American Mercury, whose editor retitled it “There Is No Communism in Russia” and deleted the
crucial section on the anarchist alternative to the Soviet system. Although she prominently placed
“The Tragedy of the Political Exiles” in the Nation, she failed to find a mass-market publisher for
her article “The Place of the Individual in Society.”

In addition to this formal writing, Goldman expanded her circle of correspondents during these
months. Her American tour provided the occasion to revive her correspondence with old friends in
the United States, and she found new correspondents among those who had helped with her lecture
tours in the United States and Canada, including Jeanne Levey and Dorothy Rogers. She also wrote
letters more frequently to relatives in response to several family crises: the death of her brother
Herman, the successive heart attacks of her other brother Morris, and the psychiatric depression of
her grandniece Ruth Low, Stella Ballantine’s daughter.

In several letters of the period, Goldman expressed the dark mood that resulted from these
tragedies. In a letter to Roger Baldwin, for example, she quoted the German novelist B. Traven:
‘“Why do I pennit myself to be tortured? Because I have hope, which is the sin and the curse of
mankind.’ Hope has been that to me. . . . Well, I have had so many disappointments in my long
struggle that one more is not likely to kill me” (October 24, 1934). Goldman’s revelations of her
internal struggle against hopelessness elicited crucial support from old friends like Joseph Goldman,
a Chicago comrade, who wrote her: “What if your ideal for which the better part of your life has
been devoted, is at present in eclipse? Is there reason to despair? I don’t think so. . . . If I had to live
life over again, I would choose the same path” (April 4, 1935). Though she sought solace from
others, she rose on many occasions to provide them with consolation as well. When Rose Pesotta
wrote in a despondent moment that her work for the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union
in Seattle had met with the same obstacles as Goldman’s work as a labor organizer forty years
earlier, Goldman encouraged her to continue her efforts and insisted that she would make a lasting
contribution to the labor movement.

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Throughout this period Goldman’s interest in the anarchist movement in Spain increased. She
had been in contact with immigrant Spanish anarchists in New York in the 1910s. Renewing these
relationships during her U.S. tour in 1 934, she kept informed about events in Spain through Maximiliano
and Anna Olay, Chicago activists with connections to the Spanish movement. She encouraged
several other comrades, including Frank Heiner, W. S. Van Valkenburgh, and Victor Martinez, editor
of Cultura Proletaria (a Spanish-language newspaper published in New York), to publicize Spanish
events to an English-speaking mass readership.

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Introduction to Reels 38 through 45

Correspondence
July 1, 1936, to March 15, 1939

During July 1 936, Goldman, still grieving over Berkman’s death, redirected her energies toward
the anarchist struggle in the Spanish Civil War. She devoted herself wholeheartedly to enlisting
international support against Franco’s Fascist forces and their right-wing allies.

At first, Berkman’s suicide left Goldman uncertain about her future. “We hurried [s/c] him
yesterday,” she wrote to Liza and Semion Koldofsky, “and the largest part of my life was hurried
with him” (July 1, 1936). The deluge of expressions of condolence from family, friends, and com-
rades precluded work on her lectures. In accordance with Berkman’s last wishes she helped his
companion Emmy Eckstein relocate to her parents’ home in Czechoslovakia. At the same time,
Goldman tried to obtain a passport to facilitate Eckstein’s emigration to the United States.

Goldman had taken an interest in Spanish anarchism long before the war began. She had visited
Spain briefly in 1928 with Henry G. Alsberg, an associate from New York, to learn about the growing
anarcho-syndicalist movement there. During that visit she met Federica Montseny, who in 1936
became the first woman to serve in a Spanish cabinet. Throughout the 1 930s Goldman followed the
progress of the anarcho-syndicalist organizations from afar.

After her return to Europe from Canada in 1935, Goldman began to watch events in Spain more
closely. She corresponded about conditions there with Augustin Souchy, MaxNettlau, Helmut Rudiger,
and Alexander Schapiro. As members of the anarcho-syndicalist International Working Men’s As-
sociation (IWMA), these Goldman associates had volunteered to work for the two affiliated Spanish
organizations, Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo (CNT), the association of anarcho-syndicalist
trade unions, and the Federacion Anarquista Iberica (FAI), the political organization of anarchist
militants.

Throughout these years, and even during the first weeks of the war, Goldman saw little hope of
an anarchist revolution in Spain. On hearing of the outbreak of fighting between General Franco’s
forces and the anarchist and socialist militia, Goldman worried that the people could become the
victims of change, as they had during the Paris Commune and the Russian Revolution, rather than its
beneficiaries (see letter to Therese Souchy, July 22, 1 936). In light of the early military victories by
Republican forces, Goldman decided that she had been mistaken about the chances of an anarchist
victory in Spain. “The awful pall that hung over me since Sashas [sic] untimely death has been
broken,” she wrote to her friend Arthur Leonard Ross, “ft was due to the call I have received from
my Spanish comrade[s] to help them in their heroic struggle” (August 29, 1936).

Soon after arriving in Spain in September 1936, Goldman decided to contribute her formidable
public relations skills to the anarchist struggle. She would meet with important anarchists, gather
information and documentary material, then return to Great Britain to set up a press service and
propaganda bureau. During her three-month tour of the areas under anarchist control, she visited

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agrarian collectives and worker-operated factories and utilities to learn as much as possible about
economic conditions and labor organizations. Based in Barcelona, where she produced the English-
language version of the weekly CNT-FAI Information Bulletin , she traveled throughout Catalonia,
the Levante, and Aragon, and visited the Huesca and the Aragon fronts. She was hindered by her
inability to speak Spanish, but with the help of interpreters and her fluency in French she was able to
ascertain enough to be impressed by the level of organization that was maintained in most sectors of
the economy. In her letters she repeatedly contrasted the innovations of the Spanish revolutionaries
with her experience of the inability of their Russian counterparts to create new social institutions
during the early 1 920s.

Goldman’s accounts of the Civil War, while influenced by her partisanship, nevertheless provide
some of the most thoughtful contemporary commentary on events in Spain. Her relatively balanced
observations are especially valuable because the war’s controversial nature led to grossly inaccurate
reportage from the mass media and left-wing press alike. Goldman refrained from hasty assess-
ments of a complex political situation about which she initially knew little. For example, she avoided
publicly criticizing the CNT-FAI for issuing so much publicity about Soviet aid to the Republican
forces. She suspected Stalin’s motives in supplying arms and noted that the arms went only to troops
controlled by the Spanish Communist party, Partido Comunista de Espana (PCE), leaving the anar-
chist-controlled militia in Catalonia very poorly supplied. Nevertheless, in a letter from Barcelona to
an unnamed comrade she warned against judgments based solely on theory: “Bear in mind that life is
more exacting than theories. Not that I can agree with some of the steps taken by the CNT-FAI.
But being on the spot I can understand them” (December 7, 1936).

Goldman wrestled with the question of the extent to which anarchists should ally themselves
with other parties of the Left. Accompanying the anarchists in their struggle against the fascists
were the PCE, the socialist Union General de Trabajadores (UGT), and the dissident (anti-Stalinist)
Communist party, Partido Obrero de Unification Marxista (POUM). Caught in the cross fire be-
tween anarchist purists of the IWMA, including Alexander Schapiro and Mollie Steimer (who op-
posed any alliances with non-anarchist organizations), and generally uncritical supporters of CNT-
FAI policies such as Max Nettlau, Goldman identified most with the pragmati c flexibility of Mariano
Vazquez of the CNT-FAI. She believed that the demands of the military struggle against Franco
forced anarchists to ally with other antifascist organizations. At the same time she continually urged
anarchists to expand their own political activities in the liberated regions by holding public meetings,
producing propaganda, and increasing mass participation in anarchist organizations. She warned that
without extending mass participation, anarchist groups would lose their identity in mass organizations,
given the competitive political dynamics of civil war Spain.

Returning to Britain in early 1 937 as an official representative of the CNT-FAI, Goldman rose to
the familiar challenge of defending a movement beset by critics from both the Right and the Left.
While she had her own criticisms, she concentrated on publicizing the constructive work of the
Spanish anarchist movement, emphasizing the revolutionary aspects of the struggle: the agrarian
collectives, the new public schools, the worker-owned factories and utilities, the democratic struc-
ture of the anarchist militia. These new, democratic institutions, Goldman insisted, were replacing a
corrupt system dominated by the landed aristocracy and its allies in the Catholic church and the
army. This emphasis countered both the conservatives’ portrayal of Spanish anarchists as destroy-
ers of civil order and traditional values and the pro-Soviet Left’s dismissal of anarchists as undisci-
plined opportunists unwilling to do their share of fighting on the front lines.

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Throughout her life Goldman had worked as an independent activist, forming coalitions or ad
hoc committees as the need arose. As the London representative for the CNT-FAI, she had agreed
to play a new role as an official of a large organization that had the opportunity and the will to
undertake governmental functions. Among other anarchists in the Republican government, Minister
of Health Federica Montseny, Goldman’s associate in the CNT, challenged the central anarchist
tenet that the functions of government are oppressive in all contexts. Goldman faced this contradic-
tion with an extensive understanding of the political dynamics in Spain. She knew that Spanish
anarchists had to choose between two potentially damaging alternatives. On one hand, they could
stay out of the Popular Front government and allow other parties to take power and risk having that
power used against them in the future. On the other hand, they could join the government and risk
abandoning a central tenet of their political philosophy. While Goldman did not take a definite position
on this issue, she insisted that anarchists should never work to limit the freedom of other parties or
individuals, except that of fascists.

Goldman’s first project consisted of an effort to display her collection of photographs, posters,
journals, newsletters, manifestos, and paintings from the war in Spain as a way to demonstrate the
importance of the anarchist contribution to the Spanish Revolution. Her exhibition of photographs of
the bombardment of Madrid by Franco’s forces was also an appeal for humanitarian aid to the
civilian population. She worked with Fenner Brockway and Roland Penrose of the Independent
Labour Party on a joint exhibition of her collection and other materials from Republican Spain. And
she was a central organizer of the Committee to Aid Homeless Spanish Women and Children, which
raised about £500 during the winter and spring of 1937.

While her public meetings were well attended, usually attracting seven or eight hundred people,
she frequently complained in her letters about the lack of response to her efforts in Britain. She may
have been comparing the British response to her Spanish aid campaign with the huge crowds she
drew in the United States during the similarly charged years preceding World War I. She was
convinced that she could do more in the United States than in England to aid the Spanish anarchists;
in early 1 937, with Roger Baldwin’s help, she applied for another visa to lecture in the United States.
This application, her last major effort to return, was rejected.

Goldman also set herself the formidable task of convincing the British labor movement to take
direct action to force the government to end its arms embargo against Spain. With foreign aid limited
to the small amounts of arms and few advisers sent from the Soviet Union and Mexico, the Repub-
lican forces were unable to hold ground against Franco’s army, which was well supplied by the
governments of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. The British government’s arms embargo contin-
ued throughout the civil war, despite widespread public support for the Republican cause. The
anticommunist sympathies of the Labour party leadership and the Trade Union Congress prevented
any rank-and-fde challenge to the British government’s “neutrality.” Goldman and her associates
had few contacts with British labor unions and were unable to attract more than a few individuals to
the Anarcho-Syndicalist Union, formed primarily to provide support for the CNT-FAI.

Goldman’s journalistic efforts on behalf of Spain were considerably more successful. On the
fortnightly newspaper Spain and the World, she worked with Vernon Richards, the son of Italian
anarchist E. Recchione, and his companion Marie-Louise Bemeri, daughter of Italian anarchist Camillo
Bemeri, a martyr of the CNT in Barcelona. Although Goldman wrote several letters to the editors of

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major British dailies attempting to correct their inaccurate reporting of the civil war, she preferred to
write for an anarchist journal. She was able to obtain financial support for Spain and the World
from the CNT, and she recruited several British writers, including poet and art critic Herbert Read,
to write for the paper. In addition to providing an alternative to the mass media’s distortion and
neglect of Spanish events, Spain and the World contributed to the sense of urgency about the Civil
War that led hundreds of individuals to volunteer for the International Brigades, which were essential
to Republican military efforts.

Events in Spain became more complicated after the “May Days” of 1937, when street fighting
broke out in Barcelona between the CNT militia and the central Republican forces, which were
increasingly dominated by troops loyal to the PCE. The fighting began when the central government
attempted to remove the Barcelona telephone exchange from CNT control. Hundreds of CNT and
POUM militants were killed and hundreds more arrested during the several-days battle over the
primary center for communications for Catalonia. After the negotiated settlement Goldman began to
criticize the suppression of the workers’ organizations and the arrest and detention of anarchist
militants. She held the PCE responsible for the street fighting because she believed that the financial,
political, and military dependence of the Republican government on the Soviets effectively forced the
elimination of CNT-FAI programs, thus limiting the revolutionary potential of the Civil War. When
Largo Caballero, the left-wing socialist premier who had resisted Communist influence, was re-
moved along with the four anarchists in his cabinet, and pro-Communist Juan Negrin was installed in
his place, Goldman’s criticism became even harsher. In an article in Spain and the World of June
4, 1937 (see the Goldman Writings series), she accused the Communists and right-wing socialists of
plotting to end the social revolution in Spain. She also attributed the death of Camillo Bemeri — found
shot in the back after being arrested during the May Days in Barcelona — to agents of Stalin. Finally,
she likened the PCE campaign to the repression of anarchists and other non-Communist revolution-
aries in Russia under Lenin and Stalin.

The events of May 1937 shattered the solidarity of the Popular Front government in Spain but did
not surprise Goldman, who had been prepared for such an outcome by her disappointing experience
in the Russian Revolution. She was angered by the conciliatory position of CNT leaders trying to
avoid a protracted battle between anarchists and the Republican government. But she was also
angry at the insistent criticisms of Mollie Steimer, Alexander Schapiro, and others in the international
anarchist movement who demanded that the anarchists cease all cooperation with the Republican
government. She argued that the urgency and the toll of the war against Franco made such theoreti-
cal purity impossible. Goldman was also able to place what she saw as the mistakes of the CNT-FAI
leaders in the context of their constructive work.

During the months after the May Days, Goldman became impatient for reliable news from
Spain. After visiting her in London, Abe Bluestein, a comrade from New York, wrote Goldman
several detailed reports from Barcelona, documenting the repression of the anarchist organizations
by the Republican government. He also described the developing split between the leaders of the
CNT-FAI and a new anarchist organization, Libertarian Youth, whose members wanted to resist the
repressive governmental actions. Feeling the need to reassess the political situation for herself,
Goldman returned to Spain in September 1937. She visited the Madrid front and was impressed by
the high morale of the Republican troops. She found many of the agrarian collectives in Catalonia
still thriving. She was dismayed, however, by the Republican government’s imprisonment of anar-

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chists and other revolutionaries. In Valencia she found fifteen hundred anarchists and hundreds of
POUM members languishing in jail but was denied permission to visit them. In Barcelona, the center
of anarchist strength, the Modelo prison and even the infamous Montjuich fortress held Spanish and
foreign comrades alike. Outraged by these arrests and by the recent disappearance of Kurt Landau,
a member of the executive committee of POUM, Goldman attacked the Republican government in
Spain and the World (“Political Persecution in Republican Spain,” December 10, 1937, Goldman
Writings series). Mariano Vazquez and Pedro Herrera of the FAI responded to this attack by
advising Goldman to use more tact in her criticisms of the Republican government. Such complaints,
they argued, could undermine the international support sought by the Republican government for its
struggle against fascism (January 11, 1938).

Back in Britain by December 1937, Goldman continued to campaign for the CNT-FAI. She
wrote for Spain and the World , organized a musical evening for the benefit of Civil War refugees,
and formed a British chapter of Solidaridad Intemacional Antifascista (SIA), a new organization
founded in Spain by Federica Montseny to raise funds for humanitarian aid for Catalonia. By the
spring of 1 938, Goldman began to find it more difficult to raise support for the Spanish cause as public
attention was drawn to central Europe, where Hitler occupied Austria in March and began to inten-
sify his anti-Semitic propaganda campaign. Goldman focused increasingly on the links between
Stalinism and fascism, an analysis that had limited appeal in Britain. Feeling that her work in Britain
was failing, Goldman decided to visit Spain once more and then move to Canada, where she hoped to
be more successful at raising funds for the CNT-FAI. As the military situation worsened and Franco’s
troops advanced toward Barcelona, she knew that the anarchist cause might be defeated in Spain.
But she needed to continue to draw inspiration from “the only people in the world who still love liberty
passionately enough to be willing to die for it” (see letter to Arthur Leonard Ross, June 1 7, 1938).

Goldman faced another personal crisis when her niece Stella Ballantine was hospitalized in New
York for severe depression. For decades Goldman had been closer to Ballantine than to any other
family member, relying on her even more for emotional support after Alexander Berkman’s death.
The loss of this support contributed to the growing feeling of isolation that Goldman experienced as
her work in Britain became less fruitful.

By the time she reached Barcelona in September 1938 a deep split had developed within the
anarchist movement over the issue of cooperation with the Republican government. Although she
privately sympathized with the faction of the CNT-FAI led by Pedro Herrera that adhered to the
fundamental anarchist principle of avoiding any cooperation with the state, she considered this an
internal matter for the Spanish anarchists about which she was unwilling to comment publicly. She
nevertheless remained determined to call attention to the Republican government’s political repres-
sion of dissident leftists. She spoke out against the charges brought against a number of POUM
activists accused of collaboration with the Fascists, declaring that it was the POUM’s anti-Stalinism
that had led to their arrests. And she expected CNT officials like Mariano Vazquez would escalate
efforts to obtain the release of the jailed anarchists.

After Goldman returned to London in November, she closed the CNT-FAI press office as there
was no one else in London able to carry on her work. She convinced Ethel Mannin to take respon-
sibility for the SIA and promised to continue raising funds for its work. Before moving to Canada,
Goldman needed to find a safe repository for Berkman’s papers, which were in storage in her house

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in St. Tropez. She chose the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam because of its
reputation for independence from government restrictions or monitoring. She spent most of January
1939 in Amsterdam, cataloging Berkman’s papers. Briefly absorbed again in her private life, per-
haps effecting a final separation from Berkman and an integration of the experience of the decades
she was associated with him, she insulated herself from the final defeat of the Spanish anarchists
when Barcelona fell to Nationalist troops in late January.

Goldman began a dispute in her correspondence with Mariano Vazquez about the cause of the
defeat of anarchism in Spain. She believed that the sabotage of the social revolution by the Commu-
nists was the deciding factor and that their attacks on the programs and organizations that benefited
the Spanish masses led to the demoralization of groups that supported the Republican cause. Vazquez
saw the Western democracies’ failure to come to the aid of Republican Spain as the primary cause
of the defeat because it left Republican forces hopelessly outnumbered by the well-equipped Nation-
alist troops assisted by German, Italian, and Moroccan units.

These positions implied different assessments of the actions of the anarchists themselves. Goldman
thought it was naive to have^ allied with the Communists in the Popular Front government without
extreme caution. Given the importance of public morale in maintaining a protracted civil war with
heavy casualties, Goldman believed it was important to distinguish one’s efforts from any organiza-
tion that could act against the interests of the people. She could not see as clearly as Vazquez the
importance of external, international forces in a conflict as complex as the Spanish civil war. Vazquez
believed that without support from an international anarchist movement, other labor organizations
abroad, or democratic governments, the Spanish anarchists had no choice but to accept support from
the Soviet Union through an alliance with the Popular Front.

By late 1937 Goldman was willing to admit that she may have been too optimistic in her assess-
ment of the anarchist movement’s strength in Spain. This allowed her to accept the eventual defeat
of the anarchists without losing hope for the future. She had come to realize that “it will take more
than one revolution before our ideas will come to full growth. Untill [szc] then the steps will be
feeble, our ideas no doubt fall from the heights many times and many will be the mistakes our

comrades are bound to make I will die as I lived[,] with my burning faith in the ultimate triumph

of our ideal” (see letter to Mollie Steimer and Senya Fleshin, September 7, 1937).

Never abandoning her loyalty to the courageous Spanish anarchists, Goldman began to raise
money to free the Spanish refugees from the poorly supplied refugee camps in France. She hoped to
help the refugees to emigrate to North America and to retain their dignity in spite of poverty and
defeat.

Editor’s Note.

Many documents relating to Goldman’s involvement with the anarchist cause during the Spanish
civil war, including a large body of correspondence, were acquired too late to be incorporated in the
chronologically organized Correspondence series. Users of the microfilm are advised to consult
supplementary reels 68 and 69 for those documents, especially correspondence from the collection
of the Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo Archive at the International Institute of Social History,
Amsterdam.

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INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

Introduction to Reel 46

Correspondence
March 15, 1939, to July 19, 1940

Emma Goldman left Europe for the last time in April 1939. The disappointment she felt at the
lack of any organized event to greet her upon her arrival in Montreal was moderated by the gratifying
reception she received in Toronto, her new home. She settled into a comfortable apartment adjoining
the residence of her comrades Tom and Dien Meelis and immediately began to organize public
meetings to raise funds for refugees of the Spanish civil war who were detained in poorly supplied
refugee camps in France. Goldman felt more at home in Canada than in Britain, particularly as large
audiences began to respond generously to her funding appeals. She reported to her London friend
Liza Koldofsky that in North America her voice “rang out free and strong as in the olden days”
(April 29, 1939).

Goldman revitalized her correspondence with family and many old friends across the Canadian
border, including Harry Kelly, Leon Maimed, Rudolf and Milly Rocker, M. Eleanor Fitzgerald (“Fitzi”),
and Ben Reitman. As she arranged visits with her intimate circle of friends she grew more frus-
trated with the restrictions of her visa and angry because she could not see her niece, Stella Ballantine,
who was seriously depressed and confined to a psychiatric hospital in New York. Goldman’s con-
cern for her troubled niece dominates much of the family correspondence from the time of Goldman’s
arrival in Canada in April until late in the year when Stella was released from the hospital. When she
was not worried about Stella, Goldman was often worrying about the fates of other friends who were
political exiles abroad; she used her proximity to the United States to solicit the support of influential
friends on their behalf. In an effort to secure the immigration of Mollie Steimer and Senya Fleshin to
North America, Goldman rallied the support of Rose Pesotta, an ILGWU organizer and vice presi-
dent. Goldman’s confidence in her ability to reach friends and former associates in the United States
was bolstered by the working correspondence she resumed with Fitzi, the staunchest and most
reliable of the former Mother Earth group, who provided the political and practical backup Emma’s
work required. The passage of time prompted a softening of old resentments toward Ben Reitman,
Goldman’s former lover and manager. In response to his doubts, Goldman reassured him: “You are
of faint heart to doubt my feeling about the ten years we have spent together. I admit they were for
the most part very painful years for me, and no doubt also for you. But I would not have missed
know[i]n[g] such an exotic and primitive creature as you” (June 29, 1939).

Aware of the fragility of life at the age of seventy, Goldman’s friends organized a tribute to her
on her birthday, June 27, 1939. The tribute from Mariano Vazquez stood out among the others
Goldman received from around the world. Writing from exile in Paris, Vazquez thanked Goldman for
her work on behalf of the Spanish anarchist movement: “70 years! A whole life consecrated to
service and the liberation of the people! . . . You have understood [the people of Spain] and our aim
as few who came to our shores have understood us. For this, among many other reasons, you have
become part of us, never to be forgotten. . . . We declare you our spiritual mother” (June 12, 1 939).
The affection and enthusiasm of this greeting validated Goldman’s own experience of the Spanish
people. “In all my life I have not met with such warm hospitality, comradeship, and solidarity,” she

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reported to Maximiliano Olay (November 1 8, 1939). Despite the defeat of the anarchist movement
in Spain, Goldman continued to feel that the achievements of the Spanish revolution were a realiza-
tion of the ideals to which she had devoted her entire adult life. The celebration of her birthday was
interrupted by the news of Vazquez’s death by drowning in a boating accident in Paris. “I was ill all
day and had to hold onto myself at the affair not to break down,” Goldman later confided to Fitzi
(June 30, 1939). She resolved to honor Vasquez’s life by initiating The Emma Goldman Fund for
Spanish Refugees, asking those who attended her seventieth birthday celebration to reconvene on
August 15, the day that marked her fiftieth year of political life.

Goldman sustained a second loss at this time: Emmy Eckstein died at the age of thirty-nine. The
two had recently been estranged when Goldman, who had been struggling to send Eckstein a monthly
stipend, discovered that Eckstein had neglected to inform her of other financial support she had been
receiving. Goldman nevertheless grieved the loss of another tie to her past. By caring for Eckstein,
she had been carrying out Alexander Berkman’s wish to provide for his companion after his death.

As before, Goldman’s political work was a source of continuity and strength to her. Inspired by
the collective spirit of the Spanish people, she intended to tour western Canada in November 1939 to
alert the public to the lessons of Spain, to inform them of her analysis that Stalin had betrayed the
Republican government, and to encourage shared responsibility for the welfare of the war’s refu-
gees, who she believed had fought against fascism for the whole world. Goldman hoped to write a
book about her experiences in Spain and proposed the idea to Benjamin Huebsch, an editor at Viking
Press (October 9, 1939). She spent much of the spring, summer, and fall of 1939 refining her
lectures on Spain and working them into a book proposal.

In September, when World War II erupted, Goldman wrestled with her own political conflicts
over the issues raised by the war. Earlier in the year, as the likelihood of war between the Allies and
Nazi Germany became more evident, Goldman began to articulate two distinctly different positions.
In letters to Ethel Mannin, her close associate in the Solidaridad International Antifascista (SIA),
Goldman argued against Mannin’s assertion that fascism and capitalism were essentially the same.
She insisted, “Anti-Fascism to the Spanish people means the chance to continue their revolutionary
constructive work. They have never lost sight of that. For well they know that while under democ-
racy they will also have enemies to fight[,] it will still be possible to do it. Under Fascism all chances
will be lost for many years to come” (January 24, 1939). But several weeks later Goldman wrote
Mannin again, and reversed her stand: “Much as I also loathje] Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin and Franco I
would not support a war against them and for the democracies which in the last analysis are only
Fascist in disguise. If I have supported the civil war in Spain it was only because the social Revolu-
tion was at stake” (March 5, 1939).

Goldman’s anger over the failure of the governments of Britain and France to aid the democrati-
cally elected Popular Front government in Spain in its struggle against Franco’s brand of fascism was
a factor in her reluctance to support their later declaration of war against the governments of Nazi
Germany and Fascist Italy. Her pessimistic evaluation of the motives of all governments led her to
conclude that the only way to defeat fascism was to launch revolutions from within each Fascist-
dominated nation. Even if an international war against fascism were won, Goldman wrote Herbert
Read, it would “only create a new form of madness in the world” (October 7, 1939). Finally,
Goldman, like many other contemporary observers, underestimated the extent of the threat of fas-

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INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

cism to Jews and other groups targeted for attack by Fascist parties throughout Europe. She never-
theless advocated Jewish rights of asylum, in Palestine and elsewhere, and she sharply criticized the
reluctance of the Allies and the United States to accept Jewish refugees from Europe.

In October, as the war in Europe escalated, Goldman launched a campaign for the legal defense
of four individuals whose lives were threatened by their indictment for an infraction of the Canadian
War Measures Act. These men, Italian immigrant anarchists and residents of Toronto, were ar-
rested after a police raid on their homes yielded some antifascist literature that allegedly was banned
under the broad definitions of subversive political activity contained in the War Measures Act. Be-
cause they were not Canadian citizens, the indicted men were subject to deportation to Italy if
convicted. With the help of her friend Dorothy Rogers, Goldman raised several thousand dollars for
their legal defense by alerting her wide array of friends and associates in the United States and
Canada that each of the four defendants would face a death sentence upon deportation to Fascist
Italy. One of the four, Attilio (Arthur) Bortolotti, was in greater danger of being deported than his
codefendants because he was also accused of possessing an unregistered revolver. Goldman fo-
cused her appeals for help on Bortolotti’s case. She became his friend as well as his primary
defender, and when he suffered from influenza while out on bail she even served as his nurse. Her
efforts were rewarded when the legal proceedings against all four men were eventually dropped. In
November 1939 Goldman drafted an article and lecture, “Let Canada Be a Warning,” to alert the
world once again that even in wartime the suppression of free speech presented a threat to the
nation.

On February 1 7, 1940, while playing cards with friends to pass the time until Bortolotti returned
for a meeting, Goldman suffered a stroke that paralyzed the right side of her body and left her unable
to speak. Because Goldman could no longer write letters, the correspondence in the collection ends
abruptly at that point. Although she eventually regained full consciousness and could comprehend
messages from her friends wishing her a quick recovery, most of her communication was mediated
through others. After spending six weeks in a hospital, she returned to her apartment where her
niece, Stella Bailantine, who had recovered from her depression several months earlier, took care of
her. Anticipating a long, expensive recuperation period, Bailantine formed the Friends of Emma
Goldman Committee to raise funds for medical care. Goldman’s condition improved slightly in April,
but within days of suffering a second stroke she died on May 14. Her friends and family were
flooded with letters and telegrams filled with grief for the loss of a great woman who had devoted her
life to the cause of freedom.

After a brief memorial service in Canada, Goldman’s body was shipped to Chicago to be buried
next to the Haymarket Martyrs at Waldheim Cemetery, not far from Voltairine de Cleyre, and close
to many of the anarchist comrades who supported and inspired Goldman’s work. At the funeral on
May 1 7, 1940, Harry Weinberger, Goldman’s attorney and friend, welcomed her back to the land she
loved, “where you wanted to end your days with friends and comrades. We had hoped to welcome
you back in life — but we welcome you back in death. You will live forever in the hearts of your
friends and the story of your life will live as long as the stories are told of women and men of courage
and idealism.”

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INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

Introduction to Reels 47 through S3
Goldman Writings

The Goldman Writings series is a collection of Goldman’s published essays, essay drafts, and
lectures, as well as summaries of and excerpts from speeches as they appeared in newspaper
articles and interviews from 1890 to 1940.

The collection emphasizes Goldman’s lesser-known essays and previously unpublished drafts.
Essays available in recent editions or published in book form have not been included. Where pos-
sible, various editions of popular essays are part of the collection.

This document series also includes drafts of articles and lectures. Selected translations of
Goldman’s writings into French, Italian, German, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Spanish, Japanese,
Chinese, Russian, and Yiddish illustrate the international influence of Goldman’s ideas during her life.

The newspaper articles represent the public Emma Goldman as portrayed by the contemporary
press. The articles underscore her wit, humor, and intellectual curiosity as well as her composure
when confronted with political hostility and blatant sexism.

The series tracks Goldman’s public life from 1890 to 1940. Four periods stand out in terms of
both her activity and the attention focused on her: the years she published, edited, and wrote for
Mother Earth , highlighted by the lively narratives of her lecture tours across the United States; her
return from the Soviet Union, including her criticism of Leninism, the attacks against her anti-Leninist
positions from pro-Soviet radicals, and her responses; her brief return to the United States in 1934, a
respite from the exile that separated her from her family and comrades in the United States; and the
years of the Spanish civil war — her visits to Barcelona and Madrid, her analysis of the transforma-
tions in Spain and of the controversies concerning the various tactics employed by Spanish anarchist
organizations in their militant and political struggle against fascism.

The Goldman Writing series is largely self-explanatory. Users seeking contextual information
regarding Goldman’s life and activities should turn to the informational text accompanying the Corre-
spondence series of the microfilm.

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INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

Introduction to Reels 54 and 55
Goldman Writings: Drafts

Although some drafts of Goldman’s lectures or essays were included as samples among Goldman’s
published essays, lectures, summaries, and excerpts of speeches (reels 47 through 53), reels 54 and
55 contain only drafts of essays and lectures.

Most of these drafts are published here for the first time. They disclose the depth and breadth of
Goldman’s intellectual curiosity and her interest in all facets of life. Her writings on political theory,
theories of education, the Chinese Revolution, crime and prisons, and the rise of fascism and Stalinism
reveal the inquisitive, diligent mind of an original thinker. Goldman believed that no subject should be
excluded from public debate and reflection, hence the remarkable range of themes presented in
these reels.

The drafts have been arranged in conceptual chapters by the editors of the Emma Goldman
Papers. The conceptual chapters in reel 54 are: Art Theory and Artists; Discussions of Plays,
Novels, and Writers; Russian Theater and Drama; Material for Living My Life and other Autobio-
graphical Material; and Sexuality, Birth Control, Love and Jealousy, and On Feminists and Feminism.
Chapters in reel 55 are: Theories of Education; Social Reasons for Crime and the Penal System; The
Social Forces in Germany and the Reasons for the Rise of Nazism, The Impact of German Culture;
Analyses of Dictators and Dictatorships; Revolutionary Political Theory and Other Political Writ-
ings; and Revolution in China. Documents are tentatively dated.

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INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

Introduction to Reel 56
Government Documents
October 1 8, 1 884, to December 31, 1916

Before 1917, Emma Goldman’s government files contain fragmentary accounts of some of her
many encounters with law enforcement agencies in the United States and abroad. The federal
government, which kept relatively good records, was only sporadically interested in Goldman’s ac-
tivities, whereas the local law enforcement officials who did follow her closely, particularly the New
York and Chicago police, either did not make or did not retain investigative records. These early
documents track the beginning of the government’s attempts to censor and eventually expel Goldman.
Investigative agencies of foreign governments, especially those with active anarchist movements,
also followed Goldman’s activities.

The Government Documents series begins with the record of Goldman’s arrival in the United
States on board the Gellert in 1885. The next series of documents date from her trial in 1893, when
the district attorney of the city of New York charged Goldman with unlawful assembly in connection
with her electrifying speech before a crowd of unemployed at Union Square. After a brief trial the
jury found her guilty of disturbing the peace, inciting to riot, and unlawful assembly; she was sen-
tenced to one year in prison on Blackwell’s Island.

Goldman toured Europe on her release. German officials, fearing that she might spread anar-
chist propaganda there, circulated her photograph to the mayors of many German cities. During
Goldman’s next trip to Europe for the clandestine International Anti -Parliamentary Congress in Paris
in 1900, the French government tried to monitor the activities of anarchists. French authorities
feared the movement because of its implication in the assassination of King Umberto of Italy by
Italian anarchist Gaetano Bresci earlier that year. French files contain a published report from the
congress that includes the text of Goldman’s presentations as well as a short report on Goldman’s
attendance at an earlier feminist congress. In March 1901 Goldman’s name appears on a list of
anarchists to be expelled from France.

These fragmentary glimpses of Goldman’s early travels in Europe are fleshed out by copies of
Goldman’s complete investigatory files from the French and German police archives, located in
supplementary reel 67. The German documents span the years 1895 to 1917 and the French docu-
ments cover the years 1895 to 1908 plus a flurry of reports in 1929 and 1930. These materials
provide an essential record of Goldman’s early years.

President William McKinley’s assassination in 1901 by self-proclaimed anarchist Leon Czolgosz
brought Goldman national notoriety. Because the federal law enforcement system was rudimentary
in the early 1900s, the investigation for the federal government was handled by the Secret Service, a
branch of the Treasury Department concerned primarily with counterfeiting. The government files
contain the records of the Secret Service’s search for Goldman immediately following the assassina-

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INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

tion and for evidence to connect her with the crime, as well as many vituperative letters received by
the Justice Department exhorting them to arrest and deport Goldman. Unfortunately, the Chicago
Police Department left no records of Goldman’s arrest and two-week detention and interrogation.

The McKinley assassination provoked a wave of anti-anarchist legislation. Failing to agree on
harsher measures, Congress enacted the Anarchist Exclusion Act in 1903, which prohibited non-
citizen anarchists from entering the United States. That prohibition remained law until November
1990. New York and several other states enacted criminal laws penalizing the advocacy of anar-
chism. The New York police used this criminal anarchy law to arrest Goldman and other anarchists
in late 1906 and early 1907.

When Goldman was in Europe in 1907 for the International Anarchist Congress in Amsterdam,
public pressure mounted on the Bureau of Immigration to prevent her reentry to the country.

Between November 1907 and May 1908, the Bureau of Immigration conducted a series of
inquiries into Goldman’s citizenship status. Proceeding cautiously so as not to alert her, they con-
cluded that she probably acquired citizenship when she married Jacob Kersner. The Anarchist
Exclusion Act of 1 903 authorized the government to keep out anarchists, but not to deport those
already in the United States, nor could it deport or exclude its citizens, even anarchists. The Bureau
decided to proceed by first taking away Kersner ’s citizenship under the 1906 denaturalization law,
which allowed the government to cancel fraudulently obtained citizenship papers. This step would
permit them to claim that Goldman’s citizenship was no longer valid, and refuse to allow her back into
the United States the next time she traveled. These investigations culminated in the April 1909
denaturalization of Goldman’s former husband, and ultimately in Goldman’s deportation in December
1919.

The Bureau of Immigration files contain a fairly complete account of its investigation and deci-
sion-making process, including major reports on November 17, 1907, and March 18, March 21,
April 4, and May 27, 1908. On April 8, 1909, American border officials detained Goldman for
questioning when she tried to cross into Minnesota from Canada. Armed with a certified copy of
Kersner’s citizenship papers, Goldman persuaded the immigration officials to admit her. Goldman’s
immigration file contains a verbatim transcript of this hearing. Kersner’s denaturalization case be-
gan in September 1 908 and went to court in April 1909. Kersner did not appear to defend himself
because the government supposedly could not find him to notify him, though a Bureau of Immigration
report of May 3, 1909, suggests that within three weeks of Kersner’s denaturalization both Goldman
and the Bureau knew where he was living. The government’s attorney delayed the case in order to
consider whether he should notify Goldman. After deliberations, he decided it was in his strategic
interest not to alert her.

Several documents from this period provide glimpses into the network of undercover govern-
ment agents and how Goldman became aware of government surveillance activities. On October
1 1 , 1907, undercover agent Maurits Hymans, who followed Goldman and other anarchists in Europe
during the Amsterdam Congress, reported on Goldman’s plans to return to the United States. Inter-
cepted letters from Berkman and Goldman on December 20, 1908, and in early January 1909, show
both that there was a spy in the Chicago anarchist community and that Goldman knew of the
government’s secret efforts to denaturalize Kersner.

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INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

As part of its efforts to deport Goldman, the Bureau of Immigration began gathering information
to prove she was an anarchist. They sent stenographers to record her speeches in November and
December of 1907, and they assigned an immigration inspector to follow her during her Canadian
tour in April 1908.

Reel 56 also includes the military records of William Buwalda, a soldier whom the army court-
martialed for shaking hands with Goldman after she spoke on patriotism in San Francisco in 1908;
Japanese Interior Ministry reports from 1910 and 1911 on protests organized by Goldman and other
American anarchists against the trial and execution of Japanese anarchist Kotoku Shusui; Post
Office correspondence regarding attempts to censor Mother Earth ; and the records of several
court cases. In 1910, the Post Office held up delivery of Mother Earth until Anthony Comstock
finally decided that Goldman’s article, “The White Slave Traffic,” was not obscene. Again in 1914
they held up Mother Earth, this time for glorifying three anarchists killed on New York’s Lexington
Avenue by the explosion of a bomb that the three may have been manufacturing to use in an attentat.
Among the court cases included in the collection are Goldman’s Philadelphia free speech fight in
November 1909 and three arrests for lectures on birth control, one in Portland, Oregon, in 1915 and
two in New York in 1916.

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INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

Introduction to Reels 57 through 60

Government Documents
January 1 , 1 9 1 7, to January 31, 1918

After the United States entered World War I in April 1917, Congress enacted a wide range of
legislation restricting the right to criticize the government. The federal enforcement apparatus grew
accordingly. The Bureau of Investigation (now the Federal Bureau of Investigation), the intelligence
branches of the Army and Navy, and the Post Office censorship offices expanded from small offices
to national networks. In addition, the Department of Justice deputized a small army of self-appointed
loyalty enforcers called the American Protective League. Goldman’s leading role in opposing the
war and organizing the No-Conscription League in the spring of 1917 put her on a collision course
with the federal government.

Goldman and the No-Conscription League organized a series of mass protest meetings, the first
on the day Congress passed the Draft Act, May 18, 191 7; the second on the eve of Draft Registra-
tion Day, June 4, 1917; and another on June 14, 1917. Unable to tolerate any more dissent, the
government arrested Goldman and Berkman on June 15, 1917, in the offices of Mother Earth and
The Blast and impounded letters, mailing lists, financial records, and much other material.

Charged with conspiracy to violate the Draft Act, Goldman and Berkman conducted their own
defense. At the trial, held in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York from June
27 to July 9, 1917, they called many prominent radicals to testify, including John Reed and Lincoln
Steffens. Though they turned the trial into a platform to lecture on anti-militarism and free speech,
the jury found Goldman and Berkman guilty, and Judge Julius M. Mayer sentenced them to the
maximum penalty of two years in prison and a fine of ten thousand dollars each.

Later wartime prosecutions of dissenters, including those of Eugene Debs, Kate Richards O’Hare,
Mollie Steimer, Jacob Abrams, and the entire IWW leadership, were brought under the repressive
Espionage Act of June 15, 1917, and the harsh Sedition Act of May 7, 1918, rather than the more
lenient Draft Act under which Goldman and Berkman were prosecuted. The Sedition Act made it a
crime to “willfully utter, print, write, or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language”
about the United States’ form of government, constitution, military forces, or flag. Violators could
and often did receive sentences of up to twenty years in prison.

After the trial, the government took Goldman and Berkman directly to prison, where they re-
mained for two weeks — Berkman at the federal penitentiary in Atlanta and Goldman at the Missouri
State Penitentiary in Jefferson City, Missouri. During this time their attorney Harry Weinberger filed
an appeal with the Supreme Court. The Court agreed to hear the appeal and to allow Goldman and
Berkman out on bail pending their decision. Berkman, who faced an indictment in San Francisco for
complicity in the Preparedness Day bombing for which Tom Mooney and Warren Billings had al-
ready been convicted, decided not to post bail. He was transferred to the Tombs jail in New York
City, where he thought he would be safer from extradition and possible kidnapping.

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INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

Weinberger based his appeal on the unconstitutionally of the draft. He argued that the Draft
Act violated the Thirteenth Amendment’s prohibition against involuntary servitude and the First
Amendment’s free speech protections. He also contended that the prosecution did not prove any
conspiracy. On December 13 and 14, 1917, the Supreme Court heard oral arguments in ten cases
that raised the question of the constitutionality of the draft. On January 7, 1918, they declared the
Draft Act constitutional in an opinion addressing six of the combined cases, titled the Selective Draft
Law Cases. One week later they denied Goldman and Berkman’s appeal. Weinberger immediately
requested a rehearing, which the court denied on January 28, 1918. Goldman and Berkman began
serving their prison terms on February 2.

While Weinberger pursued the Supreme Court appeal, Goldman concentrated on preventing
Berkman’s extradition to San Francisco and supporting the antiwar effort. The United States Mar-
shal in New York, Thomas McCarthy, prevented Goldman from delivering speeches on several
occasions. Weinberger’s intensive lobbying forced Attorney General Gregory to direct McCarthy
not to interfere with her speeches in advance.

In January 1918, Governor Whitman of New York refused to extradite Berkman without more
evidence, Weinberger assured Goldman that she would not have to begin serving her prison term
right away, and she went on a speaking tour to Detroit and Chicago. She spoke against the war,
raised money for her appeal, and lectured on the promise of the Bolshevik Revolution.

The Government Documents for this period fall into roughly three categories: legal documents
related to the trial and appeal; surveillance and investigative reports; and postal censorship records.

Legal Documents

The trial records include the grand jury indictment of June 21, 1917, and two transcripts of the
trial. The first, an 824-page stenographer’s transcript, is a verbatim record of the entire trial except
for jury selection and closing arguments. This document, plus the closing arguments of prosecuting
attorney Harold Content and Judge Mayer’s jury instructions, make up all of reel 58. In order to
avoid splitting this document between two reels, it is filmed out of chronological sequence, between
August and September 1917.

The second transcript, 277 pages long, is the printed record of the trial, prepared by Weinberger
and Content for the Supreme Court appeal. Unlike the longer transcript, this record includes tran-
scriptions of the exhibits submitted at trial and Weinberger’s petition for Supreme Court review. It is
dated September 25, 1917, the date it was submitted to the Supreme Court. Of the two documents,
the first is more complete, because it includes passages deleted from the printed version, most of
them arguments regarding the admissibility of evidence. Neither transcript includes the closing
arguments of Goldman and Berkman. Their speeches are printed in the pamphlet, “Trial and Speeches
of Alexander Berkman and Emma Goldman,” dated July 1917.

The records of the Supreme Court appeal include the July 17, 1917, request for an appeal;
Weinberger’s brief on November 30, 1917; the government’s reply brief, which responds to all the
draft cases on December 10, 1917; Weinberger’s request to file a supplemental brief; the supple-

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INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

mental brief itself, dated January 3, 1918; the court’s opinion on January 14, 1918; and Weinberger’s
motion for a rehearing. Throughout the appeal, Weinberger maintained a correspondence with
Supreme Court Clerk James Maher and Solicitor General John Davis.

Surveillance Reports

Goldman and Berkman were two of the first targets of the rapidly expanding federal surveillance
network. Agent reports from the Bureau of Investigation begin in May 1917. They describe the No-
Conscription League’s mass meetings in May and June 1917, Goldman’s arrest and the raid on her
office, the trial, and Goldman’s speeches while she was out on bail. The accounts of her farewell
tour to Detroit and Chicago in January are particularly detailed. They include elaborate descriptions
of her speeches, audiences, hosts, travel plans, telephone calls, mail, and efforts to follow her back to
New York.

Acting under emergency wartime laws authorizing the military to control domestic opposition to
the war, undercover agents working for the Military and Naval Intelligence began to report on
Goldman in the fall of 1 9 1 7. Agent C, a Naval Intelligence contact who had worked undercover with
the I WW and anarchists for years, submitted particularly inflammatory accounts of the activities of
Goldman, Roger Baldwin, and the IWW. This agent authored reports that Goldman was master-
minding a plot using “Committees of Five” in various cities to assassinate the president and other
public officials simultaneously. This scheme, named the Guillotine Plot, occupied all investigative
branches of the government from the end of November 1917 through January 1918.

Postal Censorship Records

The Espionage Act, passed on June 15,1917, declared non-mailable all written material advocat-
ing treason, insurrection, or forcible resistance to the law. Under this law the Post Office held up and
ultimately destroyed all copies it could find of Mother Earth from May 1917 — one month before
the law was enacted — until Goldman stopped publication in August 1917. The Post Office also
refused to deliver Mother Earth's replacement, the Mother Earth Bulletin, throughout its publica-
tion span from October 1 9 1 7 to April 1918.

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INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

Introduction to Reels 61 and 62

Government Documents
February 1, 1918, to July 31, 1919

Reels 61 and 62 cover all but the final two months of Goldman’s two-year term in the Missouri
State Penitentiary at Jefferson City. The government files from this period contain primarily indirect
accounts of her activities: the Post Office continued to suppress the Mother Earth Bulletin as well
as various books and pamphlets of the Mother Earth Publishing Association; Harry Weinberger sued
to force the government to repay Goldman and Berkman’s bail and to recover eight hundred dollars
in clerk’s fees deducted from the bail; and intelligence agencies, especially the Bureau of Investiga-
tion, reported on their harassment of Goldman’s associates, including Stella Ballantine, Saxe Commins,
M. Eleanor Fitzgerald, Carl Newlander, Robert Minor, Prince Hopkins, and many others. Investiga-
tive reports on Goldman herself continued for a few months into her prison term and then ceased.

During Goldman’s incarceration, prison officials read, transcribed, and deliberated on whether to
withhold or deliver all of her incoming and outgoing mail. They delivered copies of her correspon-
dence to the Bureau of Investigation. Detailed reports of the censorship process exist, but unfortu-
nately very few copies of the censored letters remain in government files. Most of Berkman’s prison
correspondence did survive. Those letters which mention Goldman, totalling several hundred, are
included in the Government Documents series. Research at the National Archives suggests that
Goldman’s prison correspondence was destroyed in the 1970s because her letters, written in pencil
on prison stationery, were no longer legible. Only the correspondence in the Bureau of Investigation
files and from the private collections of her correspondents still exists (see also Correspondence
series, reel 1 1 ).

On the night of June 29, 1 9 1 8, agents of the Bureau of Investigation raided M. Eleanor Fitzgerald’s
apartment and the apartment shared by Carl Newlander and William Bales. Newlander, with Stella
Ballantine, published the Mother Earth Bulletin and ran the Mother Earth Book Store during
Goldman’s imprisonment. The agents confiscated mailing lists and literature of the League for the
Amnesty of Political Prisoners, the International Mooney Defense League, and the Mother Earth
Publishing Association, and they arrested Newlander and Bales for draft evasion. Several agents
reported on the raid and its follow-up.

Also in July 1918 the intelligence agencies began to circulate a list of names and addresses of
over eight thousand subscribers to Mother Earth and to investigate many of those on the list. The
government obtained this list either at the time of Goldman’s arrest in 1 9 1 7 or in the raid of June 29,
1918. The list appears on reel 61, placed at the beginning of documents dated July 1918.

Ballantine and Newlander managed to produce the Mother Earth Bulletin until April 1918,
when the financial burden of publishing a non-distributable periodical became too great. Ballantine
attempted to publish a mimeographed sheet called “Instead of a Magazine” in late June 1918, in
which she described her visit to Goldman in prison. The Post Office censored this sheet as well, and

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INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

Ballantine gave up her publishing efforts. Beginning in February 1918, the Post Office prepared
censorship memoranda explaining the reasons for their decisions to censor each publication. These
memoranda illustrate the extent and mentality of wartime censorship.

Harry Weinberger continued to act on Goldman’s behalf during her imprisonment. He wrote
many letters to prison officials both in Jefferson City and in Washington, D.C., to lobby for better
writing privileges, less mail censorship, and easier working conditions. In February and March 1918
he successfully opposed the government’s motion to use the money deposited to cover Goldman and
Berkman’s bail to pay their criminal fines. The following May, Weinberger sued for the return of
eight hundred dollars in clerk’s fees deducted from the bail, a process that would take a full year and
go all the way to the Supreme Court before he lost the case. All the court papers and correspon-
dence regarding this case are located on reel 61 at the beginning of May 1918; these documents are
filmed out of chronological sequence because they are difficult to follow and are of only specialized
interest.

Beginning early in 1919, the Department of Justice, the Bureau of Investigation, the Bureau of
Immigration, as well as Goldman and Weinberger, became increasingly preoccupied with her pend-
ing deportation. Weinberger negotiated Goldman’s release from prison and explored the possibility
of a postwar amnesty for her as a political prisoner. Goldman and Weinberger analyzed ways in
which to fight her deportation. The Bureau of Immigration summarized the prospects for Goldman’s
deportation on April 25, 1919, and asked Weinberger to send them proof of Goldman’s citizenship.

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INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

Introduction to Reels 63 and 64

Government Documents
August 1 , 1 9 1 9, to December 22, 1919

Reels 63 and 64 cover the period of Goldman’s deportation. Although the Bureau of Immigration
began preparing its case as early as April 1919, not until August did the various government agencies
focus their efforts on deporting Goldman and Berkman.

The Immigration Act of 1918 authorized the government to deport any alien who was an anar-
chist or advocated the overthrow of organized government, regardless of length of residence in the
United States. Therefore, the government had to prove only that Goldman was an anarchist and that
she was not a citizen.

In late 1919 the Bureau of Investigation and other intelligence-gathering agencies began a mas-
sive crackdown on radicals, spurred by a number of bombings directed at public officials including
Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer. Since they could not use the wartime Espionage and Sedition
Acts to imprison citizens in peacetime, they directed their efforts at deporting alien radicals. Goldman
and Berkman, two of the most prominent radicals, were among the first targets.

During October and November 1919, J. Edgar Hoover, zealous citizens, and congressmen ex-
horted the Bureau of Immigration to speed up Goldman’s deportation. By mid-November 1919,
when Hoover learned that Goldman was planning a speaking tour through the Midwest, his requests
to the Bureau of Immigration grew more urgent. Acting under the pressure of a Senate resolution,
the Justice Department released a report on November 17, 1 9 1 9, on their efforts to rid the country of
alien radicals. This report, submitted by A. Mitchell Palmer but probably written by Hoover, features
a long analysis of the process and rationale for deporting Goldman and Berkman.

Under the tireless and enthusiastic supervision of J. Edgar Hoover, then a special assistant to the
attorney general and head of the newly established General Intelligence Division of the Department
of Justice, the Bureau of Investigation joined the Bureau of Immigration to lay the groundwork for
Goldman’s deportation. They searched her published writings, her files with the New York and
Chicago police, and records of her arrests and trials for proof that she was an anarchist. Investiga-
tors interviewed Goldman’s relatives regarding her age, place of birth, and marriage to Jacob Kersner.
They relied on Kersner’s denaturalization to prove Goldman was no longer a citizen. When Hoover
learned that Goldman planned to argue that Kersner had died before the government took away his
citizenship, he sent agents to Chicago to obtain proof that Kersner died after 1909.

Agents of the Bureau of Investigation followed Goldman from the time she left the Jefferson
City Penitentiary on September 27, 1919, until her arrival in New York, and continued surveillance
there. Confidential informant Number 836, from Pittsburgh, attended Stella Ballantine’s private
homecoming celebration for Goldman in early October 1919. Several agents attended a dinner to
honor Kate Richards O’Hare at which Goldman and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn spoke, and agents also
attended a large dinner in Goldman and Berkman’s honor at the Brevoort Hotel on October 27, 191 9,

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INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

and wrote colorful reports. Margaret Scully, alias Marion Barling, an undercover agent working for
the Lusk Committee of the New York state legislature, managed to obtain employment as Goldman’s
secretary at the end of October 1919. Her lively, and sometimes anti-Semitic, reports continue from
October 27 to November 6, 1919, when Goldman fired her.

The investigative agencies were particularly active during Goldman and Berkman’s farewell
tour to Detroit and Chicago between November 21 and December 4, 1919. Agents followed them
every step of the trip, intercepted their mail, attended and reported on their speeches, investigated
their hosts, accompanied them separately on the train back to New York, and tried to intimidate
lecture hall owners. On November 23 and 26, 1919, the Bureau of Investigation made detailed
transcripts of Goldman and Berkman’s speeches in Detroit on political deportations, amnesty for
political prisoners, and prison conditions.

Goldman’s Bureau of Investigation file testifies to J. Edgar Hoover’s obsession with her depor-
tation. He personally worked to ensure that her bail was set at the extraordinarily high sum of fifteen
thousand dollars. He directed the network of agents who scoured the country for evidence with
which to deport her — nearly all of the many letters directing the evidence-gathering campaign were
signed by Frank Burke, Assistant Director and Chief of the Bureau of Investigation, but were written
and initialed by Hoover. He wrote the government’s brief, attended both Bureau of Immigration
hearings, badgered officials to speed up her deportation, and attended the early morning departure of
the S.S. Buford.

Hoover’s weekly “Reportfs] of the Radical Section,” from August to October 1919, provide a
detailed overview of his activities during his first few months in charge of the General Intelligence
Division. During this time he supervised not only Goldman’s deportation but that of hundreds of
members of the Union of Russian Workers. He completely reorganized the Bureau to try to assure
successful deportations; he established an index card file that within a few months would contain the
names of eighty thousand dissident individuals and organizations; and he expanded and defended the
use of undercover informants.

The legal process effecting Goldman’s deportation was a complicated mixture of administrative
and judicial proceedings. The Supreme Court has consistently held that deportation is a civil, not
criminal, matter to which the full constitutional rights associated with a jury trial do not apply. In
1919, the Bureau of Immigration was required only to provide an administrative hearing, conducted
by its own personnel. The only way to appeal the Bureau’s decision was by means of a writ of
habeas corpus, an emergency measure designed to protect people in custody from only the most
serious abuses of due process. The prospective deportee had the difficult task of proving the funda-
mental unfairness of the impending government action while in custody.

After extensive negotiations, the Bureau of Immigration allowed Goldman to post a fifteen thou-
sand dollar bond upon her release from prison and agreed to transfer her deportation hearing from
Missouri to Ellis Island. After several postponements at Weinberger’s request, the hearing took
place on October 27 and November 12, 1919. Goldman refused to participate in what she termed
“an inquisition” into her opinions. She read a prepared statement and refused to answer any ques-
tions from the government. Weinberger requested an adjournment of thirty days in order to present
evidence that Goldman was a U.S. citizen.

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INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

The Bureau of Immigration refused to adjourn the hearing, and Weinberger refused to submit a
brief to the Bureau, choosing instead to rely on the courts. On November 29, 1919, Assistant
Secretary of Labor Louis Post, though sympathetic to her plight, reluctantly ordered Goldman de-
ported. He gave her and Berkman until December 5, 1919, to appear at Ellis Island for deportation.

On that day, when Goldman and Berkman were interned at Ellis Island, Weinberger petitioned
the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York for a writ of habeas corpus. He
argued that the deportation was invalid for many reasons, citing flaws in Kersner’s denaturalization
and the government’s failure to notify Goldman of the denaturalization case in advance. He pro-
tested that the government could not deport Goldman for her political opinions; nor could they deport
her to Russian territory controlled by anti-Bolshevik forces where her life would be in danger.

Judge Mayer, who presided over Goldman’s trial in 1917, also presided over the habeas corpus
case. He heard oral arguments on December 8, 1919, and ruled in favor of the government. He
agreed to stay the deportation for two days to give Weinberger time to appeal to the Supreme Court,
but refused to release Goldman on bail during this period.

The Supreme Court agreed to hear Goldman’s appeal. However, government assurances of a
speedy deportation to Soviet Russia introduced an opportunity for Goldman and Berkman to take
part in the revolutionary struggle in Russia. She decided to accept the inevitability of her deportation
rather than stay on Ellis Island to struggle to raise money to fight a losing appeal and be separated
from her lifetime friend. In the early morning hours of December 21, 1 9 1 9, the government deported
Goldman, Berkman, and 247 other Russian radicals on the S.S. Buford.

The documentary record of Goldman’s deportation includes the arrest warrant, the administra-
tive hearing transcript, and the records of the habeas corpus case and the Supreme Court appeal.
The document header for the hearing transcript, a fifty-three page document dated October 27,
1919, contains cross-references to the many exhibits presented at the hearing. Most of these exhib-
its consist of early documents that are included with other material of the same date in this microfilm
edition.

The legal papers from the habeas corpus case, titled United States ex rel. Goldman v. Caminetti,
include Weinberger’s petition for the writ, the government’s reply in opposition, and the sixty-nine-
page stenographer’s transcript of Harry Weinberger and Francis Caffey’s arguments before Judge
Mayer on December 8, 1919. The papers in the Supreme Court appeal are Weinberger’s petition for
a writ of error and his assignment of errors, Justice Brandeis’s grant to hear the appeal, and
Weinberger’s motion to dismiss the appeal, dated December 18, 1919. In addition to the court
papers, there is an extensive correspondence maintained by Weinberger regarding the details of the
deportation. This correspondence reveals the government’s obsession with deporting Goldman and
their efforts to conceal their specific plans from her.

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INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

Introduction to Reel 65

Government Documents
December 23, 1919, to March 31, 1922

The U.S. government’s efforts to rid the country of alien radicals peaked in January 1920.
Agents of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer’s Justice Department raided offices of organiza-
tions identified with communism nationwide the night of January 2, 1920, and arrested thousands,
many without warrants. The Bureau of Immigration planned a series of mass deportations modeled
after the Buford deportation. Ellis Island was filled with Eastern European radicals awaiting depor-
tation.

The Red Scare hysteria provides the backdrop for Goldman’s government files in the early
1 920s. Correspondence regarding the voyage of the Buford dominates the government documents.
The Bureau of Immigration sent lists of the names of those deported on the Buford to various
government agencies. They circulated Goldman’s photograph to border officials. Since the Buford
and its cargo of 249 radicals was en route to Soviet Russia, a country with which the United States
had no diplomatic relations, the State Department became involved in negotiating arrangements with
the Finnish government to transport the deportees to the Russian frontier at the height of winter.

Two documents provide personal descriptions of Goldman during her deportation. Representa-
tive William Vaile of Colorado gave a firsthand account of the Buford's early morning departure in
the Congressional Record of January 5, 1920. On February 11, 1920, F. W. Berkshire, the Bureau
of Immigration’s representative on board the Buford , submitted his detailed report of the voyage.

During Goldman’s two years in Soviet Russia and for the first few months after she left Russia,
the U.S. government monitored her activities as closely as possible. The State Department, particu-
larly W. L. Hurley in the Office of the Undersecretary of State, solicited reports on Goldman from
returning travelers, collected newspaper clippings of her perceptions of Russia, and received and
circulated letters to and from Goldman confiscated by security forces in Europe and the United
States. These reports track Goldman’s growing dissatisfaction with the Soviet government.

Many of the letters Goldman wrote during her voyage and her first few weeks in Russia were
confiscated. She attempted to smuggle numerous copies of each letter into the United States using
different couriers. Finnish authorities detained one of the couriers, radical journalist John Reed, and
found a letter from Goldman to Stella Ballantine. The letter, addressed only to “Darling,” caused
considerable excitement when J. Edgar Hoover and others assumed it was sent to Reed and re-
flected a hitherto unsuspected romantic relationship between the two (see Hoover letter of August
14,1920).

Other confiscated letters include two from M. Eleanor Fitzgerald — one to Berkman (June 30,

1 920) and the other to Alexander Schapiro (July 26, 1 92 1 ) — as well as a letter from Goldman to
Stella Ballantine contained in the September 24, 1921, report of Agent 1076, in which the agent

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INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

provides accurate parenthetical explanations of Goldman’s abbreviations and circumlocutions.
Goldman’s confiscated letters are included in both the Correspondence series and the Government
Documents series.

The Government Documents series includes five letters to and from Lenin, obtained from the
Central Party Archives of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism in Moscow. These include letters
between Lenin and Angelica Balabanoff, then secretary of the Third International, arranging an
interview for Goldman and Berkman; their list of questions submitted to Lenin before the meeting; an
outline of their proposals submitted after the meeting; and Goldman and Berkman’s letter protesting
the arrest of Henry Alsberg while he was traveling with them.

The departure of Goldman, Berkman, and Alexander Schapiro from Soviet Russia in early De-
cember 1 92 1 provoked a flurry of activity in the United States. Fearful that they would try to return.
State Department officials sent warnings and photographs to consular officials all over Europe, and
to immigration, military intelligence, and investigative officials in the United States. Evan Young, the
U.S. representative in Riga, Latvia, submitted frequent reports on Goldman. His report of Decem-
ber 31, 1921, is particularly interesting because it describes Goldman and Berkman’s detention by
Latvian officials and contains transcripts of documents taken from them, including two address
books, Berkman’s diary, their credentials to the Anarchist Congress in Berlin, and personal letters.

When Goldman moved to Sweden on a temporary visa in January 1 922, American embassy
officials there picked up the surveillance. They reported on her continuing visa problems and noted
the publication of her appeal on behalf of anarchists imprisoned in Soviet Russia.

In the United States, the State Department sent copies of the material confiscated from Goldman
and Berkman in Riga to many government agencies. The Bureau of Investigation began to investi-
gate the people named in the address books. Government documents from March 1922 show the
reactions of officials and private citizens to Goldman’s anti-Soviet series in the New York World.

255

INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

Introduction to Reel 66

Government Documents
April 1, 1922, to October 16, 1942

During Goldman’s years in exile after she left Russia, the U.S. government kept only sporadic
accounts of her activities. The State Department tracked her moves from Sweden to Germany in
April 1922, inaccurately reporting that she went first to Czechoslovakia, and from Germany to En-
gland in August 1924. Reports on Goldman’s stay in Sweden continued to trickle in throughout 1922,
including reports on her lover Arthur Svensson (or Swenson) and on Albert Jensen, her Swedish
host. Embassy officials kept Washington informed about Goldman’s articles in the European press,
her visa problems, and the publication of My Disillusionment in Russia.

The Bureau of Investigation chronicled various attacks on Goldman from the communists and
the anarchists over what they considered, from various perspectives, to be her betrayal of the revo-
lution. Of particular interest is the October 5, 1922, report of Agent Hopkins, which includes an
exchange of letters between Goldman and Joseph Spivak of the International Anarchist Aid Federa-
tion. Spivak condemns Goldman’s decision to publish her critique of the Soviet state in the New
York World rather than an anarchist publication, and Goldman caustically defends herself.

Goldman’s paper marriage to Welsh coal miner James Colton on June 27, 1925, enabled her to
travel freely as a British citizen. In October 1926 she took advantage of her British passport to go to
Canada. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police followed her activities closely from her arrival in
October 1926 to her departure in February 1928. They concentrated their efforts on her tour of
western Canada in the fall and winter of 1926-27 and her fall 1927 lectures in Toronto. Their reports
describe Goldman’s speeches, audiences, and lecture topics and often include the names and ad-
dresses of her hosts. These accounts are especially interesting for their descriptions of the status of
anarchist organizations in Canada and the battles between the anarchists and the communists.

Goldman’s arrival in Canada in the fall of 1926 provoked an escalation of interest on the part of
the U.S. government. The State Department worried that she might try to slip across the border. In
November 1 926 journalist Isaac Don Levine prodded the State Department to consider her return to
the United States. In an undated letter to Secretary of Labor James J. Davis, marked “not deliv-
ered,” the State Department concluded that as a British citizen Goldman need only apply for a visa at
the border. In fact, as a former deportee and self-proclaimed anarchist she needed special permis-
sion from the secretary of labor to reenter the United States.

Between Goldman’s departure from Canada in February 1928 and her return in late 1933, she
lived in St. Tropez, France, writing her autobiography and making several speaking tours in Europe.
The Government Documents series contains few records from this period. The French archives
have not yet been able to locate Goldman’s personal file with the Surete Generate, if indeed such a
file exists. The departmental archives in Nice have found Berkman’s expulsion file under the name
of Alexandre Schmidt-Bergmann, but to date the file is closed to the public. [Editor’s Note: Goldman’s

256

INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

file from the Surete Generale, consisting of over ninety documents, is included in supplementary reel
67. The majority of the documents date from 1 895 to 1908, but the file does include correspondence
form 1929 and 1930 regarding efforts made to expel Goldman from France.]

In early 1930, prominent author and journalist H. L. Mencken wrote to the Justice Department
on Goldman’s behalf, asking them to return the manuscripts and lecture notes they confiscated when
they arrested her in June 1917. A somewhat perfunctory search by J. Edgar Hoover and others
yielded no documents.

In November 1933 a lobbying campaign began to secure for Goldman a visitor’s visa to the
United States. A committee headed by prominent liberal Mabel Carver Crouch and American Civil
Liberties Union cofounder Roger Baldwin organized a massive letter-writing campaign directed at
the Commissioner General of Immigration, Daniel MacCormack, and the first woman cabinet mem-
ber, Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins. Playwright Eugene O’Neill and novelist Sherwood Ander-
son, among others, petitioned for Goldman’s visit.

On November 8, 1933, the Immigration and Naturalization Service, formerly the Bureau of
Immigration, prepared a memorandum on the legal and political feasibility of allowing Goldman to
return. They concluded that no legal obstacles existed. From November 1 933 through January 1934
Roger Baldwin and attorneys Harry Weinberger and Arthur Leonard Ross negotiated with the Im-
migration and Naturalization Service over the conditions of her visit.

The Immigration and Naturalization Service finally agreed to issue Goldman a ninety-day visa
for the purpose of visiting family and friends. She in turn agreed to lecture on literature and drama,
not on politics or current events. Goldman followed these guidelines in her own imaginative way,
lecturing on the drama of modem Germany and on her autobiography as literature.

Goldman spent from February 2 to the end of April 1934 in the United States. During her visit,
her friends continued to petition the government on her behalf, first to lift the speaking restrictions
and then to extend her visa. The Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Immigration Service
maintained newspaper clipping files of Goldman’s visit. Only a few agent reports of her many
speeches exist. One particularly detailed account, on April 11,1 934, describes Goldman’s speech in
Pittsburgh about her autobiography.

The government files contain a number of letters from private citizens protesting the decision to
allow Goldman back. A member of the New York jury that convicted her in 1917 sent a telegram.
Several women wrote to Eleanor Roosevelt, worried that Goldman might try to kill the president.
Her replies, dated January 3 1 and June 7, 1934, made light of these fears.

Government reports on the later years of Goldman’s life are scarce. The Federal Bureau of
Investigation, acting under the Emma Goldman Papers Project’s Freedom of Information Act re-
quest, released many heavily censored reports from this period, but most only mention Goldman in
passing. The Spanish government’s records from the Civil War period are unavailable to the extent
that they still exist.

257

INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

Goldman moved to Canada in April 1939, where she remained until her death in May 1 940. Her
Royal Canadian Mounted Police file for this period contains newspaper clippings of her fall 1939 tour
to Winnipeg, her illness, and her death. A few reports from December 1939 describe Goldman’s
speeches condemning Stalin and reflect the anti-Semitism of the Canadian officials. The Royal
Canadian Mounted Police, the Federal Bureau of Investigation in Washington, and the Italian Interior
Ministry all reported Goldman’s death.

258

INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

Introduction to Reel 67

Government Documents and Goldman Writings
Supplementary Reel

The Government Documents in this reel consist of the material received too late for inclusion in
the body of the microfilm. The majority of the documents in this collection are from Goldman’s
German and French police files.

The German police file, not available until 1 989 when the government changes in the German
Democratic Republic allowed access to the Staatsarchiv Potsdam, covers the years 1 895 to 1917. It
includes copies of articles published in various radical newspapers, texts of speeches given by Goldman
and Hippolyte Havel at the Anarchist Congress in Paris (1900), and a report on Goldman identifying
her as a swindler and a liar.

The French police file tracks Goldman’s movements in France around the time of the Anarchist
Congress, and includes her Paris landlord’s list of mail received by Goldman and newspaper articles
describing the interception of mail that revealed “extraordinary plots against the capitalists” ( Le
Journal , March 30, 1908).

The writings in this reel complete the Goldman Writings series (reels 47 to 55). They include
essays, drafts of lectures and essays, interviews, summaries of lectures, and Goldman’s address
book. These documents further illustrate the significant impact of Emma Goldman on her contempo-
raries. In socialist Yiddish newspapers in New York and in anarchist newspapers in Republican
Spain, Goldman continued to write and speak out about justice, freedom of expression, women’s
rights, and anarchism.

259

INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS TO THE REELS

Introduction to Reels 68, 69, and 70

Correspondence — Supplementary Reels 68 and 69
October 1, 1908, to March 13, 1939

The two supplementary reels of correspondence include material spanning over thirty years.
Most of the correspondence on these reels was received by the Emma Goldman Papers Project too
late to be included in the Correspondence series. In some cases, the archives’ initial reluctance to
grant permission to reprint copyrighted material prevented the inclusion of correspondence in the
earlier reels.

The letters on the supplemental reels are as substantive as those on the earlier reels of the
Correspondence series. The supplemental reels include further examples of the extraordinary cor-
respondence Goldman and Alexander Berkman sustained for over forty years; of particular signifi-
cance are five letters written in 1 920, during the earliest months of their exile in Soviet Russia, that
illustrate their sense of isolation after being uprooted from family and friends in the United States.
Reel 68 also features Goldman’s letters from the mid- 1920s through the early 1930s to H. L. Mencken,
editor of the American Mercury, which complement the Mencken documents that appear in the
Correspondence series. Among other notable collections of letters reproduced in the supplement is
the Alfred A. Knopf correspondence, which chronicles the publishing history of Goldman’s autobiog-
raphy, Living My Life.

The most voluminous part of the supplementary reels, extending from the later material on reel
68 into reel 69, is devoted to Goldman’s official correspondence during the Spanish Civil War as the
English-language representative for the Confederation Nacional del Trabajo-Federacion Anarquista
Iberica (CNT-FAI) in London. Most of the CNT-FAI material was integrated into the Correspon-
dence series, including signed copies of letters and correspondence on the CNT-FAI letterhead as
well as Spanish and English versions of the same letter. Multiple copies in other languages were
incorporated into the supplementary reels.

Reel 70

This stand-alone reel of additions ( not included in the comprehensive index), discovered after
the 1 99 1 microfilm publication, opens with its own index. Drawn from archives as widely disparate
as the Library of Congress and the Central State Archive of the October Revolution in Moscow, this
diverse array of Goldman-related documents includes German newspaper accounts of early Gold-
man lectures; the police register of her 1893 arrest; Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs’ 1902
surveillance reports of Goldman’s political activities in the U.S., documenting the Russian government’s
fear of coordinated foment of the impending revolution; reports of Goldman’s lectures in Canada;
correspondence with such figures as Roger Baldwin, Sylvia Beach, May Picqueray, and Horace
Traubel; and selected additional published Goldman writings. Published and unpublished recollec-
tions of Goldman complement the collection, including transcriptions of unique Project interviews
with Goldman associates.

260

Indexes

The Emma Goldman Papers
Correspondence Series

Index To Correspondence

Correspondent

Date Reel

Aaron, Manley M.

* 1930 Feb. 20 22

* 1930 Feb. 20 68

* 1930 March 12 22

* 1930 March 12 68

* 1930 March 19 22

* 1930 March 19 68

1930 March 31 22

1930 March 31 68

* 1930 April 25 23

* 1930 A[pril] 25 68

1930 May 2 23

1930 May 2 68

*1930 June 7 23

* 1931 May 22 24

[ 1 9]3 1 May 31 24

[ 1 9]3 1 May 31 68

*1931 Nov. 27 25

Abad de Santillan, Diego

[19]37 Feb. 3 39

* 1939 March 14 45

* 1939 March 16 46

* 1939 March 19 46

Abbott, Leonard D.

* 1925 Jan. 13 14

1927 April 5 18

1927 July 30 18

* 1928 Jan. 17 19

* 1928 Aug. 17 20

*1928 Sept. 6 20

* 1929 Dec. 28 22

* [19]30 Jan. 12 22

* 1930 Feb. 2 22

* [19]30 April 26 23

* [ 1 9]3 1 July 3 24

1931 Aug. 21 24

Correspondent

Date Reel

*1931 Sept. 13 24

* [ 1 9]3 1 Nov. 21 25

1931 Dec. 2 25

1931 Dec. 29 25

* 1932 Jan. 20 26

1932 Feb. 8 26

* 1932 Feb. 22 26

* 1934 Feb. 4 30

Abbott, Leonard; Alexander Berkman; Emma

Goldman; et al.

* 191 1 June 5

* 1922 Aug 13

Abramovich, Raphael

* 1937 July 28 40

* 1937 Nov. 8 41

Abrams, Irving S.

*[1940 June?] 46

Ackerman, Mollie

[19J31 Oct. 7 25

Adams, Harold M.

[19]36 May 27 37

* 1936 June 3 37

Adams de Puertas, Gwendolyn

*[1938?] 41

* 1938 June 16 43

Addison, Peter

* 1938 Feb. 1 42

* 1938 Feb. 2 42

[ 1 9]3 8 Feb. 19 42

Address List to Ben L. Reitman

[1910? June?]e 3

L'Adunata ilei Ref r attar i

[1922 April?] 12

[1927 April?] 18

[1928 Dec. 1] 20

(* denotes “written by”; e denotes “see Errata”)

263

INDEX TO CORRESPONDENCE

The Agitator

1911 March 19e 5

Agranov

[19]33 July 5e 28

Agronsky, Gershon

* [19]39 Feb. 14e 45

[19J39 Feb. 1 6e 45

Aitken, E. L.

[19]36 May 27 37

* 1936 June 5 37

Aldred, Guy

* 1936 Nov. 28 38

* 1937 March 31 39

Allan, Martha

* 1935 Jan. 15 33

1935 Jan. 19 33

Allan, S. J.

1928 Jan. 6 19

Allen, Frank Theodore

*1918 March 21 11

George Allen & Unwin Ltd.

1934 Nov. 29 33

* 1934 Dec. 12 33

1934 Dec. 27 33

1935 Feb. 13 33

[19]37 Nov. 21 41

Almonte, Marie

* 1937 Nov. 26 41

Alsberg, Henry G.

* 1924 Dec. 24 14

* 1924 Dec. 24e 14

* 1924 Dec. 24 14

* 1924 Dec. 24, 14

* 1924 Dec. 24 14

* 1925 March 25 14

* 1925 May 13 15

* 1925 July 22 15

*1925 Sept. 26 15

* 1926 Aug. 27 16

* 1926 Dec. 15 16

* 1927 Dec. 25 19

* 1929 Jan. 22 20

[19]29 Jan. 25 20

* 1929 Jan. 2[6] 20

* 1929 Feb. 6 20

[19]29 Feb. 9 20

* 1929 March 22 21

*1929 April 24 21

* 1929 June 4 21

* 1929 June 18 21

1929 June 30 21

* 1929 July 23e 21

* [1929 Sept.?] 21

[19]29 Oct. 22 22

* 1929 Nov. 3 22

1929 Nov. 26 22

* 1929 Dec. 22 22

1930 Jan. 7 22

* 1930 Feb. 8 22

1930 Feb. 11 22

* 1930 Feb. 26 22

* [1930 Feb. 26] 22

* 1930 March 3 22

* 1930 March 4 22

1930 March 4 22

[1930] March 11 22

1930 March 20 22

* 1930 March 24 22

1930 March 31 22

* 1930 April 3 23

* 1930 April 4 23

1930 April 23 23

[1930 April 23] 23

1930 May 2 23

* 1930 May 7 23

1930 May 12 23

* 1930 May 14 23

1930 May 21 23

* 1930 May 25 23

* 1930 June 18 23

1930 June 27 23

* 1931 Feb. 17 23

* 1931 March 10 23

1931 March 24 23

* 1931 April 14 23

* [1931] June 10 24

*1931 July 6 24

*1931 July 28 24

[ 1 9]3 1 Aug. 17 24

* 1931 Aug. 19 24

* [1931] Aug. 20 24

1931 Sept. 15 24

* [19]31 Dec. 30 25

* [19]33 Jan. 3 28

[1933? Feb.?]e 28

* [1933?] July 20 28

(* denotes “written by”; e denotes “see Errata”)

264

INDEX TO CORRESPONDENCE

* [1933] Dec. 26 29

* 1934 Jan. 6 29

1934 April 9 30

* [1934 April 25?] 30

* [1934 April 26?] 30

1934 May 4 31

[19]34 May 20 31

1934 Sept. 21 32

1935 April 2 34

* [19]35 April 16 34

[19]35 April 21 34

* [19]35 April 23 34

[19]35 June 2 34

[19]35 Sept. 28 35

* [1935] Oct. 31 35

[19]35 Nov. 19 35

[19]36 March 2 36

Alsberg, Henry G., and Saxe Commins

* 1929 [Aug. 15?] 21

* 1929 Aug. 15 68

Alsberg, Henry G., and Emma Goldman

* 1928 Dec. 12 20

* [19]28 Dec. 26 68

Altrincham Garrick Society

[19]36 May 15 37

American Mercury

* 1932 March 18 26

* 1934 July 13 31

1934 July 16 31

American News Company, Ltd.

* 1934 Dec. 5 33

Anarchist Syndicalist Union

[19]38 June 1 43

Anarcho-Syndicalist Congress

1931 June 24

Ander, L.

* 1938 Aug. 23 44

Anderson, John

[19]36 May 27 37

Anderson, Margaret (“Martie”)

* [1929 Sept.?] 22

* [1930 April?] 23

* [19]30 April 19 23

Andersson, John

[19]37 July 21 40

[19]38 Jan. 19 42

* 1938 Feb. 18 42

[ 1 9]3 8 July 21 44

* 1938 Aug. 4 44

[19]38 Aug. 9 44

[ 1 9]3 8 Nov. 19 44

* 1938 Nov. 23 44

* 1938 Dec 44

[ 1 9]3 8 Dec. 1 44

* 1938 Dec. 3 69

* 1938 Dec. 7 44

[ 1 9]3 8 Dec. 21 45

* 1939 Jan. 14 45

[19]39 Feb. 5 45

[19]39 Feb. 6 45

* 1939 Feb. 9 45

* 1939 Feb. 10 45

[19]39 Feb. 13 45

* 1939 Feb. 16 45

[19]39 Feb. 18 45

[19]39 Feb. 20 45

[19]39 Feb. 22 45

* 1939 Feb. 24 45

* 1939 March 7 45

[19]39 March 8 45

* 1939 March 10 45

[19]39 March 12 45

Andrea, Leonardo

1931 Dec. 29 25

Andrews, John B.

1907 Dec. 2 2

Angoff, Charles

* [1934] March 2 30

1934 March 8 30

* 1934 March 9 30

[1934 May?] e 31

*[1934] May 25 31

1934 June 21 31

* [1934] July 2 31

1934 July 4 31

* [1934] July 11 31

1934 July 14 31

1934 July 18 31

[19]34 July 23 31

* 1934 July 24 31

[19]34 July 27 31

* [1934] July 30 31

1934 Aug. 12 32

1935 April 6 34

1935 April 22 34

Anti-Parliamentary Communist Federation

[19]37 Jan. 19 39

Antolini, Gabriclla

1927 Oct. 28 19

(* denotes “written by”; e denotes “see Errata”)

265

INDEX TO CORRESPONDENCE

Antona, David

*[1937 Feb.?] 39

* 1937 Feb. 25 39

* 1937 March 30 39

* [1937 March 30] 39

* 1937 April 17 40

* 1937 April 1 [7] 68

* [ 1 9]3 7 May 22 40

* 1937 May 22 40

* 1937 May 22 68

Appeal for the CNT to the English Trade

Unions

1938 Jan. [15?] 41

D. Appleton-Century Company

1935 Oct. 15 35

Aragon, Teresa

* [19]37 Aug. 28 41

Arbetaren

1924 Jan. 31 13

Archdale, Helen A.

* 1925 May 12 15

1925 May 13 15

* 1925 May 26 15

1925 June 3 15

* 1925 June 10 15

* 1925 July 9 15

1925 July 10 15

* 1925 July 14 15

Armitt, R. E.

* [19]36 Feb. 6e 36

[19]36 May 27 37

Armstrong, William

1927 May 14 18

* [1927] June 19 18

Aron, Anna

* 1934 Dec. 31 33

1935 March 21 34

* 1935 March 23 34

Aronstam, Modest. See Stein, Modest
Ashby, Margaret

1937 March 25 39

1939 March 13 69

Association Internationale des Travailleurs.
See also Mascarell, Manuel; Rudiger,
Helmut

[1938 July?] 43

Association of Writers for Intellectual Liberty

[ 1 9]3 8 June 1 69

Astor, Nancy (Viscountess Astor)

1926 April 5 15

* 1926 April 7 15

[19]26 April 9 15

1926 April 17 15

[1926 April 17] 15

1926 April 24 15

* 1926 April 26 15

1926 April 29 15

1926 May 10 16

1926 May 18 16

[19]26 May 21 16

* 1926 May 26 16

1926 May 31 16

Atlantic Monthly

*1927 June 30 18

Authorization for Emma Goldman

[1937 Jan. 11] 39

Avery, R. R.

*[1936 July?] 38

Axelson, Carl

1927 Nov. 28 19

Axler, B.

* 1933 Dec. 31 29

[19]34 Jan. 17 29

[19]34 Jan. 23 29

Ay, Jean

* 1937 Nov. 8 41

1938 Jan. 17 42

[19]38 Nov. 2 44

[19]38 Nov. 2 69

1938 Nov. 28 44

1939 Jan. 17 45

[1939 Feb. 4] 45

1939 Feb. 6 45

[19]39 Feb. 15 45

* [1938 Jan. btw. 11 and 31] 41

* [19]38Nov. 16 44

Ba Jin

[1925] 14

1927 May 26 18

* 1927 July 5 18

1927 Aug. 4 18

1927 Sept. 28 19

1927 Nov. 11 19

1928 April 24 20

* [btw. 1930 and 1940] 22

* [1933 Sept.?] 28

(* denotes “written by”; e denotes “see Errata”)

266

INDEX TO CORRESPONDENCE

Baginski, Max

* 1927 July 8 18

* [19]33 June 17e 28

Baginski, Max, and Emma Goldman

* 1906 Jan. 20 2

* [1906 April 1?] 2

Baker, Gladys

* 1934 Jan. 31 29

Baker, Jacob

1927 Sept. 27 19

Baker, S. Josephine

* 1932 April 22 26

Balabanoff, Angelica

* [19]25 July 7 15

1925 Aug. 15 15

* [1925? Dec.?] e 15

* [ 1 926?] e 15

* [1931] Oct. 5 25

[ 1 9]3 1 Oct. 9 25

* [1932] Feb. 8 26

* 1932 Feb. 9 26

* [1932? April?] 26

* [1933?] June 23e 28

* [1933?] Dec. 2e 29

[19]34 Jan. 7 29

1934 Feb. 23 30

* 193[4] May 10e 31

1934 July 16 31

* 1934 Aug. 26 32

* [1934] Aug. 26e 32

* [1934] Oct. le 32

1934 Oct. 9 32

* [1935] July 7 35

* [1935] Aug. 8 35

[19]35 Aug. 23 35

[19]35 Aug. 29 35

* [1935] Sept. T 35

* 1935 Nov. 27e 35

[19]35 Nov. 29 35

[19]35 Dec. 5 36

* [1935] Dec. 24e 36

* [1935] Dec. 31 36

[19]36 Jan. 10 36

[19]36 Feb. 25 36

* |1936] March 2e 36

* [19]36 March 16 37

* [19]36 July 8 38

[19]36 Aug. 2 38

* [1936] Aug. 21 38

1939 Jan. 26 45

* [19]39 Feb. 8 45

1939 Feb. 17 45

1939 July 31 46

Baldwin, Roger

1909 Sept. 10 3

* 1909 Sept. 20 3

1910 Dec. 7 4

* 1910 Dec. 10 4

1910 Dec. 21 4

* 1910 Dec. 23 4

*1911 Jan. 24 4

[1911] Jan. 24 4

1911 Feb. 11 5

* 1913 April 25 7

1919 Feb. 6 11

* 1922 Sept. 12 13

1922 Oct. 23 13

* 1923 Feb. 12 13

* [1923? Sept.?] 13

* 1923 Nov. 20 13

1924 March 18 13

* 1924 April 23 13

1924 June 3 13

* 1924 June 20 13

* 1924 Sept. 15 13

1924 Nov. 6 14

* 1924 Nov. 24 14

1925 Jan. 5 14

* 1925 March 27 14

1925 April 20 14

* 1925 May 15 15

[1925] Oct. 23 15

1925 Oct. 23 15

* 1928 Jan. 24 19

1928 April 4 20

* 1928 April 20 20

1928 May 3 20

* 1928 June 1 20

1930 Feb. 21 22

* 1930 March 14 22

1930 April 7 23

(* denotes “written by”; e denotes “see Errata”)

267

INDEX TO CORRESPONDENCE

* 1930 April 21 23

* [1930] July 31 23

* [1930] Aug. 26 23

* [1930] Sept. 6 23

1931 Aug. 19 24

1931 Aug. 29 24

1931 [Sept.?] 24

1931 [Nov.?] 68

1931 Nov. 9 25

* [1931] Nov. 27 25

1932 Jan. 12 26

1932 March 28 26

* [1932] May 7 26

* [1932] May 12 26

[19]33 Nov. 19 29

* [1933 Dec.] 29

* 1933 Dec. 1 29

* 1933 Dec. 4 29

[19]33 Dec. 13 29

* [19]33 Dec. 15 29

* 1933 Dec. 15 29

* 1933 Dec. 20 29

* 1933 Dec. [20] 29

* 1933 Dec. 22 29

1933 Dec. 22 29

[19]33 Dec. 23 29

1933 Dec. 26 29

* 1933 Dec. 27 29

[19]33 Dec. 29 29

* 1933 Dec. 30 29

[19]33 Dec. 30 29

* 1934 Jan. 2 29

[19]34 Jan. 3 29

* 1934 Jan. 4 29

[19]34 Jan. 4 29

*1934 Jan. 5 29

*1934 Jan. 8 29

[ 19]34 Jan. 8 29

[19]34 Jan. 8 29

[19]34 Jan. 10 29

[19]34 Jan. 17 29

* 1934 Jan. 19 29

[1934 Jan. 23?] 29

[19]34 Jan. 23 29

* 1934 Jan. 25 29

[19]34 Jan. 30 29

* 1934 Feb. 15 30

*1934 March 22 30

* 1934 March 22 30

1934 March 23 30

1934 April 11 30

*1934 April 13 30

* 1934 April 13 30

1934 May 24 31

* 1934 May 28 31

1934 June 30 31

* 1934 July 5 31

1934 Sept. 5 32

* 1934 Sept. 7 32

* 1934 Sept. 10 32

1934 Sept. 10 32

1934 Sept. 14 32

* [1934] Sept. 22 32

1934 Sept. 24 32

1934 Sept. 26 32

1934 Oct. 6 32

* 1934 Oct. 9 32

* 1934 Oct. 12 32

1934 Oct. 20 32

(* denotes “written by”; e denotes “see Errata”)

268

INDEX TO CORRESPONDENCE

1934 Oct. 20 32

*1934 Oct. 23 32

* 1934 Oct. 23 32

1934 Oct. 24 32

* 1934 Oct. 26 32

1934 Oct. 31 32

[19]34 Nov. 17 33

* 1934 Nov. 20 33

1934 Dec. 12 33

* 1934 Dec. 20 33

1934 Dec. 28 33

* 1934 Dec. 31 33

1935 Jan. 13 33

1935 Feb. 17 34

[1935 Feb. 17] 34

* 1935 Feb. 20 34

1935 March 2 34

* 1935 March 4 34

*1935 March 4 34

[1935 April?] 34

1935 April 2 34

* 1935 April 6 34

*1935 April 6 34

1935 April 11 34

[1935 April 11] 34

1935 April 12 34

[1935 April 12] 34

[1935 April 12] c 34

* 1935 April 16 34

[19]35 April 26 34

[1935 April 26] 34

* 1935 May 1 34

[1935 May 15] 34

[19]35 June 19 34

* [1935] July 26 68

[19]35 Sept. 11 35

* [1935] Dec. 29 68

1936 Jan. 10 68

* 1936 Feb. 6 36

[19]36 May 14 37

* [1936] June 16 37

[19]36 June 21 37

*[1936] July 3 38

* 1936 July 6 38

[19]36 July 24 38

* [1936] Aug. [6] 38

[1936 btw. Sept.? and Nov.?] .... 38

[19]36 Nov. 30 38

[19]36 Dec. 3 39

1936 Dec. 3 39

* 1936 Dec. 5 39

* [1936 Dec. 5] 39

[19]36 Dec. 18 39

* 1937 Jan. 4 39

[19]37 Jan. 26 39

* 1937 Feb. 4 39

[ 1 9]3 7 Feb. 12 39

[19]37 Feb. 12 39

* 1937 Feb. 23 39

* [1937 btw. March 16 and 31] ... . 39

1937 March 16 39

* 1937 April 1 40

1937 April 30 40

1937 April 30 68

1937 June 8 40

* 1937 June 9 40

*1937 June 18 40

[19]37 Sept. 12 41

1938 June 24 43

* [1938] July 6 43

1938 July 19 44

1938 July 19 69

* 1938 July 26 44

* 1938 July 26 69

1938 Aug. 8 44

1938 Aug. 8 69

1939 Oct. 20 46

*1939 Dec. 7 46

[ 19]40 Jan. 25 46

(* denotes “written by”; e denotes “see Errata”)

269

INDEX TO CORRESPONDENCE

* 1940 June 3 46

* [1940 June 3] 46

Ballantine, David

[1936 May 1?] 37

[19]38 May 3 43

[19]38 May 3 69

Ballantine, Edward

1923 March 10 13

1923 Dec. 3 13

* 1924 May 2 13

1934 [May?] 126 31

[1938 Sept.?] e 44

[ 1 9]3 8 Nov. 21 44

* [1938 Dec.? 15?] 44

[1939 Jan. 1] 45

* 1939 Feb. 7 45

[19]39 Feb. 20 45

[19]39 Feb. 28 45

[19]39 March 22 46

[19]39 June 25 46

Ballantine, Edward and Ian

[19]38 July 26 44

Ballantine, Harry

* [1937 April?] 40

Ballantine, Ian

* [1936] July 22 38

1936 Aug. 2 38

Ballantine, Stella

1917 July 15 10

[btw. 1918 Feb. 6 and 1919

Sept. 27] e 11

[btw. 1918 Feb. 8 and 1919

Sept. 27] 6 11

[btw. 1918 Feb. 8 and 1919

Sept. 27] e 11

[1918 Feb. 10] 11

* 1918 Feb. 16 11

1918 Feb. [17?] 11

[1918] Feb. 17 11

1918 Feb. 24 11

[1918 March] 11

1918 March 3 11

* 1918 March 8 11

* 1918 March 9 11

1918 March 17 11

[1918 April] e 11

1918 April 7 11

1918 April 21 11

1918 April 28 11

[1918 May?]6 11

1918 May 5 ... 11

1918 [May] 126 11

1918 May 19 11

1918 June 9 11

1918 June 23 11

1918 June 30 11

1918 July 8 11

1918 July 11 11

1918 July 18 11

1918 July 25 11

1918 Aug. 8e 11

1918 Aug. 15 11

1918 Aug. 25e 11

1918 Sept. 1 11

[1918] Sept. 12 11

1918 Sept. 19 11

1918 Sept. 26 11

1918 Oct. 3e 11

1918 Oct. 10 11

1918 Oct. 20 11

1918 Oct. 27 11

1918 Nov. 3 11

1918 Nov. 10 11

1918 Nov. 14 11

1918 Nov. 17 11

1918 Nov. 24 11

1918 Dec. 1 11

1918 Dec. 8 11

1918 Dec. 15 11

1918 Dec. 22 11

1918 [Dec. 29] 11

191 [9] Jan. 7 11

1919 Jan. 14 11

1919 Jan. 19 11

1919 Jan. 26 11

1919 J[an.] 26 11

1919 Feb. 4 11

1919 Feb. 6e 11

1919 Feb. 9 11

1919 Feb. 13 11

1919 Feb. 18 11

[1919] Feb. 18 11

1919 Feb. 23 11

1919 March 2 11

[1919 March 6] 6 11

1919 March 11 11

1919 March 18 11

1919 March 23 11

1919 March 30 11

1919 April 3 11

1919 April 13 11

(* denotes “written by”; e denotes “see Errata”)

270

INDEX TO CORRESPONDENCE

1919 April [2]0C 11

1919 April 24 11

1919 May 4 11

1919 May 11 11

1919 May 15 11

1919 May 22 11

1919 May 29-30e 11

[1919 June? l?]e 11

1919 June 3 11

1919 June 8 11

1919 June 15 11

1919 June 2[2] 11

1919 June 29 11

[1919 July?] 11

1919 July 10 11

1919 [July 15] 11

1919 July 20 11

[1919] July 25-27 11

1919 Aug. 2[-3] 11

1919 Aug. 15[-17] 11

1919 Aug. 22[-23] 11

1919 Aug. 30 11

1919 Sept. 5[-7] 11

1919 Sept. 11 11

1919 Sept. 16 11

[1919 Nov. 29] 12

[1919 btw. Dec. 5 and 9] 12

[1919 Dec. 7-8] 12

1919 Dec. 10 12

[1919 Dec. 14] 12

[1919 Dec. 16] 12

[1920] Jan. 5 12

[1920] Jan. 8 12

1920 Jan. 12 12

[1920] Jan. 13-14 12

[1920] Jan. 15 12

[1920] Jan. 16 12

1920 [Jan.] 28 12

1920 Jan. 28 12

1920 Jan. 29 12

1920 Feb. 28 12

[1920] May 1 68

1920 May 25 12

[1920 May 25] 12

1920 May 25 68

1920 June 8 12

1920 Nov. 4 12

1920 Nov. 28 12

1921 Feb. 25 12

1 [92] 1 March 2 12

1921 April 10 12

1921 April 21 12

1921 June 5 12

1921 July 12 12

1921 July 23 12

1921 Sept. 21 12

1921 Oct. 1 12

1921 Oct. 17 12

[1921] Oct. 19 12

1921 Nov. 8 12

1921 Nov. 15 12

* 1921 Nov. 16 12

1921 Nov. 21 12

[1921] Dec. 13 12

1921 Dec. 20 12

1921 Dec. 31 12

1922 Jan. 6 12

1922 Jan. 14 12

1922 Jan. 19 12

1922 Jan. 23 12

1922 Feb. 11 12

1922 March 6 12

1922 Sept. 22 13

1922 Sept. 28 13

[1922 Oct.] 13

1922 Nov. 11 13

[1922] Nov. 2 [4?] 13

1922 Dec. 6 13

1922 Dec. 19 13

1923 Jan. 7 13

1923 Jan. 11 13

1923 Jan. 16 13

1923 Jan. 24 13

[1923 Feb.] 13

1923 Feb. 5 13

[1923] Feb. 13 13

[1923] Feb. 25 13

[1923 March?] 13

[1923 March] 13

1923 March 10 13

[1923 April?] 13

[1923 Nov.] 13

1923 Nov. 14 13

1923 Nov. 15 13

(* denotes “written by”; e denotes “see Errata”)

271

INDEX TO CORRESPONDENCE

1923 Nov. 21 13

1923 Dec, 9-10 13

1923 Dec. 16 13

1923 Dec. 21 13

1924 Jan. 10 13

1924 Feb. 6 13

1924 Feb. 17 13

1924 Feb. 26 13

1924 March 7 13

1924 March 8 13

1924 April 7 13

1924 June 28 13

1924 Aug. 20 13

[1924] Oct. 25 14

[1924] Dec. 1 14

1924 Dec. 12 14

1924 Dec. 19 14

1925 Feb. 10 14

1925 March 3 14

1925 March 27 14

1925 April 14 14

1925 June 2 15

1925 June 12 15

1925 June 19 15

1925 June 30 15

[1925 June 30] 68

[1925] Nov. 13 15

* [1928? April?] 20

[19]29 June 2 21

[19]29 Oct. 20 22

1929 Oct. 20 22

* 1931 June 27 24

[1931 July?] 24

* [1931] July 14 24

[ 1 9]3 1 July 18 24

* [1931] Nov. 24 25

[ 1 9]3 1 Dec. 7 25

* [1933 Dec. 29] 29

[19]33 Dec. 29 29

* 1933 [Dec. 31] 29

[19]34 Jan. 4 29

[19]34 Jan. 7 29

[19]34 Jan. 1 1 29

[19]34 Jan. 15 29

1934 March 30

* [1934 March 15?] 30

1934 March 15 30

[1934 April? 1?] 30

1934 April 7 30

[19]34 April 11 30

* [1934 June 1?] 31

* [1934] June 2 31

1934 June 2 31

[19]34 June 18 31

* [1934] June 21 31

* [1934 June 21] 31

[19]34 June 23 31

* [1934 June 26] 31

* [1934] June 28 31

[19]34 June 29 31

* [1934 July?]6 31

* [1934] July 5 31

* [1934] July 10 31

[19]34 July 10 31

[19]34 July 14 31

* [1934] July 16 31

[19]34 July 16 31

1934 July 19 31

1934 July 27 31

[1934 Aug.] e 32

* [1934 Aug. l?]e 32

* [1934] Aug. 2 32

1934 Aug. 7 32

[19]34 Aug. 1 1 32

* [1934 Aug. 17] 32

* [1934] Aug. 22 32

1934 Aug. 23 32

[19]34 Aug. 31 32

* [1934 Sept.? 3?] 32

* [1934] Sept. 6 32

[19]34 Sept. 9 32

[19]34 Sept. 22 32

* 1934 Oct. 4 32

* [1934 Oct. 12?] 32

[19]34 Oct. 14 32

* [1934 Oct. 22] 32

[19]34 Oct. 23 32

[19]34 Oct. 25 32

[19]34 Oct. 29 32

* [1934 Oct. 30?] 32

[1934 Nov. 3-4] 33

1935 Jan. 17 33

* [1935?] Feb. 6 33

[19]35 March 11 34

* [1935] March 12 34

* [1935 March 20] 34

* [1935 March 25] 34

* [1935 March 26] 34

[19]35 March 27 34

[19]35 March 28 34

* 1935 April 1 34

(* denotes “written by”; e denotes “see Errata”)

272

INDEX TO CORRESPONDENCE

[19]35 April 3 34 [1936 Sept. 3]

* [1935 April 21?] e 34 [19]36 Sept. 3

* [1935?] Sept. 24 35 [1936 Sept. 3]

* [1936] March 5 36 1936 Sept. 9

1936 March 18 37 [19]36 Sept. 1 1-13

* [1936] April 30 37 [19]36 Sept. 19

* [1936] May 20 37 1936 Sept. 19

* [1936] May 26 37 [19]36 Sept. 19

[19]36 May 30 37 [19]36 Sept. 25

*[1936] June 3 37 [ 1 9]36 Oct. 17

[19]36 June 7 37 [19]36 Oct. 28

* [1936] June 10 37 1936 Nov. 3

[19]36 June 14 37 [19]36Nov. 14

* 1936] June 16 37 [19J36Nov. 18

* [1936] June 18 37 [19]36Nov. 22

[19]36 June 22 37 * [1936] Dec. 1

* [1936] June 25 37 [19]36 Dec. 16e

* [1936] June 30 37 [19]36 Dec. 29

*[1936] July 2 38 [19]37 Jan. 5

*[1936] July 3 38 [1937 btw. Jan. 9 and 22]

*[1936] July 6 38 * [1937] Jan. 15

[19]36 July 6 38 * [1937] Jan. 22

* [1936] July 10 38 [19]37 Jan. 22

[19]36 July 13 38 [19]37 Jan. 26

* [1936] July 14 38 * [1937] Jan. 28

[19]36 July 19 38 * [1937] Feb. 2

[193]6 July 19 38 * [1937] Feb. 16

[193]6 July 19 38 [19]37 Feb. 16

* [1936] July 22 38 [19]37 March 2

[19]36 July 25 38 [19]37 March 2

[19]36 July 25 38 * [1937] March 16

* [1936] July 28 38 * [1937] March 23

* [1936] July 31 38 [19]37 March 30

[19]36 Aug. 2 38 [19]37 Aug. 1

[19]36 Aug. 2 68 [1937] Sept. [28?]-30 ..

* [1936] Aug. 4 38 [1937] Oct. 19

[19]36 Aug. 6 38 [19]37 Oct. 27

[19]36 Aug. 6 38 [19]37Nov.29

[19]36 Aug. 10 38 * [1938] Jan. 4

* [1936] Aug. 11 38 [1938 Jan.? 10?]

[19]36 Aug. 13 38 * [1938] Jan. 12

* [1936] Aug. 19 38 * [1938] Jan. 18

[19]36 Aug. 22 38 [19]38 Jan. 19e

[19]36 Aug. 22 38 [19]38 Feb. 1

* [1936] Aug. 25 38 * [1938] Feb. 22

[19]36 Aug. 26 38 [1938 March?]

[1936 Aug. 26] 38 [19]38June3

[19]36 Aug. 30 38 1938 June 20

[19]36 Aug. 30 38 1940 March 2

[19]36 Sept. 3 38 * [1940 April?]

[ 19]36 Sept. 3 38 *1940 April 3

(* denotes “written by”; e denotes “see Errata”)

273

INDEX TO CORRESPONDENCE

*1940 April 5 46

*1940 April 15 46

1940 April 19 46

* 1940 April 22 46

*1940 May 2-6 46

* [1940] May 11 46

1940 May 14 46

[1940 May 14] 46

1940 May 15 46

[1940 May] 16 46

1940 May 16 46

* 1940 May 27 46

1940 June 4 46

Ballantine, Stella and Edward

1934 [May?] 12 31

Ballantine, Stella, and Saxe Commins

* [19]36 [July] 2 38

[19]36 Sept. 9 38

[1936 Sept. 9] 38

[19]36 Oct. 10 38

Ballantine, Stella, and M. Eleanor Fitzgerald

* [1919 Dec. 2?] 12

1920 Feb. 28-March 4 68

1920 May 1 68

1920 June [15]-29 12

1920 June 29 12

[1920] Oct. 24 12

1920 Nov. 3 12

1921 Jan. 29 12

1921 Jan. 29-Feb. 5 12

1921 May 19 12

Ballantine, Stella, and Emma Goldman

1919 Jan. 25 11

* 1934 March 8 30

Balston, Thomas

* 1932 Oct. 17 27

* 1932 Oct. 24 27

1932 Oct. 31 27

* 1932 Nov. 4 27

Bank of Montreal

* 1935 Oct. 12 35

[19]36 Feb. 18 36

Bannister, G. H.

* 1939 Dec. 6 46

Banque Seligman

1929 April 30 21

* [1932 June 23] 27

[19]38 March 26 42

Banque W. F. King

*1929 Oct. 2 22

Barber, Walter L.

[19]36 May 15 37

* 1936 May 19 37

Barker, Christina Ross

* [ 1 9]3 5 Aug. 2 35

[ 1 9]3 5 Aug. 22 35

Barker, Mary

*1936 July 12 38

Barnett, Kathleen

* 1936 June 9 37

Barnsdale, Aline

* 1925 Oct. 22 15

[19]30 May 9 23

[1932? Jan.?] e 26

* 1932 July 30 27

1932 Aug. 28 27

[1932 Sept.?] e 27

1933 Dec. [18?] 29

Barondess, Joseph

* 1903 Nov. 20 1

* 1903 Dec. 7 1

*1903 Dec. 29 1

Barr, Ralph

[1936 Feb. 18]e 36

1936 May 6 37

*[1937 Oct.?] 41

[1938? Jan.? 1?] 41

1938 Jan. 11 41

[ 19]39 Jan. 2 45

* 1939 Jan. 16 45

Barrett, Fannie

[19]35 Sept. 18 35

1935 Dec. 12 36

[19]36 April 16 37

* 1936 July 10 38

1937 March 5 39

1937 July 6 40

Barton, J. Craig

[19]36 May 29 37

Baruta Vila, Mateo

[1939 Jan. 5] 45

1939 Jan. 5 69

Baruta Vila, Mateo, and Lucia Sanchez
Saornil

* 1939 Jan. 27 45

(* denotes “written by”; e denotes “see Errata”)

274

INDEX TO CORRESPONDENCE

Baskette, Ewing C.

* 1934 Nov. 29 33

1934 Dec. 8 33

Bass, Leon. See Maimed, Leon
Battaglia, Luis

1939 Oct. 31 46

Baner, Kaspar

[1912] June 3 6

Baum, Lilly

* 1936 July 18 38

* [19]36 July 18 38

Beach, Sylvia

[1924] Sept. 1 13

1924 Sept. 1 13

[1925?] 14

1925 Sept. 20 15

[ 1 9]3 1 Nov. 6 25

[19]31 Nov. 7 25

[19]31 Nov. 23 25

*1931 Nov. 24 25

[ 1 9]3 1 Dec. 20 25

Beard, Charles A.

1928 Jan. 26 19

*[1928] May 4 20

Beazell, W. P.

* 1923 Aug. 19 13

1923 Oct. 12 13

1924 Feb. 3 13

Becchetti, Leo

* [19]40 Feb. 3 46

[19]40 Feb. 17 46

Beck, Gustav

* 1928 Jan. 25 19

1928 Feb. 8 19

* 1932 March 27 26

1932 May 25 26

* 1934 Feb. 8 30

Beck, J. H.

[1936 May 15] 37

* 1936 May 20 37

Beck, Katherine (“Kitty”)

1918 Jan. 8e 11

1918 Oct. 13e 11

Bederick, Jennie

1916 Aug. 28 10

1916 Oct. 28 10

Beffel, John Nicholas

1915 Oct. 16 9

Bell, Thomas H.

* 1926 Nov. 22 16

1926 Dec. 31 16

* [btw. 1928 and 1930] 19

* 1929 March 25 21

*[1930 May 31] 23

* 1930 May 31 23

1931 March 30 23

* 1932 Jan. 14 26

1932 Feb. 8 26

* 1933 Dec. 29 29

1934 Jan. 19 29

*1935 April 18 34

* 1935 April 18 34

1935 April 30 34

[19]35 June 13 34

*1936 July 17 38

[19]36 Aug. 3 38

* 1936 Sept. 1 38

* 1936 Sept. 12-19 38

[19]36 Oct. 4e 38

[19]36 Oct. 4 38

* 1936 Dec. 26 39

* [1937?] 39

* 1937 Feb. 2 39

1937 March 8 39

* 1937 April 5 40

*1937 April 5 40

* 1937 April 5 40

1937 May 14 40

1937 July 1 40

Benson, Bernard

* 1926 July 28 16

[19]36 May 1 5 37

* 1936 May 18 37

Bentley, Arthur Fisher

1902 Dec. lle 1

Berger, Victor L.

*1927 Nov. 15 68

1927 Dec. 8 19

1927 Dec. 8 68

* 1927 Dec. 19 68

1927 Dec. 29 19

1927 Dec. 29 68

(* denotes “written by”; e denotes “see Errata”)

275

INDEX TO CORRESPONDENCE

Berkman, Alexander (“Sasha”). See also
Eckstein, Emmy, and Alexander Berkman

1925 July 7

1925 July 9

. . 15

* [19]03 July 20

1925 July 11

. . 15

* [19]03 Aug. 11

1925 July 13

. . 15

[1904 Jan.?]

1925 July 14

. . 15

[1904] Jan. 18

[ 1 9]25 July 16

. . 15

[1904? Feb.?]

[1925] July 18

. . 15

1907 March 17

[1925?] July 22

. . 15

1907 March 19

1925 July 23

. . 15

[btw. 1911 Dec. and 1912 Jan.] . . .

1925 July 27

. . 15

[1912?] e

1925 July 30

. . 15

*1914 July 24

1925 Aug.e

, . 15

*1914 July 27

1925 Aug. 2

. . 15

* [1915]

1925 [Aug.?] 8

. . 15

* 1916 Feb. 29

1925 AugT 13

, . 15

* [1917 btw. July 25 and Nov. 14] . .

1925 Aug. 17

, . 15

* [1917 btw. July 25 and Nov. 14] . .

1925 Aug. 20

. . 15

1918 April 9

1925 Aug. 23

, . 15

1918 [May] 18

[19]25 Aug. 26

, . 15

[1919 July?]

[19]25 Aug. 27

. 15

[1919 btw. July and Aug.]

1925 Sept. 1

. 15

[1919 Aug.?]

1925 Sept. 4

. 15

[19]24 Aug. 4

1925 Sept. 6

. 15

1924 Aug. 13

1925 Sept. 10

. 15

[1924] Aug. 20

1925 Sept. 14

. 15

* 1924 Aug. 25

[1925] Sept. 16

. 15

[1924] Oct. 2

1925 Sept. 19

. 15

1[9]24 Oct. 6

1925 Sept. 23

. 15

1924 Oct. 25

1925 Sept. 27

. 15

1924 Dec. 22

1925 Sept. 30

. 15

1925 Jan. 5

* [1925 Oct.]

. 15

1925 Feb. [2?]

1925 Oct. 4

. 15

1925 Feb. 5

* [1925] Oct. 9

. 15

* [1925] Feb. 6

1925 Oct. 11

. 15

1925 Feb. 21

1925 Oct. 12

. 15

1925 Feb. 25

1925 Oct. 16

. 15

1925 March 11

* [1925] Nov. 1-2

. 15

1925 March 12

* [1925] Nov. 8

. 15

[1925 March 13?]

[19]25 Nov. 9

. 15

* [1925] March 16

1925 Nov. 15

. 15

1925 March 16

1925 Nov. 23

. 15

1925 March 19

* [1925] Nov. 25

. 15

* [1925] March 28

[1925] Dec. 20

. 15

[1925 btw. April and June]

* [1926] March 23

. 68

[1925 April?]

* [ 1 926] March 24

. 68

1925 May 18

* [btw. 1926 Oct. and 1928 Feb.] .

. 16

1925 May 28

* [1926] Dec. 1

. 16

1925 June 2

* [1926? Dec.? 3]e

. 16

1925 June 6

* [1926] Dec. 6

. 16

1925 June 8

* [1926] Dec. 6

. 16

[1925 July?] e

[19]26 Dec. 15

. 16

(* denotes “written by”; e denotes “see Errata”)

276

INDEX TO CORRESPONDENCE

* 1926 Dec. 18 16

1926 Dec. 22 16

[1926 Dec. 22] 16

* [1926] Dec. 27 16

1926 Dec. 27 16

* [1926] Dec. 31 16

*[1927 Jan.?] 17

[1927? Jan.?] e 17

* [1927] Jan. 3 17

* [1927] Jan. 8 17

* [1927] Jan. 10 17

1927 Jan. 15-17 17

* [1927] Jan. 16 17

1927 Jan. 20 17

* [1927] Jan. 21 17

* [1927] Jan. 24 17

[19]27 Jan. 25 17

192[7] Jan. 31 17

* 1927 Feb. 4 17

1927 Feb. 7 17

* [1927] Feb. 11 17

[19]27 Feb. 11 17

* [1927?] Feb. 15 17

* [1927] Feb. 16 17

1927 Feb. 18 17

[19]27 Feb. 22 17

* [1927] Feb. 24 17

[19]27 Feb. 26 17

[19]27 March 2 17

* [1927] March 5 17

* [1927] March 7 17

1927 March 11 17

* 1927 March 15 17

1927 March 15 17

* [1927] March 18 17

[19]27 March 21 17

* [1927] March 23 17

[19]27 March 26 17

* [1927] March 28 17

* [1927] March 31 17

1927 April 4 18

[1927 April 4] 18

* [1927] April 6 18

* 1927 April 11 18

[19]27 April 11-12 18

[19]27 April 18 18

* [1927] April 19 18

1927 April 22 18

* [1927] April 25 18

1927 April 27 18

* [1927] May 1 18

[19]27 May 2 18

*[1927] May 4 18

*[1927] May 8 18

[19]27 May 9 18

* 1927 May 12 18

[1927 May 15-16] 18

1927 May 17 18

1927 May 18 18

*[1927] May 19 18

*[1927] May 27 18

1927 May 30 18

1927 June 6 18

* 1927 June 11 18

* [1927] June 13 18

1927 June 13 18

* [1927] June 18 18

1 92[ 7] June 18 18

* 1927 June 24 18

1927 June 26 18

* 1927 June 27 18

1927 June 29 18

[1927 July?] 18

*[1927] July 1 18

1927 July 4 18

[1927] July 5 18

* [1927] July 7 18

* [1927] July 12 18

1927 July 12 18

1927 July 14 18

* [1927?] July 18 18

* [1927] July 21 18

1927 July 22 18

* [1927] July 27e 18

* [1927] July 28e 18

* [1927] Aug. 4 18

1927 Aug. 8 18

1927 Aug. 12 18

* [1927] Aug. 16e 18

* [1927] Aug. 18 18

1927 Aug. 19 18

* [1927] Aug. 20 18

* [1927] Aug. 26 18

* [1927] Sept. 5 19

[192]7 Sept. 7 19

1927 Sept. 7 19

[1927 Sept. 7] 19

1927 Sept. 8 19

1927 Sept. 14e 19

* [1927] Sept. 17 19

* [1927] Sept. 18 19

1927 Sept. 19 19

(* denotes “written by”; e denotes “see Errata”)

277

INDEX TO CORRESPONDENCE

1927 Sept. 27 19

[1927 Oct.?] 19

1927 Oct. 3 19

* [1927] Oct. 12 19

1927 Oct. 12 19

* [1927] Oct. 20 19

1927 Oct. 21 19

* [1927] Oct. 24 19

*[1927] Nov. 5 19

* [1927] Nov. 12 19

* [1927] Nov. 15 19

* [1927] Nov. 17 19

[19]27 Nov. 1 8 19

* [1927] Nov. 21 19

[19]27 Nov. 25 19

[1927 Dec.] 19

* [1927] Dec. 1 19

*[1927] Dec. 4 19

* 1927 Dec. 7 19

*[1927] Dec. 7 19

* [1927] Dec. 8 19

* [1927] Dec. 12 19

1927 Dec. 12 19

[19]27 Dec. 17 19

* 1927 Dec. 18 19

1927 Dec. 23 19

1927 Dec. 23-27 19

* [1927] Dec. 27 19

[19]27 Dec. 30 19

* [1928?] 19

* [btw. 1928? and 1929] 19

* [1928? Jan.?] 19

* [1928] Jan. 3 68

* [1928] Jan. 27 19

* [1928] Jan. 30 19

*[1928] Feb. 3 19

*[1928] Feb. 6 19

* [1928] March 21 68

*[1928? June] 20

*[1928 June?] 20

* [1928 btw. June 2 and 8] 20

* [1928] June 14 20

* [1928] June 22 20

* [1928] June 25 20

* [1928] June 28 20

* [1928] June 29 20

[19]28 June 29 20

[19]28 July 3 20

*[1928] July 4 20

* [1928] July 6 20

* [1928] July 10 20

* [1928] July 16 20

* [1928] July 18 20

* [1928] July 19 20

* [1928] July 21 20

*[1928 Nov. 9] 20

* [1928] Nov. 19 20

[19]28 Nov. 23 20

* [1928] Nov. 28 20

* [1929?] 20

* [1929] 68

* [1929] Jan. 20 20

[19]29 Jan. 24 20

* [1929] Jan. 26 68

* [1929] Jan. 28 20

[19]29 Jan. 30 20

*[1929] Feb. 2 20

[19]29 Feb. 6 20

* [1929] Feb. 7 20

* [1929] Feb. 8 20

* [1929] Feb. 17 20

* [1929] Feb. 20 20

[19]29 Feb. 20 20

1929 Feb. 22 20

* [1929] Feb. 27 20

* [1929] March 2 21

* [1929] March 9 21

* [1929] March 31 68

* [1929] April 9 68

* [1929] April 11 21

* [1929?] April 18 68

* [1929] April 24 21

* [1929] April 29 68

*[1929] May 3 21

*[1929] May 9 21

* [1929] May 11 68

* [1929] May 12 21

[19]29 May 14 21

*[1929] May 15 21

*[1929] May 17 21

*[1929] May 20 21

*[1929] May 22 21

[19]29 May 24 21

*[1929] May 26 21

* [1929?] May 27 21

*[1929] June 1 21

* [1929] July 16 68

* [1929] July 21 21

* [1929 July 23] 21

* [1929 July 27?] 21

(* denotes “written by”; e denotes “see Errata”)

278

INDEX TO CORRESPONDENCE

* [1929] July 31 21

* [1929 Aug.?] 21

*[1929 Aug.] 21

* [19]29 Aug. 5 21

* [1929] Aug. 7 68

* [1929] Aug. 15 21

* [1929] Aug. 16 21

* [1929] Aug. 30 21

[1929 Sept.] 21

* [1929] Sept. 4 21

* [1929 Sept. 5?] 21

* [1929] Sept. 5 21

* [1929] Sept. 10 21

* [1929] Sept. 21 21

* [1929] Sept. 25 21

* [1930?] 68

[1930?] Feb. 12 22

* [1930] March? 3 22

[19]30 March 6 22

* [1930] March 18 22

* [1930] March 26 22

* [1930] June 23 23

* [1930] June 29 23

* [1930? Aug.?] 23

* [1930?] Aug. 2 23

* [1930] Sept. 18 23

*[1931?] 68

*[1931] 23

* [1931] April 18 24

*[1931] May 7 24

*[1931] May 14 24

1931 May 18 24

* [1931 June?] 24

*[1931] June 3 .' 24

* [1931] June 21 24

* [1931] June 23 24

[ 1 9]3 1 June 26 24

* [1931 June? 29?] 24

* [1931] July 4 24

* [1931 July 5] 24

[19]3 1 July 5 24

* [1931] J[ul]y 13 24

* [1931 July] 14 24

* [1931] July 16 24

*1931 July 17 24

* 1931 July 17 24

* [1931] July 17 24

[19]3 1 July 18 24

* [1931] July 19 24

* [1931 July 27?] 24

* [1931] July 30 24

* [1931 Aug.?] 24

*[1931 Aug.?] 24

* [1931? Aug.?] 68

[1931? Aug.?] 68

* [1931] Aug. 1 24

*[1931 Aug. 7] 24

* [1931 Aug. 7] 24

*[1931] Aug. 9 24

[ 1 9]3 1 Aug. 10 24

* [1931] Aug. 11 24

[ 1 9]3 1 Aug. 14 24

*1931 Aug. 15 24

[ 1 9]3 1 Aug. 18 24

* [1931] Aug. 20 24

* [1931] Aug. 22 24

[ 1 9]3 1 Aug. 22 24

[ 1 9]3 1 Aug. 23 24

* [19]31 Aug. 26 24

1931 Aug. 26 24

* [1931 Sept.?] 24

* [1931] Oct. 1 25

*[1931] Oct. 4 25

*[1931] Oct. 6 25

[ 1 9]3 1 Oct. 8 25

* [1931] Oct. 16 25

* [1931] Oct. 20 25

[ 1 9]3 1 Oct. 21 25

* [1931] Oct. 22 25

* [1931] Oct. 23 25

[19]31 Oct. 23 25

1931 Oct. 23 25

[ 1 9]3 1 Oct. 23 25

* [1931] Oct. 26 25

[ 1 9]3 1 Oct. 28 25

[ 1 9]3 1 Oct. 31 25

* [1931? Nov.?] 25

*[1931 Nov.?] 25

*[1931 Nov.] 25

(* denotes “written by”; e denotes “see Errata”)

279

INDEX TO CORRESPONDENCE

* [1931 Nov.J 25

* [1931] Nov. 2 25

[ 1 9]3 1 Nov. 5 25

*1931 Nov. 7 25

*[1931] Nov. 7 25

[ 1 9]3 1 Nov. 9 25

* [1931] Nov. 12 25

[ 1 9]3 1 Nov. 12 25

* 1931 Nov. 14 25

* 1931 Nov. 15 25

[ 1 9]3 1 Nov. 15 25

[ 1 9]3 1 Nov. 17 25

[ 1 9]3 1 Nov. 18 25

* [1931] Nov. 19 25

[ 1 9]3 1 Nov. 21 25

* 19[31]Nov. 22 25

* 19[31] Nov. 22 25

* [1931] Nov. 23 25

* [1931] Nov. 24 25

[ 1 9]3 1 Nov. 24 25

[19]3 1 Nov. 24 25

* [1931] Nov. 26 25

* [1931] Nov. 28 25

1931 Dec.? 25

* [1931] Dec. 1 25

* 1931 Dec. 2 25

*[1931] Dec. 3 25

[ 1 9]3 1 Dec. 3 25

*[1931] Dec. 6 25

[ 1 9]3 1 Dec. 6 25

[ 1 9]3 1 Dec. 9 25

* 1931 Dec. 10 25

* [1931] Dec. 10 25

* [1931 btw. Dec 11 and 14] 25

[ 1 9]3 1 Dec. 11 25

* [1931 Dec. 12?] 25

[ 1 9]3 1 Dec. 13 25

* [1931] Dec. 14 25

[ 1 9]3 1 Dec. 14 25

[19]3 1 Dec. 14 25

* [1931] Dec. 15-16 25

[ 1 9]3 1 Dec. 16 25

[ 1 9]3 1 Dec. 18 25

* 1931 Dec. 19 25

* [1931] Dec. 22 25

[ 1 9]3 1 Dec. 23 25

* [1931] Dec. 25 25

[ 1 9]3 1 Dec. 25 25

[19]32 Jan. 1 26

[19]32 Jan. 4 26

* [1932] Jan. 5 26

[19]32 Jan. 6 26

* [1932?] Jan. 7 26

* [1932] Jan. 9 26

* [1932] Jan. 11 26

[19]32 Jan. 11 26

* [1932] Jan. 13 26

[19]32 Jan. 13 26

[1932] Jan. 14 26

* [1932] Jan. 15 26

* [1932] Jan. 19 26

[19]32 Jan. 19 26

1932 Jan. [21?] 26

[19]32 Jan. 21 26

[19]32 Jan. 24 26

* 1932 Jan. 25 26

[19]32 Jan. 27 26

* [1932?] Jan. 28 26

[19]32 Jan. [28?] 26

[19]32 Jan. 29 26

[19]32 Feb. 1 26

[19]32 Feb. 2 26

* 1932 F[e]b. 4 26

* 1932 Feb. 4 26

1932 Feb. [5?] 26

[19]32 Feb. 5 26

* [1932 Feb. 7?] e 26

* [1932? Feb.? 8?] e 26

*[1932] Feb. 8 26

[19]32 Feb. 8 26

* 1932 Feb. 9 26

(* denotes “written by”; e denotes “see Errata”)

280

INDEX TO CORRESPONDENCE

[19]32 Feb. 9 26

* [1932] Feb. 11 26

[19]32 Feb. 15 26

[19]32 Feb. 16 26

* [1932?] Feb. 17 26

[19]32 Feb. 21 26

* [1932] Feb. 23 26

[19]32 Feb. 23 26

* [1932] Feb. 24 26

* [1932] Feb. 25 26

*1932 Feb. 26 26

* 1932 Feb. 26 26

1932 Feb. 26 26

[19]32 Feb. 28 26

[19]32 Feb. 29 26

[1932 March?] 26

* 1932 March 2 26

* [1932] March 2 26

* [1932 March 2] 26

* [1932] March 2 26

* 1932 March 3 26

* [1932] March 3 26

* 1932 March 3 26

* [1932 March 3] 26

[19] 32 March 3 26

* [1932] March 4 26

[19] 32 March 6 26

* [1932] March 7-9 26

[19]32 March 8 26

* 1932 March 10 26

* [1932] March 10 26

* [1932 March 10] 26

* [1932] March 12 26

[19]32 March 12 26

[19]32 March 14 26

* [1932] March 16 26

[19]32 March 18 26

[19]32 March 21 26

* [1932] March 22 26

* [1932] March 23 26

[19]32 March 23 26

* [1932] March 26 26

[19]32 March 26 26

* 1932 March 28 26

* [1932] March 29 26

* [1932] March 29-April 1 26

[19]32 March 30 26

* [1932] March 31 26

[19]32 March 31 26

* 1932 [April?]6 26

* [1932 April?] 26

* 1932 April 1 26

[19]32 April 1 26

[1932] April [2?] 26

* [1932] April 3 26

* [1932] April 5 26

* 1932 April 6 26

[19]32 April 6 26

* [1932] April 7 26

* 1932 April 8 26

[19]32 April 9 26

* [1932] April 12 26

[19]32 April 13 26

* [1932] April 16 26

* [1932] April 18 26

* [1932 April 18] 26

* [1932] April 19 26

* [1932?] April 20 26

* [1932] April 22 26

* [1932 April 22] 26

* [1932] April 22 26

[19]32 April 24 26

* [1932?] April 27e 26

* [1932] April 27 26

* 1932 April 29 26

*[1932? May?] 26

* [1932? May?] e 26

* [1932? May?]6 26

*[1932] May 5 26

* [1932 May 6?] 6 26

*[1932] May 7 26

* [1932 May 8?] 6 26

*[1932] May 9 26

* [1932? June?] 27

*[1932 June?] 27

* [1932 June?] 27

* 1932 June 14 27

[19]32 June 22 27

* [19]32 June 23 27

* [1932] June 26 27

* [1932] July 13 27

(* denotes “written by”; e denotes “see Errata”)

281

INDEX TO CORRESPONDENCE

* [1932 Aug.?] e 27

* (1932? Aug.? 23?] e 27

* [1932?] Aug. 24 27

* [1932?] Aug. 28e 27

* [1932?] Aug. 29 27

* [1932 Sept.?] 27

[19]32 Sept. 18 27

[19]32 Sept. 22 27

[19]32 Sept. 25 27

* [1932] Sept. 29 27

* [1932? Oct.?] 27

* [1932 Oct.?] e 27

*[1932 Oct.] 27

[19]32 Oct. 1 27

* [1932?] Oct. 2 27

* [1932?] Oct. 3 27

* [1932 Oct. 4?] e 27

* [1932 Oct. 10?] e 27

[19]32 Oct. 13 27

* [19]32 Oct. 15-16 27

* [1932 Oct. 17?] 27

* [1932] Oct. 18 27

[19]32 Oct. 18 27

* [1932?] Oct. 20 27

[19]32 Oct. 20 27

* [1932] Oct. 22 27

[19]32 Oct. 23 27

* [1932] Oct. 24 27

[19]32 Oct. 25 27

* [1932?] Oct. 26 27

[19]32 Oct. 26 27

[1932 Oct. 26] 27

* [1932?] Oct. 28 27

* 1932 Oct. 29 27

*1932 Oct. 29 27

*[1932] Nov. 2 27

*[1932] Nov. 6 27

*[1932] Nov. 7 27

* [1932] Nov. 10 27

* [1932] Nov. 12 27

* [1932] Nov. 18 27

* [19]32 Nov. 20 27

[19]32 Nov. 22 27

* [1932] Nov. 25 27

* [1932] Nov. 29 27

[1932? Dec.] 27

[19]32 Dec. 1 27

*[1932] Dec. 3 27

*[1932] Dec. 7 27

* [1932] Dec. 8 27

*[1932] Dec. 9 27

[19]32 Dec. 9 27

* [1932] Dec. 11 27

* [1932?] Dec. 14e 27

* [1932] Dec. 21 27

* [1932] Dec. 27 27

* [1932] Dec. 30 27

* [1933 Jan.?]e 28

[19]33 Jan. 5 28

[19]33 Jan. 1 1 28

[19]33 Jan. 12 28

* 1933 Jan. 13 28

[19]33 Jan. 18 28

* [1933] Jan. 19 28

[19]33 Jan. 26 28

[19]33 Jan. 30 28

[19]33 Jan. 31 28

* [1933 Feb.?] 28

* [1933] Feb. 2 28

[19]33 Feb. 3 28

* [1933] Feb. 5 28

[19]33 Feb. 5 28

*[1933] Feb. 8 28

[19]33 Feb. 9 28

* 1933 Feb. 10 28

* 1933 Feb. 11 28

[19]33 Feb. 1 1 28

* [1933] Feb. 12 28

[19]33 Feb. 13 28

[19]33 Feb. 15 28

* [1933] Feb. 16 28

* 1933 Feb. 17 28

[19]33 Feb. 17 28

* [1933] Feb. 18-22 28

* [1933] Feb. 25 28

[19]33 Feb. 26 28

* [1933 March] le 28

* [1933] March 3e 28

[19]33 March 3 28

[1933] March 3 28

* [1933] March 5 28

(* denotes “written by”; e denotes “see Errata”)

282

INDEX TO CORRESPONDENCE

* [1933] March 5 28

[19]33 March 8 28

* [19]33 March 9 28

[19]33 March 10 28

* [1933] March 11 28

* [1933] March 12 28

[19]33 March 14 28

* [1933] March 15 28

[19]33 March 16 28

[19]33 March 17 28

* [19]33 March 20 28

[19]33 March 21 28

* [1933] March 23 28

[19]33 March 26 28

* [1933] March 28 28

* [1933] March 30 28

[1933] March 3[1?] 28

* 1933 April 1 28

* [1933] April 9 28

* [19]33 April 13 28

* [19]33 April 16 28

* [19]33 April 22 28

* [1933] April 25 28

* [19]33 April 30 28

* [1933 May?] 4e 28

[19]33 May 6 28

* [1933 June?] 28

*[1933] June 2 28

* [1933 June 6?] 28

* [19]33 June 10 28

* [19]33 June 14 28

* [1933 June? 15?]e 28

[193]3 June 17 28

* [1933 June 19] 28

* [19]33 June 19 28

* 1933 June 19 28

* [1933] June 20 28

* [1933] June 23 28

[19]33 June 23 28

* [1933] June 29 28

* [1933? July?] 28

* [1933 July 14] e 28

*[1933 Aug.?] 28

[19]33 Aug. 1 28

* [19]33 Aug. 3e 28

[19]33 Aug. 4 28

* [1933 Aug.? 6?] 28

[19]33 Aug. 9 28

* 1933 Aug. 10 28

[19]33 Aug. 12 28

* [19]33 Aug. 15 28

[19]33 Aug. 17 28

[19]33 Aug. 18 28

* 1933 Aug. 22e 28

[19]33 Aug. 23 28

* 1933 Aug. 25 28

[19]33 Aug. 29 28

* 1933 Sept. 13 28

* [19]33 Sept. 15 28

* [19]33 Sept. 19 28

* [19]33 Sept. 21 28

* [19]33 Sept. 23 28

[19]33 Sept. 23 28

* [1933 Sept. 26?] 28

[19]33 Sept. 26 28

[19]33 Sept. 29 28

* [1933 Oct.?] 29

[1933 Nov.] 29

[19]33 Nov. 12 29

[19]33 Nov. 13 29

* [1933] Nov. 14 29

[19]33 Nov. 15 29

* [19]33 Nov. 16 29

[19]33 Nov. 18 29

[19]33 Nov. 20 29

* [1933] Nov. 22 29

[19]33 Nov. 22 29

* [1933] Nov. 23 29

* [19]33 Nov. 25 29

[19]33 Nov. 26-27 29

* 1933 Nov. 27 29

[1933 Nov. 27] 29

[1933? Dec.?] 29

1933 Dec. 7 29

* [19]33 Dec. 10 29

[19]33 Dec. 10 29

1933 Dec. 10 29

[19]33 Dec. 13 29

[1933 Dec. 13] 29

[19]33 Dec. 13 29

19[33] Dec. 18 29

[1933 Dec. 19?] 29

* 1933 Dec. 20 29

(* denotes “written by”; e denotes “see Errata”)

283

INDEX TO CORRESPONDENCE

[19]33 Dec. 20 29

* [19]33 Dec. 23 29

* [1933] Dec. 24 29

*1933 Dec. 26 29

[19]33 Dec. 26 29

[19]33 Dec. 26-28 29

* [1933] Dec. 27 29

* 1933 Dec. 31 29

[19]33 Dec. 31 29

[1934 Jan. 1?] 29

* 1934 Jan. 1 29

[19]34 Jan. 3 29

[19]34 Jan. 6 29

* [19]34 Jan. 7 29

* [19]34 Jan. 10 29

[19]34 Jan. 10 29

* [19]34 Jan. 12 29

[1934 Jan. 14?] 29

* [1934] Jan. 14 29

* [1934] Jan. 15 29

* [19]34 Jan. 20 29

[19]34 Jan. 21 29

* [1934] Jan. 25 29

[19]34 Jan. 29 29

[19]34 [Feb.?] 6 30

* [1934] Feb. 6 30

*[1934] Feb. 7 30

[19]34 Feb. 7-9 30

* 1934 Feb. 18 30

[19]34 Feb. 19 30

[19]34 Feb. 19-23 30

* [1934] Feb. 20 30

[19]34 Feb. 28 30

[19]34 March 1 30

[1934 March? 2?] e 30

* [1934] March 4 30

* [1934] March 6 30

[19]34 March 9 30

1934 March 11 30

* [19]34 March 13 30

* 1934 March 13 30

* [19]34 March 21 30

1934 March 23 30

[1934 March 24?] 30

* 1934 March 24 30

1934 April 2 30

* [19]34 April 7-8 30

[19]34 April 9 30

[1934] April 10 30

* [19]34 April 12 30

[19]34 April 12 30

* [1934] April 14 30

* 1934 April 16 30

[19]34 April 18 30

* [19]34 April 21 30

* [1934] April 22 30

* [1934 April 22] 30

* [1934] April 23 30

* [19]34 April 28 30

* [19]34 May 3 31

*[1934 May 3] 31

[19]34 May 7 31

[19]34 May 10 31

* 1934 May 12-13 31

* [1934 May 13]e 31

[19]34 May 15 31

[19]34 May 18 31

* 1934 May 19 31

[19]34 May 21 31

[ 19]34 May 21 31

[19]34 May 24 31

* 1934 May 25 31

[19]34 May 27 31

* 1934 May 2[8] 31

*[1934 May 28] 31

* 1934 May 28 31

[19]34 May 29 31

[1934 June 1?] 31

* 1934 June 3 31

1934 June 7 31

* [19]34 June 10 31

[19]34 June 11 31

* 1934 June 12 31

[19]34 June 16 31

(* denotes “written by”; e denotes “see Errata”)

284

INDEX TO CORRESPONDENCE

* 1934 June 21 31

[19]34 June 24 31

[19] 34 June 24 31

[1934 June 25] 31

[19]34 June 30 31

* [1934 July?]6 31

* [1934] July 1 31

[19]34 July 9 31

* [1934] July 9-11 31

[19]34 July 12 31

[19]34 July 16 31

* [19]34 July 22 31

[19]34 July 25 31

[19]34 July 26 31

* [1934] July 27 31

[1934] July 29 31

[1934 July 30] 31

* 1934 Aug. 1 32

[19]34 Aug. 2 32

*[1934] Aug. 5 32

[19]34 Aug. 5 32

* [1934] Aug. 9 32

[19]34 Aug. 9 32

* [1934] Aug. 13 32

[19]34 Aug. 14 32

[19]34 Aug. 15 32

[19]34 Aug. 1 5 32

* [19]34 Aug. 19 32

* 1934 Aug. 26 32

* [1934] Aug. 26 32

[19]34 Aug. 27 32

* [1934] Aug. 28 32

* [1934] Aug. 30 32

[19]34 Aug. 30 32

* [19]34 Sept. 3 32

* [19]34 Sept. 6 32

[19]34 Sept. 6 32

[19]34 Sept. 10 32

* [1934] Sept. 11 32

* [1934 Sept. 11] 32

[19]34 Sept. 13 32

[19]34 Sept. 15 32

* [1934] Sept. 17 32

[19]34 Sept. 18 32

[19]34 Sept. 23 32

* [1934] Sept. 24 32

[19]34 Sept. 24 32

[19]34 Sept. 27 32

* [1934] Sept. 30 32

[19]34 Oct. 1 32

* [19]34 Oct. 7 32

[19]34 Oct. 7 32

* [19]34 Oct. 10 32

[19]34 Oct. 1 1 32

[19]34 Oct. 11 32

[19]34 Oct. 15 32

[19]34 Oct. 17 32

[19]34 Oct. 22 32

* [1934] Oct. 23 32

1934 Oct. 24 32

[19]34 Oct. 24 32

* [1934] Oct. 25 32

[19]34 Oct. 29 32

*1934 Oct. 31 32

1934 Nov. [3?] 33

* [19]34 Nov. 4 33

[19]34 Nov. 7 33

[1933 Nov. 9-10] 68

[19]34 Nov. 14 33

* [19]34Nov. 16 33

[19]34 Nov. 1 8 33

[19]34 Nov. 18 33

* 1934 Nov. 25 33

[19]34 Nov. 25-27 33

[1934 Dec.?] 33

(* denotes “written by”; e denotes “see Errata”)

285

INDEX TO CORRESPONDENCE

* [19]34 Dec. 4 33 [19]35 March 4-5

[19]34 Dec. 4 33 * [19]35 March 9 .

[ 1 9]34 Dec. 4 33 [19]35 March 10

[19]34 Dec. 9 33 * [19]35 March 16

[19]34 Dec. 9 33 * [1935 March 21?]

* 1 19]34 Dec. 10 33 * [1935] March 21

[19]34 Dec. 13 33 * [1935] March 22

[19]34 Dec. 13 33 * [1935] March 24

* [19]34 Dec. 17 33 * [19] 3 5 March 26

[19]34 Dec. 18 33 * [19]35 March 26

[19]34 Dec. 18 33 [19]35 March 26

* [19]34 Dec. 19 33 [19]35 March 28

* [1934?] Dec. 20 33 * [1935] March 31

* [1934] Dec. 22 33 * [1935 April?] .. .

* 1934 [Dec. 25] 33 [19]35 April 1 ..

* [1934] Dec. 25 33 [19]35 April 7 . .

[19]34 Dec. 27 33 * [1935 April 8] . .

[19]34 Dec. 27 33 * 1935 April 8 ...

* [19]34 Dec. 31 33 [19]35 April 10 .

[19]34 Dec. 31 33 [19]35 April 13 .

[19]34 Dec. 31 33 * [1935] April 17 .

[19]35 Jan. 5 33 [19]35 April 17 .

[19]35 Jan. 5 33 [19]35 April 22 .

* 1935 Jan. 9 33 [19]35 April 23 .

1935 Jan. 14 33 * [1935] May 1-3 .

* [1935] Jan. 20 33 * [1935] May 8 . . .

1935 Jan. 20 33 * [1935] May 10 . .

[1935] Jan. 22e 33 [19]35 Aug. 18 .

* [1935] Jan. 24 33 [1935 Aug. 20?] .

[ 1 9]3 5 Jan. 24 33 * [1935] Aug. 20 .

* 1935 Jan. 26 33 [19]35 Aug. 21 .

* [1935] Jan. 26e 33 [1935 Aug. 22?] .

* [1935] Jan. 29 33 * [1935] Aug. 22 .

1935 Jan. 29-31 33 [1935 Aug. 23?] .

1935 Feb. 1 33 [19]35 Aug. 23 .

* 1935 Feb. 2 33 1935 Aug. 24 . . .

* [ 1 9]3 5 Feb. 4 33 * [1935] Aug. 2[6]

* [1935] Feb. 5 33 [19]35 Aug. 26 .

[19]35 Feb. 5 33 * [1935] Aug. 27 .

[ 1 9]3 5 Feb. 7 33 [19]35 Aug. 27 .

*[1935] Feb. 8 33 [19]35 Aug. 27 .

* 1935 Feb. 9-13 33 [19]35 Aug. 29 .

[19]35 Feb. 12 33 [19]35 Aug. 29 .

* [ 1 9]3 5 Feb. 17 34 * 1935 Sept. 1 . . . .

[19]35 Feb. 17-18 34 [19]35 Sept. 1 ..

[19]35 Feb. 17-18 34 * [1935] Sept. 3 ..

* [ 1 9]3 5 Feb. 19 34 [19]35 Sept. 3 . .

[19]35 Feb. 21 34 * 1935 Sept. 4 ....

[19]35 Feb. 25 34 [19]35 Sept. 4 . .

* [19]35 March 1 34 * [1935] Sept. 5 . .

(* denotes “written by”; e denotes “see Errata”)

286

INDEX TO CORRESPONDENCE

[19]35 Sept. 5 35 [19]35 Dec. 14 .

[19]35 Sept. 7 35 [19]35 Dec. 14 .

* [1935 Sept. 9?] e 35 [19]35 Dec. 20 .

* [1935] Sept. 27 35 [19]35 Dec. 20 .

[19]35 S

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Full text of "Emma Goldman : a guide to her life and documentary sources"

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